| 1. |
- Häggström, Nils, 1934-, et al.
(författare)
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Sjösänkningar i Västerbotten 1830–1870
- 2022
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Ingår i: Västerbotten förr & nu. - Umeå : Föreningen Västerbotten förr & nu. - 2003-6698.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den natur- och kulturmiljö som vi lever i är under ständig förändring. I dag är debatten livlig om hur vi genom vårt agerande har påverkat vårt klimat och vår livsmiljö. Det gäller exempelvis hur vi utnyttjar våra naturresurser: skogen, jordbruksmarken, vattenkraften, vindkraften och infrastrukturen generellt. Det gäller inte minst utnyttjandet av våra sjöar och vattendrag som påverkats mycket av mänsklig aktivitet.Sjöarnas, älvarnas och bäckarnas närområden med sina naturliga ängsmarker har bidragit till att skapa förutsättningar för boskapsskötsel, som varit en viktig näring i Västerbotten under lång tid. Med tiden blev de naturliga ängsmarkerna utarmade på näringsämnen vilket resulterade i att avkastningen minskade. Det var därför viktigt att finna metoder för att öka avkastningen på de naturliga ängsmarkerna och naturligtvis också skapa nya ängs- och åkermarker. En av de metoder som kom till användning var att sänka eller helt dränera sjöar. Sjöns utlopp försågs med en dammbyggnad som gjorde det möjligt att reglera vattennivån i sjön. Sjösänkningarna/regleringarna hade till syfte att skapa förutsättningar för en utvidgning av åker- och ängsmarken och förbättra skörden på existerande ängsmark.Här studeras hur sjösänkningar 1830 till 1870 format landskapet i Västerbotten.
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| 2. |
- Edvinsson, Sören, et al.
(författare)
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Do unequal societies cause death among the elderly? : a study of the health effects of inequality in Swedish municipalities, 2006
- 2013
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 6:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A lively public and academic debate has highlighted the potential health risk of living in regions and nations characterized by inequality. However, previous research provides an ambiguous picture, with positive association mainly having been found on higher geographical levels. One explanation for this could be that the effect of living in more heterogeneous social settings differs between levels of aggregation. Methods: We examine the association between income inequality (using the Gini coefficient) and all-cause mortality in Swedish municipalities in the age group 65-74. A multi-level analysis is applied and we control for e.g. individual income and average income level in the unicipality. The analyses are based on individual register data on all residents born between 1932 and 1941, and outcomes are measured for the year 2006.Results: Lower individual income as well as lower average income level in the municipality of residence increased mortality significantly. We found an association between income inequality and mortality with excessive deaths in unequal municipalities even after controlling for mean income level and personal income. The results from the analysis of individual data differed substantially from analyses using aggregate data.Conclusions: Income inequality has a significant association with mortality in the age groups 65 to 75 at municipality level. The association is small compared to many other variables, but it is not negligible. Even in a comparatively equal society like Sweden, we need to consider possible effects of income inequality on mortality at the local level.
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| 3. |
- Edvinsson, Sören, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Do unequal societies cause death and disease? : A study of the health effects on elderly of inequality in Swedish municipalities, 2006
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A lively public and academic debate has highlighted the potential health risk of living in regions and nations characterized by inequality (Wilkinson and Pickett 2007; 2009). It is argued that inequality may add to increasing health differentials over the life course. However, previous research provides so far an ambiguous picture. One explanation could be that the effect of living in more heterogeneous social settings may differ between levels of aggregation. A hypothesis is that homogeneity is positive on the national or regional level, while on a lower level of aggregation living in homogeneous settings could be detrimental for health, at least in poor neighborhoods. In this paper we present the preliminary results of our examination on how residence in unequal versus homogeneous areas is associated with health outcome of elderly people in Sweden. These first results are based on municipality level data on individuals born between 1932 and 1941 and the outcome is measured for the year 2006. Furthermore, we analyze the effect on health of income inequality (measured by Gini-coefficient) as compared to the effect of individual income and the average income level in the area. We analysed the associations both with individual-level and multi-level analysis. Our main finding is that inequality has an independent effect on mortality in the way that unequal municipalities have excessive deaths even after controlling for mean income level and personal income. This result was found not only in the individual-level analysis but also in the multilevel analysis.
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| 4. |
- Edvinsson, Sören, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Income inequality in Swedish municipalities 1986-2013 : Development and regional patterns
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the present report, we investigate the patterns and trends of inequality in disposable income in the working-age population in Swedish municipalities 1986-2013. This period coincided with when Sweden changed from very lowlevels of inequality to one with substantially increasing inequality. Incomes has increased in all parts of Sweden, but differences in incomes between municipalities have widened. Asa result, large parts of Sweden have become poorer in a relative, although not in a nominative sense. At the same time, income inequality has increased substantially within as well as between municipalities. Present-day Swedes live in much more unequal environments, both at the national level and in the municipalities. The large city areas, or at least part of them, have had a much more advantageous economic development, but they also became more unequal. We see a division between parts of Sweden; there are clear differentiation tendencies between urban and rural parts, centre and periphery. Another finding is that the relation between mean income and income inequality has changed from the 1980s to the present. This association was negative a couple of decades ago, meaning that inequality was somewhat higher in poorer municipalities. From the 1990s onwards, the association is instead positive – affluent municipalities are more unequal.
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| 5. |
- Edvinsson, Sören, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Neighbourhood inequality as a health risk : Empirical evidence from Swedish registers
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, we explore the impact on mortality of income inequality in residential neighbourhoods and municipalities among elderly 65-84 years in the year 2004, using Swedish longitudinal micro-data covering the entire Swedish population for the period 1970 – 2006. Preliminary cross-sectional multi-level analyses are now complemented by longitudinal analyses of long-term residential histories with exposure to equal/unequal municipalities and neighbourhoods and the long-term impact on mortality. We investigate the association between mortality and income inequality at place of residence at different time lags and the effect of a summary measure of previous exposures to environments characterised by different inequality levels. We also compare groups that have different experiences of residential characteristics, i.e. those that have resided in unequal or equal places and those that have changed from equal to unequal residences or vice versa. Preliminary results from a cross-sectional analysis on 2006, show that income inequality in the municipality of residence had an independent effect on mortality in the age group 65-74 years
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| 6. |
- Fonseca Rodriguez, Osvaldo, et al.
(författare)
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Association between Weather Types based on the Spatial Synoptic Classification and All-Cause Mortality in Sweden, 1991⁻2014
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 16:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much is known about the adverse health impact of high and low temperatures. The Spatial Synoptic Classification is a useful tool for assessing weather effects on health because it considers the combined effect of meteorological factors rather than temperature only. The aim of this study was to assess the association between oppressive weather types and daily total mortality in Sweden. Time-series Poisson regression with distributed lags was used to assess the relationship between oppressive weather (Dry Polar, Dry Tropical, Moist Polar, and Moist Tropical) and daily deaths over 14 days in the extended summer (May to September), and 28 days during the extended winter (November to March), from 1991 to 2014. Days not classified as oppressive weather served as the reference category. We computed relative risks with 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for trends and seasonality. Results of the southern (Skåne and Stockholm) and northern (Jämtland and Västerbotten) locations were pooled using meta-analysis for regional-level estimates. Analyses were performed using the dlnm and mvmeta packages in R. During summer, in the South, the Moist Tropical and Dry Tropical weather types increased the mortality at lag 0 through lag 3 and lag 6, respectively. Moist Polar weather was associated with mortality at longer lags. In the North, Dry Tropical weather increased the mortality at shorter lags. During winter, in the South, Dry Polar and Moist Polar weather increased mortality from lag 6 to lag 10 and from lag 19 to lag 26, respectively. No effect of oppressive weather was found in the North. The effect of oppressive weather types in Sweden varies across seasons and regions. In the North, a small study sample reduces precision of estimates, while in the South, the effect of oppressive weather types is more evident in both seasons.
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| 7. |
- Fonseca Rodriguez, Osvaldo, PhD, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of extreme hot and cold weather on cause-specific hospitalizations in Sweden : A time series analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Considering that several meteorological variables can contribute to weather vulnerability, the estimation of their synergetic effects on health is particularly useful. The spatial synoptic classification (SSC) has been used in biometeorological applications to estimate the effect of the entire suite of weather conditions on human morbidity and mortality. In this study, we assessed the relationships between extremely hot and dry (dry tropical plus, DT+) and hot and moist (moist tropical plus, MT+) weather types in summer and extremely cold and dry (dry polar plus, DP+) and cold and moist (moist polar, MP+) weather types in winter and cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations by age and sex. Time-series quasi-Poisson regression with distributed lags was used to assess the relationship between oppressive weather types and daily hospitalizations over 14 subsequent days in the extended summer (May to August) and 28 subsequent days during the extended winter (November to March) over 24 years in 4 Swedish locations from 1991 to 2014. In summer, exposure to hot weather types appeared to reduce cardiovascular hospitalizations while increased the risk of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, mainly related to MT+. In winter, the effect of cold weather on both cause-specific hospitalizations was small; however, MP+ was related to a delayed increase in cardiovascular hospitalizations, whilst MP+ and DP + increased the risk of hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases. This study provides useful information for the staff of hospitals and elderly care centers who can help to implement protective measures for patients and residents. Also, our results could be helpful for vulnerable people who can adopt protective measures to reduce health risks.
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| 8. |
- Fonseca Rodriguez, Osvaldo, PhD, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Hot and cold weather based on the spatial synoptic classification and cause-specific mortality in Sweden : a time-stratified case-crossover study
- 2020
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Ingår i: International journal of biometeorology. - : Springer. - 0020-7128 .- 1432-1254. ; 64:9, s. 1435-1449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The spatial synoptic classification (SSC) is a holistic categorical assessment of the daily weather conditions at specific locations; it is a useful tool for assessing weather effects on health. In this study, we assessed (a) the effect of hot weather types and the duration of heat events on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in summer and (b) the effect of cold weather types and the duration of cold events on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in winter. A time-stratified case-crossover design combined with a distributed lag nonlinear model was carried out to investigate the association of weather types with cause-specific mortality in two southern (Skåne and Stockholm) and two northern (Jämtland and Västerbotten) locations in Sweden. During summer, in the southern locations, the Moist Tropical (MT) and Dry Tropical (DT) weather types increased cardiovascular and respiratory mortality at shorter lags; both hot weather types substantially increased respiratory mortality mainly in Skåne. The impact of heat events on mortality by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases was more important in the southern than in the northern locations at lag 0. The cumulative effect of MT, DT and heat events lagged over 14 days was particularly high for respiratory mortality in all locations except in Jämtland, though these did not show a clear effect on cardiovascular mortality. During winter, the dry polar and moist polar weather types and cold events showed a negligible effect on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. This study provides valuable information about the relationship between hot oppressive weather types with cause-specific mortality; however, the cold weather types may not capture sufficiently effects on cause-specific mortality in this sub-Arctic region.
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| 9. |
- Haage, Helena, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Gendered death risks among disabled individuals in sweden : A case study of the 19th-century Sundsvall region
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of History. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0346-8755 .- 1502-7716. ; 41:2, s. 160-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study follows around 500 disabled individuals over their lifespan to examine their risks of dying in 19th-century society, in comparison to a reference group of non-disabled people. The aim is to detect whether people, due to their disability, had a higher probability of meeting an untimely death. We use Sweden’s 19th-century parish registers to identify people the ministers defined as disabled, and to construct a reference group of individuals who were not affected by these disabilities. By combining the deviance theories from sociology studies with demographic sources and statistical methods, we achieve new insight into how life developed for disabled people in past societies. The results suggest that disability significantly jeopardized the survival of individuals, particularly men, but also that the type of disability had an impact. Altogether, we can demonstrate that the disabled constituted a disadvantaged but heterogeneous group of people whose demography and life courses must be further researched.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Holmberg, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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A test for robust detection of residual spatial autocorrelation with application to mortality rates in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Spatial Statistics. - : Elsevier. - 2211-6753. ; 14:C, s. 365-381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: When analyzing data collected with a geographical dimension it is important to be able to test for spatial autocorrelation. The presence of spatial autocorrelation might unveil ignored explanatory variables or just be a factor necessary to consider when further analyzing the data.Objectives: The aim of this paper is to propose a new test that works well for detecting spatial autocorrelation, which is robust against heteroscedasticity and useful regardless of the underlying distribution. The new test is then used to investigate if the mortality rates in the aging Swedish population show spatial autocorrelation as an example of its use.Methods: We derive such a test assuming the mean function for the model is known and perform simulations for this case and for residuals to investigate its finite sample performance, especially how the nominal rejection size is kept.Results: In the simulations we show that our test works well if there is no heteroscedasticity and also under difficult situations such as heteroscedasticity with structure, given that sufficient number of observations are available. This study finds no autocorrelation of mortality rates in Swedish municipalities in the age group 64–75 in year 2006.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Häggström Lundevaller, Erling, Filosofie doktor, PhD, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term Health Outcomes from Inbreeding : Longevity, Fertility and Impairment
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the paper is to investigate if inbreeding had any health effects on individuals born 1890–1905 in Skellefteå, Sweden, with a follow-up period until 1950. The effects on longevity, fertility and impairments as outcome variables is of particular interest to clarify, as they provide a comprehensive picture of howinbreeding affects human demographic behaviour and health during this period. The effect on longevity was not strong but caused higher mortality for men above one year of age. The risk of stillbirths showed a substantial association with inbreeding, with a higher risk for highly inbred. The probability of having children was lower for persons representing high levels of inbreeding. However, the number of children given that at leastone child is born is not affected. No significant effect of the parents being related is noted on fertility. With respect to an individual’s own inbreeding we find that the higher the level of inbreeding, the higher the risk of impairments.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Häggström Lundevaller, Erling, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Prospects for later-life migration in urban Europe
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objectives/Aims:Later life migration among the baby boomer generation will have far-reachingimplications of economic development and for planning strategies to ensure adequatehealth, housing and welfare in the right place at the right time. However, much of thecurrent debate about the future trajectory of this type of human mobility has been basedon speculation. The goal of this research is to gain a better understanding of later lifemigration and the likely future trajectory of the retired baby boomers in Europe.The need for more accurate forecasts of future migration flows has increased withthe relative importance of migration vis-à-vis other components of population dynamics.Although forced international migration has been given considerable research attentionin recent years, also other migration types, in particular later-life migration, becomeincreasingly important. In the coming decade, the large baby boom generation will reachretirement age.Methodology/ Results / Findings / Conclusion:The objective of this report is to focus on the effects of an ageing population interms of urban development and retirement migration. The report discusses the regionalpopulation projections and its social impacts. An analysis on the impacts of urbanizationand differential ageing across regions will be given.Moving beyond the simple assumption of a continuation of current trends, anumber of alternative scenarios are explored to simulate the likely future trajectories ofthe baby boomers. Potential impacts on retirement migration caused by changes inaverage retirement age, altered lifestyle preferences and the large size of the baby boomergeneration are considered.
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| 16. |
- Häggström Lundevaller, Erling, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Statistik i geografi : Slutrapport av pedagogiskt projekt
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Statistik ingår som ett viktigt hjälpämne i andra akademiska ämnen som använder kvantitativa data, till exempel kulturgeografi. Kulturgeografi har vidare betydande inslag av användning av Geografiska informationssystem (GIS), där det finns stora beröringsytor med statistik. En integrering av områdena geografi och statistik kan således ge studenterna stort mervärde. Det innebär ofta en pedagogisk utmaning att förmedla statistisk kunskap till studenter som i huvudsak har sin bakgrund inom ämnen som innehåller lite kontakt med statistiska tankegångar. Detta projekts huvudsyfte har varit att utveckla en pedagogisk ansats som är lämplig i denna situation. Projektet har i första hand genomförts inom ramen för en kurs på avancerad nivå, där statistik och geografi integrerats och lärts ut med en casebaserad ansats.
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| 17. |
- Häggström Lundevaller, Erling, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of Rh-negative disease on perinatal mortality : Some evidence from the Skellefteå Region, Sweden, 1860–1900
- 2012
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Ingår i: Biodemography and Social Biology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1948-5565 .- 1948-5573. ; 58:2, s. 116-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Rh-negative gene is a well-known cause of perinatal mortality. In this article, we analyze the possible role of Rh disease in perinatal mortality and stillbirths in a particular historical setting: the Skellefteå region in northern Sweden between 1860 and 1900. The data used for the study cover 23,067 children born to 4,943 women. The exact impact is not possible to establish using historical data, but the typical pattern of the disease allows us to make estimations. The expected levels based on knowledge of blood group distribution, the risk of sensitization from Rh incompatability, and the risk of perinatal mortality in births by sensitized mothers are compared with the observed levels. The results show that Rh disease was important for perinatal mortality and clustering of deaths within families.
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| 18. |
- Häggström Lundevaller, Erling, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of the Rh negative disease on perinatal mortality : Evidence from Skellefteå 1840-1900
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: The Rh-negative gene is a well known cause of perinatalmortality especially before there were any effective treatment. The Rh disease, that is caused by a Rh positive foetus carried by a Rh negativemother, leads to typical patterns of perinatal mortality with an increaseof mortality with parity and mortality clustered in families. This effecthas been largely neglected in earlier papers trying to explain mortalitypatterns in historic data. Objectives: This paper highlights the role of this gene in causing these patterns and tries to quantify the effect in a society with a large group of Rh-negative persons and no access to treatment. Methods: The risks of the Rh disease is approximately known from the medical literature. Knowing family sizes and the approximate share of Rh negative genes the ”theoretical” patterns of perinatal mortality can becalculated and simulated. Comparing these figures with observed patterns of perinatal deaths the relative importance of Rh factor can be estimated.We have used data from 1840-1900 in the Swedish parish of Skellefteå where we have data on all births and their outcomes as well as good estimates of the Rh negative gene frequency. Results: The results show that the Rh gene is likely to have had an important role in perinatal mortality and the patterns with more dead at high parities and clustering explaining a relatively large part of these phenomenon in high Rh negative gene societies. Conclusions: The paper shows that the Rh-disease is an important fac-tor in understanding mortality patterns. Its great effect on the patterns makes it necessary to take it into account when analysing other factors that can affect perinatal mortality patterns.
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| 19. |
- Junkka, Johan, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Healthy migrant perspectives on disability and mobility in a nineteenth-century population
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The strong association between weak health and immobility suggests why there is insufficient knowledge on how disability affects human migration, historically and today. Swedish parish registers digitized by the Demographic Data Base (DDB), Umeå University, enable this study to investigate a 19th-century population of more than 35,000 including a group long hidden in research and society because of disability. First, rates and regressions demonstrate that disability impeded the migration of both men and women albeit with variations by disability type and over time. During industrialisation the overall migration risk was increasing, but not in case of disability. Second, spatial analysis shows that disability limited the distance migrants crossed, especially in the pre-industrial period and among women. During industrial time, migrants’ distance and destinations became less determined by disability. We address healthy migrant perspectives and lock-in mechanisms to discuss the disability differences in migration.
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| 20. |
- Karlsson, Lena, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Ambient temperature and stillbirth risks in northern Sweden, 1880–1950
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Epidemiology. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 2474-7882. ; 5:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Climate vulnerability of the unborn can contribute to adverse birth outcomes, in particular, but it is still not well under-stood. We investigated the association between ambient temperature and stillbirth risk among a historical population in northern Sweden (1880–1950).Methods: We used digitized parish records and daily temperature data from the study region covering coastal and inland communi-ties some 600 km north of Stockholm, Sweden. The data included 141,880 births, and 3,217 stillbirths, corresponding to a stillbirth rate of 22.7 (1880–1950). The association between lagged temperature (0–7 days before birth) and stillbirths was estimated using a time-stratified case-crossover design. Incidence risk ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals were computed, and stratified by season and sex.Results: We observed that the stillbirth risk increased both at low and high temperatures during the extended summer season (April to September), at −10°C, and the IRR was 2.3 (CI 1.28, 4.00) compared to the minimum mortality temperature of +15°C. No clear effect of temperature during the extended winter season (October to March) was found. Climate vulnerability was greater among the male fetus compared to the female counterparts.Conclusion: In this subarctic setting before and during industrialization, both heat and cold during the warmer season increased the stillbirth risk. Urbanization and socio-economic development might have contributed to an uneven decline in climate vulnerability of the unborn.
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| 21. |
- Karlsson, Lena, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Socioeconomic disparities in climate vulnerability : neonatal mortality in northern Sweden, 1880–1950
- 2021
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Ingår i: Population and environment. - : Springer. - 0199-0039 .- 1573-7810. ; 43:2, s. 149-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to analyse the association between season of birth, temperature and neonatal mortality according to socioeconomic status in northern Sweden from 1880 to 1950. The source material for this study comprised digitised parish records combined with local weather data. The association between temperature, seasonality, socioeconomic status and neonatal mortality was modelled using survival analysis. We can summarise our findings according to three time periods. During the first period (1880–1899), temperature and seasonality had the greatest association with high neonatal mortality, and the socioeconomic differences in vulnerability were small. The second period (1900–1929) was associated with a decline in seasonal and temperature-related vulnerabilities among all socioeconomic groups. For the last period (1930–1950), a new regime evolved with rapidly declining neonatal mortality rates involving class-specific temperature vulnerabilities, and there was a particular effect of high temperature among workers. We conclude that the effect of season of birth on neonatal mortality was declining for all socioeconomic groups (1880–1950), whereas weather vulnerability was pronounced either when the socioeconomic disparities in neonatal mortality were large (1880–1899) or during transformations from high to low neonatal rates in the course of industrialisation and urbanisation.
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| 22. |
- Katsoularis, Ioannis, et al.
(författare)
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Risks of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding after covid-19 : nationwide self-controlled cases series and matched cohort study
- 2022
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Ingår i: The BMJ. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1756-1833. ; 377
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To quantify the risk of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding after covid-19.DESIGN: Self-controlled case series and matched cohort study.SETTING: National registries in Sweden.PARTICIPANTS: 1 057 174 people who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between 1 February 2020 and 25 May 2021 in Sweden, matched on age, sex, and county of residence to 4 076 342 control participants.MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Self-controlled case series and conditional Poisson regression were used to determine the incidence rate ratio and risk ratio with corresponding 95% confidence intervals for a first deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or bleeding event. In the self-controlled case series, the incidence rate ratios for first time outcomes after covid-19 were determined using set time intervals and the spline model. The risk ratios for first time and all events were determined during days 1-30 after covid-19 or index date using the matched cohort study, and adjusting for potential confounders (comorbidities, cancer, surgery, long term anticoagulation treatment, previous venous thromboembolism, or previous bleeding event).RESULTS: Compared with the control period, incidence rate ratios were significantly increased 70 days after covid-19 for deep vein thrombosis, 110 days for pulmonary embolism, and 60 days for bleeding. In particular, incidence rate ratios for a first pulmonary embolism were 36.17 (95% confidence interval 31.55 to 41.47) during the first week after covid-19 and 46.40 (40.61 to 53.02) during the second week. Incidence rate ratios during days 1-30 after covid-19 were 5.90 (5.12 to 6.80) for deep vein thrombosis, 31.59 (27.99 to 35.63) for pulmonary embolism, and 2.48 (2.30 to 2.68) for bleeding. Similarly, the risk ratios during days 1-30 after covid-19 were 4.98 (4.96 to 5.01) for deep vein thrombosis, 33.05 (32.8 to 33.3) for pulmonary embolism, and 1.88 (1.71 to 2.07) for bleeding, after adjusting for the effect of potential confounders. The rate ratios were highest in patients with critical covid-19 and highest during the first pandemic wave in Sweden compared with the second and third waves. In the same period, the absolute risk among patients with covid-19 was 0.039% (401 events) for deep vein thrombosis, 0.17% (1761 events) for pulmonary embolism, and 0.101% (1002 events) for bleeding.CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that covid-19 is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding. These results could impact recommendations on diagnostic and prophylactic strategies against venous thromboembolism after covid-19.
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| 23. |
- Lena, Karlsson, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Neonatal Mortality and Temperature in Two Northern Swedish Rural Parishes, 1860–1899—The Significance of Ethnicity and Gender
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - Basel : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 17:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to analyze the association between season of birth and daily temperature for neonatal mortality in two Swedish rural parishes between 1860 and 1899. Further, we aimed to study whether the association varied according to ethnicity (indigenous Sami reindeer herders and non-Sami settlers) and gender. The source material for this study comprised digitized parish records from the Demographic Data Base, Umeå University, combined with local weather data provided by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Using a time event-history approach, we investigated the association between daily temperature (at birth and up to 28 days after birth) and the risk of neonatal death during the coldest months (November through March). The results showed that Sami neonatal mortality was highest during winter and that the Sami neonatal mortality risk decreased with higher temperatures on the day of birth. Male neonatal risk decreased with higher temperatures during the days following birth, while no effect of temperature was observed among female neonates. We conclude that weather vulnerability differed between genders and between the indigenous and non-indigenous populations.
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| 24. |
- Lena, Karlsson, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Season of birth, stillbirths, and neonatal mortality in Sweden: the Sami and non-Sami population, 1800–1899
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Circumpolar Health. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1239-9736 .- 2242-3982. ; 78:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seasonal patterns of neonatal mortality and stillbirths have been found around the world. However, little is known about the association between season of birth and infant mortality of pre-industrial societies in a subarctic environment. In this study, we compared how season of birth affected the neonatal and stillbirth risk among the Sami and non-Sami in Swedish Sápmi during the nineteenth century. Using digitised parish records from the Demographic Data Base at Umeå University, we applied logistic regression models for estimating the association of season of birth with stillbirths and neonatal mortality, respectively. Higher neonatal mortality was found among the winter- and autumn-born Sami, compared to summer-born infants. Stillbirth risk was higher during autumn compared to summer among the Sami, whereas we found no seasonal differences in mortality among the non-Sami population. We relate the higher neonatal mortality risk among winter-born Sami to differences in seasonality of living conditions associated with reindeer herding.
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| 25. |
- Lena, Karlsson, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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The association between cold extremes and neonatal mortality in Swedish Sápmi from 1800–1895
- 2019
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Studies in which the association between temperature and neonatal mortality (deaths during the first 28 days of life) is tracked over extended periods that cover demographic, economic and epidemiological transitions are quite limited. From previous research about the demographic transition in Swedish Sápmi, we know that infant and child mortality was generally higher among the indigenous (Sami) population compared to non-indigenous populations.Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the association between extreme temperatures and neonatal mortality among the Sami and non-Sami population in Swedish Sápmi (Lapland) during the nineteenth century.Methods: Data from the Demographic Data Base, Umeå University, were used to identify neonatal deaths. We used monthly mean temperature in Tornedalen and identified cold and warm month (5th and 95th) percentiles. Monthly death counts from extreme temperatures were modelled using negative binomial regression. We computed relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for time trends and seasonality.Results: Overall, the neonatal mortality rate was higher among Sami compared to non-Sami infants (62/1,000 vs 35/1,000 live births), although the differences between the two populations decreased after 1860. For the Sami population prior 1860, the results revealed a higher neonatal incidence rate during cold winter months (< -15.4 °C, RR=1.60, CI 1.14–2.23) compared to infants born during months of medium temperature). No association was found between extreme cold months and neonatal mortality for non-Sami populations. Warm months (+15.1 °C) had no impact on Sami or non-Sami populations.Conclusions: This study revealed the role of environmental factors (temperature extremes) on infant health during the demographic transition where cold extremes mainly affected the Sami population. Ethnicity and living conditions contributed to differential weather vulnerability.
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| 26. |
- Namatovu, Fredinah, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Adverse perinatal conditions and receiving a disability pension early in life
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PLOS. - 1932-6203. ; 15:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The number of young adults on disability pension (DP) is increasing in European countries, creating a need to understand the related risk factors. This study aimed to determine whether adverse perinatal conditions are associated with receiving a DP early in life.Methods: This longitudinal cohort study consisted of all persons (N = 453,223) born in Sweden during 1973–1977, observed from 1991 through 2010 when they were aged between 16 and 37 years. Statistics Sweden provided linked national data on the children and their parents. We used logistic regression to assess the association between perinatal health conditions (birth defect, Apgar score, and small for gestational age) and receiving a DP, adjusting for maternal education and the sex of the child.Results: New recipients of DP were significantly more likely to have had a birth defect (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.74, 95% CI: 2.49–3.00), to have had low Apgar score (AOR 2.12, 95% CI: 1.77–2.52), to have been small for gestational age (AOR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.54–1.94) and to be females (AOR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.46–1.64). Higher maternal education was associated with lower odds of receiving a DP (AOR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.69–0.79) for those with high school education and (AOR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.59–0.75) for those with university education. Age-stratified analysis confirmed increased odds of receiving a DP among those with birth defects and small for gestational age, but this effect reduced with increasing age. Apgar score was significantly associated with starting to receive a DP at ages 16–18 and 19–29, but not at ages 30–33. Women had lower odds of receiving a DP at ages 16–18 (AOR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.64–0.85); however, this reversed from age 19 and upwards (AOR 1.53, 95% CI: 1.41–1.67) and (AOR 2.16, 95% CI: 1.95–2.40) for the age groups of 19–29 and 30–33, respectively. Persons with high maternal education were less likely to receive a DP regardless of age at receiving a DP.Conclusion: Having a birth defect was the strongest indicator of receiving a DP during early adulthood, followed by small for gestational age and low Apgar score. Overall, the effects of the studied perinatal health conditions were pronounced in those who received a DP at 16–18 years, but this effect weakened with increasing age at receiving a DP. Our findings suggest that policies and programs geared at promoting optimal health at birth might contribute to a reduction in receiving a DP.
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| 27. |
- Namatovu, Fredinah, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of disability on partnership formation in Sweden during 1990-2009
- 2020
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 25:2, s. 230-245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence suggests that disability negatively affects people’s propensity to find a partner. Persons with disabilities that eventually find a partner do so later in life compared to the average population. There is a lack of studies on the differences in partnership opportunities for persons with disabilities compared to those without disabilities in Sweden. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of disability on partnership formation and to assess whether partnership formation varies as a function of individual demographic and socio-economic factors. We use nationwide data available in the Swedish Initiative for Research on Microdata in Social and Medical Sciences (Umeå SIMSAM Lab). We follow persons born from 1973 to 1977 when they were from 16 to 37 years of age and analyze their data using logistic regression. Our findings indicate that regardless of whether a person started to receive a disability pension at an early age or later, it was associated with lower odds for partnership formation. For persons who started receiving disability pension from 16 to 20 years of age, chances for partnership formation reduced with increase in age of partnership. Individuals that started to receive disability pension later were more likely to form partnership prior to receiving disability pension. Partnership formation was less likely among persons born outside Sweden, in persons with mothers born outside Sweden, in individuals born by unmarried mothers and in persons, whose mothers had a high level of education. Partnership was high among women and among persons who had many maternal siblings. In conclusion, receiving disability pension was associated with reduced chances for partnership formation. Receiving disability pension might imply financial constraints that negatively influence partnership formation supporting Oppenheimer’s theory on the economic cost of marriage and the uncertainty hypothesis.
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| 28. |
- Namatovu, Fredinah, PhD, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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The relationship between disability and parental status : a register study of the 1968 to 1970 birth cohorts
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2458. ; 21:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Having children is a major life course event yet some disabilities could make it biologically challenging and some others could limit access to necessary socioeconomic resources. To date, there is relatively little data on disability and parental status and our study aimed to investigate this relationship.Methods: This longitudinal cohort study was based on register data obtained from all people born in Sweden from 1968 to 1970 (n = 440220). We performed descriptive analyses, graphical plots, logistic regression, and Cox regression analyses.Results: Our findings from both logistic regression and Cox regression indicated that individuals that started to receive disability benefits at an early age had reduced chances of having children during the follow-up duration. Men with disabilities were less likely to have children when compared to women with disabilities and to men and women without disabilities.Conclusions: We found evidence that disability during early adulthood was associated with reduced chances of having children. Findings support policies and programmes aimed at promoting optimal health during early adulthood, as this would promote continued labour force participation, reduce early use of disability benefits, and possibly improve chances of becoming a parent.
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| 29. |
- Ng, Nawi, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Income inequality and old-age mortality in Sweden: do regional development and lagged effect matter?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Health and Place. - : Elsevier BV. - 1353-8292 .- 1873-2054. ; 64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We designed a retrospective cohort study for exploring the impact of municipality-level income inequality, based on the Gini 1986, 2004 indices, on all-cause old-age mortality among the older Swedish population during 2005–2009. We controlled for the confounding effects of individual and regional correlates and the lag effects of inequality by using multilevel logistic regression. The effects of income inequality were not consistent across age cohorts and, among the youngest cohorts, were negligible. This study reiterates that individual-level economics rather than the immediate or lagged effects of income inequality matter more for old-age mortality, even after controlling for individual and regional factors. © 2020 The Authors
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| 30. |
- Schumann, Barbara, et al.
(författare)
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Weather extremes and perinatal mortality - Seasonal and ethnic differences in northern Sweden, 1800-1895
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PLOS. - 1932-6203. ; 14:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown the impact of heat and cold on total and age-specific mortality, but knowledge gaps remain regarding weather vulnerability of very young infants. This study assessed the association of temperature extremes with perinatal mortality (stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life), among two ethnic groups in pre-industrial northern Sweden.METHODS: We used population data of indigenous Sami and non-Sami in selected parishes of northern Sweden, 1800-1895, and monthly temperature data. Multiple logistic regression models were conducted to estimate the association of cold (<10th percentile of temperature) and warmth (>90th percentile) in the month of birth with perinatal mortality, adjusted for cold and warmth in the month prior birth and period, stratified by season and ethnicity.RESULTS: Perinatal mortality was slightly higher in Sami than in non-Sami (46 vs. 42 / 1000 live and stillbirths), but showed large variations across the region and over time. Both groups saw the highest perinatal mortality in autumn. For Sami, winter was a high-risk time as well, while for non-Sami, seasonality was less distinct. We found an association between exposure to cold and perinatal mortality among winter-born Sami [Odds ratio (OR) 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-2.92, compared to moderate temperature], while there was little effect of cold or warmth during other seasons. Non-Sami, meanwhile, were affected in summer by warmth (OR 0.20, CI 0.05-0.81), and in autumn by cold (OR 0.39, CI 0.19-0.82).CONCLUSIONS: In this pre-industrial, subarctic setting, the indigenous Sami's perinatal mortality was influenced by extreme cold in winter, while non-Sami seemed to benefit from high temperature in summer and low temperature in autumn. Climate vulnerability of these two ethnic groups sharing the same environment was shaped by their specific lifestyles and living conditions.
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| 31. |
- Vikström, Lotta, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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A longitudinal study of how disability affects mortality in Swedish Populations from the 1800s, 1900s and 2000s
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Studies from across the world show that disability limits people’s health and social wellbeing in present-day populations. This disadvantage can lead to premature death, but there is dearth knowledge about the relationship between disability and mortality and changes over time. OBJECTIVES: Unique access to longitudinal micro data on comprehensive Swedish populations enabled us to examine how disability affects premature death in men and women from the 1800s until 2010. METHODS: Cox proportional regressions were used to estimate mortality hazards by disability status, gender and socio-economic indicators in three study populations from the 1800s, 1900s and 2000s. We followed all adults having disability from age 25 to compare their premature death risks (< age 43) relative to non-disabled groups.RESULTS: Irrespective of gender and century studied, the adjusted hazard ratios show that adults with disabilities had a significantly higher premature death risk relative to adults without disabilities, and it increased over time. In the 1800s, disability about doubled this risk (HR: 2.31, CI: 1.65–3.22) and it tripled from 1900–1959 (HR 3.01, CI 2.60– 3.48). At the turn of the 21th century, the mortality risk was almost ten-folded (HR 9.90, CI 8.03–10.5). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first comprehensive estimates on how disability increased mortality in Swedish populations from the 1800s until the 2000s. Across three centuries, disability was associated with a profoundly higher relative death risk in adults aged 25–42. This risk grew when the general survival in Sweden improved and it was the highest in the 1990–2010 period. Fundamental societal changes and extensive welfare provisions promoting equality in gender, health and social wellbeing of all citizens have not come to include younger generations with disabilities.
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| 32. |
- Vikström, Lotta, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Disability, mortality and causes of death in a 19th-century Swedish population
- 2021
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Ingår i: Historical Life Course Studies. - Amsterdam : International Institute of Social History. - 2352-6343. ; 10:S3, s. 151-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our study aims to find how disability affected human health in historical time through an examination of individuals' mortality risks and death causes. Swedish parish registers digitized by the Demographic Data Base (DDB) enable us to account for a relatively high number of persons reported to have disabilities, and to compare them with a group of non-disabled cases. The findings concern a 19th-century population of 35,610 individuals in the Sundsvall region, Sweden, and show that disability increased the premature mortality risk substantially. Disability seems to have jeopardized men’s survival in particular, and perhaps due to gendered expectations concerning the type of work men and women became less able to perform when disabled. Our study of death causes indicates that their deaths were less characterized by infectious diseases than among the non-disabled group, as a possible consequence of lower exposure to infections due to the way in which disability could impede opportunities for interaction with peers in the community. In all, our mortality findings suggest that disability was associated with poor living conditions and limited possibilities to participate in work and social life, which further tend to have accumulated across life and resulted in ill health indicated by premature death.
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| 33. |
- Vikström, Lotta, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Ett annorlunda liv? : Följder av funktionsnedsättningar i 1800-talets Sverige
- 2019
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Ingår i: Funktionsnedsättning i arbetsliv och välfärd. - : Försäkringskassan; Analys och prognos. ; , s. 15-29
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vad innebar funktionsnedsättningar för människors delaktighet i 1800-talets samhälle? Studien besvarar frågan genom att undersöka över 35,000 unga personers chanser att hitta ett första jobb där levnadsbanan för 15-åringar följs upp närmare. Funktionsnedsättningar medförde svårigheter på både arbets- och partnermarknaden även om det inte var omöjligt att skaffa jobb, gifta sig och bilda familj. Det vittnar om att nedsatt funktionsförmåga innebar ett annorlunda liv och möjligen socialt utanförskap, men inte alltid. Följderna varierade beroende på typ av nedsättning där omgivningens attityder till olika funktionsnedsättningar och könsbundna förväntningar tycks ha spelat roll. Fysiska nedsättningar hade inte lika negativa effekter för arbete, giftermål och överlevnad som psykiska nedsättningar. Resultaten bygger på kyrkböcker digitaliserade av Demografiska Databasens (DDB), Umeå Universitet, där prästerna noterade funktionsavvikelser och händelser i församlingsbornas liv (t.ex. yrke, giftermål, barnafödande). Studien belyser hur levnadsvillkor och möjligheter till delaktighet i samhället via arbete gestaltade sig för individer i historisk tid till följd av funktionsnedsättningar – förhållanden som dröjer sig kvar än idag.
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| 34. |
- Vikström, Lotta, et al.
(författare)
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First a job, and then a family? : Impacts of disabilities on young people's life courses in a nineteenth-century Swedish region
- 2017
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Ingår i: Disability Studies Quarterly. - : The Ohio State University Libraries. - 1041-5718 .- 2159-8371. ; 37:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study considers the life courses of young men and women with and without disabilities in the Sundsvall region of Sweden during the nineteenth century. It aims to ascertain how disability and gender shaped their involvement in work and their experience of family in order to assess the extent of their social inclusion. Through the use of Swedish parish registers digitized by the Demographic Data Base, Umeå University, we examine 8,874 individuals observed from 15 to 33 years of age to investigate whether obtaining a job, getting married and having children were less frequent events for people with disabilities. Our results reveal that this was the case and particularly for those with mental disabilities, even if having an impairment did not wholly prevent people from finding a job. However, their work did not represent the key to family formation and for the women it implied a higher rate of illegitimacy. We argue that the lower level of inclusion in work and family was not solely the outcome of the impairment itself, but differed in relation to the particular attitudes towards men and women with disabilities within the labour market and society more generally in this particular context.
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| 35. |
- Vikström, Lotta, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Marriages among people with disabilities in 19th-century Sweden : marital age and spouse's characteristics
- 2020
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 25:2, s. 322-344
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While marrying was an expected event in 19th-century Western society and has been subject to much historical research, there are few studies on how disabilities influenced people’s marriage patterns and spouse selection. The aim of this analysis is to contribute clarification on this issue by examining with whom disabled men and women married and the marital age and socio-demographic characteristics of them and their spouses. In total, 188 disabled individuals born in the first half of the 19th century and who married in the Sundsvall region, Sweden, are studied. The results reveal that disabled men and women did not marry each other, and they entered into marriage at a slightly higher age than the average, although there was usually no marked age gap between them and their spouse. Endogamous patterns were primarily found regarding the socio-spatial background of the two spouses. This analysis is one of the few studies identifying the marriages among a comparatively large number of disabled people using demographic data. Their participation in the partner pool highlight their agency historically and emphasize that disability did not lead to distance from social life in past society.
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