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1.
  • Alaridah, Nader, et al. (författare)
  • Impaired CXCR1-dependent oxidative defence in active tuberculosis patients.
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Tuberculosis. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-281X .- 1472-9792. ; 95:6, s. 744-750
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Much of the pronounced host inflammatory response that occurs in tuberculosis (TB) is related to failed immunity against the invading pathogen. The G-protein coupled receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 are implicated in important signal transduction pathways in lung inflammatory responses. We investigated the expression and function of these receptors in a simple whole blood model from 24 patients with pulmonary TB and in subjects with latent TB infection (LTBI). Healthy controls were recruited from close contacts to the pulmonary index patients. We found that pulmonary TB patients had significantly increased CXCR1 expression on blood cells compared to LTBI subjects and controls (p < 0.001). In contrast, LTBI subjects had a significant increase in CXCR2 expression compared to pulmonary TB patients (p < 0.001) and controls (p < 0.01). Leukocyte function, measured as oxidative capacity, was decreased in pulmonary TB patients compared to LTBI and controls (p < 0.001) and correlated with the increased CXCR1 expression. Leukocyte recruitment, measured as the expression of microRNA-223 was increased in pulmonary TB patients compared to LTBI (p < 0.05). We found that variations in receptor expression are linked to disease progression and affect the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).
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2.
  • Conti, David, V, et al. (författare)
  • Trans-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of prostate cancer identifies new susceptibility loci and informs genetic risk prediction
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Nature. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 53:1, s. 65-75
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Prostate cancer is a highly heritable disease with large disparities in incidence rates across ancestry populations. We conducted a multiancestry meta-analysis of prostate cancer genome-wide association studies (107,247 cases and 127,006 controls) and identified 86 new genetic risk variants independently associated with prostate cancer risk, bringing the total to 269 known risk variants. The top genetic risk score (GRS) decile was associated with odds ratios that ranged from 5.06 (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.84-5.29) for men of European ancestry to 3.74 (95% CI, 3.36-4.17) for men of African ancestry. Men of African ancestry were estimated to have a mean GRS that was 2.18-times higher (95% CI, 2.14-2.22), and men of East Asian ancestry 0.73-times lower (95% CI, 0.71-0.76), than men of European ancestry. These findings support the role of germline variation contributing to population differences in prostate cancer risk, with the GRS offering an approach for personalized risk prediction. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across different populations highlights new risk loci and provides a genetic risk score that can stratify prostate cancer risk across ancestries.
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3.
  • Dixon-Suen, Suzanne C, et al. (författare)
  • Physical activity, sedentary time and breast cancer risk : a Mendelian randomisation study
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 56:20, s. 1157-1170
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVES: Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are associated with higher breast cancer risk in observational studies, but ascribing causality is difficult. Mendelian randomisation (MR) assesses causality by simulating randomised trial groups using genotype. We assessed whether lifelong physical activity or sedentary time, assessed using genotype, may be causally associated with breast cancer risk overall, pre/post-menopause, and by case-groups defined by tumour characteristics.METHODS: We performed two-sample inverse-variance-weighted MR using individual-level Breast Cancer Association Consortium case-control data from 130 957 European-ancestry women (69 838 invasive cases), and published UK Biobank data (n=91 105-377 234). Genetic instruments were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated in UK Biobank with wrist-worn accelerometer-measured overall physical activity (nsnps=5) or sedentary time (nsnps=6), or accelerometer-measured (nsnps=1) or self-reported (nsnps=5) vigorous physical activity.RESULTS: Greater genetically-predicted overall activity was associated with lower breast cancer overall risk (OR=0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42 to 0.83 per-standard deviation (SD;~8 milligravities acceleration)) and for most case-groups. Genetically-predicted vigorous activity was associated with lower risk of pre/perimenopausal breast cancer (OR=0.62; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.87,≥3 vs. 0 self-reported days/week), with consistent estimates for most case-groups. Greater genetically-predicted sedentary time was associated with higher hormone-receptor-negative tumour risk (OR=1.77; 95% CI 1.07 to 2.92 per-SD (~7% time spent sedentary)), with elevated estimates for most case-groups. Results were robust to sensitivity analyses examining pleiotropy (including weighted-median-MR, MR-Egger).CONCLUSION: Our study provides strong evidence that greater overall physical activity, greater vigorous activity, and lower sedentary time are likely to reduce breast cancer risk. More widespread adoption of active lifestyles may reduce the burden from the most common cancer in women.
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4.
  • Downer, Mary K., et al. (författare)
  • Dairy intake in relation to prostate cancer survival
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 140:9, s. 2060-2069
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Dairy intake has been associated with increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. Two US cohort studies reported increased prostate cancer-specific mortality with increased high-fat milk intake. We examined whether dairy and related nutrient intake were associated with prostate cancer progression in a Swedish patient population with high dairy consumption. We prospectively followed 525 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer (diagnosed 1989-1994). We identified and confirmed deaths through February 2011 (n = 222 prostate cancer-specific, n = 268 from other causes). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between food or nutrient intake and prostate cancer-specific death. On average, patients consumed 5.0 servings/day of total dairy products at diagnosis. In the whole population, high-fat milk intake was not associated with prostate cancer-specific death (95% CI: 0.78, 2.10; p-trend = 0.32; multivariate-adjusted model). However, among patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer, compared to men who consumed <1 servings/day of high-fat milk, those who drank >= 3 servings/day had an increased hazard of prostate cancer mortality (HR = 6.10; 95% CI: 2.14, 17.37; p-trend = 0.004; multivariate-adjusted model). Low-fat milk intake was associated with a borderline reduction in prostate cancer death among patients with localized prostate cancer. These associations were not observed among patients diagnosed with advanced stage prostate cancer. Our data suggest a positive association between high-fat milk intake and prostate cancer progression among patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer. Further studies are warranted to investigate this association and elucidate the mechanisms by which high-fat milk intake may promote prostate cancer progression.
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5.
  • Ejdervik Lindblad, Birgitta, 1955-, et al. (författare)
  • Metabolic syndrome and some of its components in relation to risk of cataract extraction : A prospective cohort study of men
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Acta Ophthalmologica. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 1755-375X .- 1755-3768. ; 97:4, s. 409-414
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and some of its components with the incidence of cataract extraction.METHODS: A population-based prospective cohort with a total of 45 049 men, aged 45-79 years, from the Cohort of Swedish Men completed in 1997 a self-administered questionnaire concerning anthropometric measurements and lifestyle factors. The men were followed from 1 January 1998 through 31 December 2012, and the cohort was matched with registers of cataract extraction. The main outcome measure was incident cases of age-related cataract extraction.RESULTS: Over the 15-years of follow-up, 7573 incident cases of cataract extraction were identified. After controlling for potential confounders, the association between single components of metabolic syndrome, abdominal adiposity, diabetes and hypertension and risk of cataract extraction was rate ratio (RR): 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99-1.10, RR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.64-1.92 and RR: 1.06; 95% CI 1.00-1.13, respectively. The risk of cataract extraction increased with increasing numbers of metabolic syndrome components (p < 0.0001). Men aged 65 years or younger at baseline with all three components of the metabolic syndrome had a relative risk of 2.43 (95% CI: 1.95-3.01) for cataract extraction.CONCLUSION: In this cohort of middle-aged and elderly men, metabolic syndrome with the combination of abdominal adiposity, diabetes and hypertension was associated with an increased risk for cataract extraction, especially among men aged 65 years or younger. These findings put emphasis on the importance of weight control and healthy lifestyle behaviours in order to prevent cataract.
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6.
  • Elkan, Ann-Charlotte, et al. (författare)
  • Rheumatoid cachexia is associated with dyslipidemia and low levels of atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine but not with dietary fat in patients with rheumatoid arthritis : a cross-sectional study
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Arthritis Research & Therapy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1478-6354 .- 1478-6362. ; 11:2, s. R37-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • INTRODUCTION: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) independent of traditional risk factors. The aim of this study was to analyze the associations between diet, body composition, lipids and atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) in patients with RA. METHODS: A total of 80 RA patients (76% women), mean age (standard deviation (SD)) 61.4 (12) years and median disease duration of 6 years, were assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), fatty acid profile in adipose tissue and whole-body dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA). Rheumatoid cachexia was defined as fat free mass index below the 25th percentile and fat mass index above the 50th percentile of a reference population. Blood lipids, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and anti-PC levels were determined. RESULTS: The mean body mass index for the women and men was 25.0 and 27.0, respectively. Central obesity was found in 57% of the women (waist circumference >80 cm) and in 89% of the men (waist circumference >94 cm). In all, 18% of the women and 26% of the men had rheumatoid cachexia. These patients had significantly higher total cholesterol (P < 0.033), LDL (P < 0.029), and trendwise oxLDL (P = 0.056) as well as lower anti-PC IgM (P = 0.040), higher frequency of hypertension (69%) and metabolic syndrome (25%) than those without. The patients reported a high dietary intake of saturated fat, which partly correlated with fatty acid composition in adipose tissue and significantly with disease activity. However, patients with or without cachexia did not differ with respect to dietary fat intake or intake of Mediterranean-like diet. Additionally, patients on a Mediterranean-like diet had high levels of anti-PC (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: About one in five patients with low-active RA displayed rheumatoid cachexia. This condition was associated with high levels of LDL cholesterol, low levels of atheroprotective anti-PC and high frequency of hypertension, which is of interest in the context of CVD in RA. The cachexia could not be related to diet fat intake. However, patients on a Mediterranean-like diet had high anti-PC levels in spite of similar frequency of cachexia. High anti-PC levels may provide some protection against CVD.
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7.
  • Epstein, Mara M, et al. (författare)
  • Dietary fatty acid intake and prostate cancer survival in Örebro county, Sweden
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0002-9262 .- 1476-6256. ; 176:3, s. 240-252
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Although dietary fat has been associated with prostate cancer risk, the association between specific fatty acids and prostate cancer survival remains unclear. Dietary intake of 14 fatty acids was analyzed in a population-based cohort of 525 Swedish men with prostate cancer in Örebro County (1989-1994). Multivariable hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for time to prostate cancer death by quartile and per standard deviation increase in intake were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression. Additional models examined the association by stage at diagnosis (localized: T0-T2/M0; advanced: T0-T4/M1, T3-T4/M0). Among all men, those with the highest omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid and total marine fatty acid intakes were 40% less likely to die from prostate cancer (P(trend) = 0.05 and 0.04, respectively). Among men with localized prostate cancer, hazard ratios of 2.07 (95% confidence interval: 0.93, 4.59; P(trend) = 0.03) for elevated total fat, 2.39 (95% confidence interval: 1.06, 5.38) for saturated myristic acid, and 2.88 (95% confidence interval: 1.24, 6.67) for shorter chain (C4-C10) fatty acid intakes demonstrated increased risk for disease-specific mortality for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile. This study suggests that high intake of total fat and certain saturated fatty acids may worsen prostate cancer survival, particularly among men with localized disease. In contrast, high marine omega-3 fatty acid intake may improve disease-specific survival for all men.
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8.
  • Epstein, Mara M., et al. (författare)
  • Dietary zinc and prostate cancer survival in a Swedish cohort
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 93:3, s. 586-593
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Zinc is involved in many essential cellular functions, including DNA repair and immune system maintenance. Although experimental evidence supports a role for zinc in prostate carcinogenesis, epidemiologic data are inconsistent; no data on cancer-specific survival have been reported. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether dietary zinc assessed near the time of prostate cancer diagnosis is associated with improved disease-specific survival. Design: This population-based cohort consists of 525 men aged < 80 y from Orebro County, Sweden, with a diagnosis of prostate cancer made between 1989 and 1994. Study participants completed self-administered food-frequency questionnaires, and zinc intake was derived from nutrient databases. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for time to death from prostate cancer as well as death from all causes through February 2009 by quartile (Q) of dietary zinc intake. Models were also stratified by disease stage at diagnosis (localized or advanced). Results: With a median follow-up of 6.4 y, 218 (42%) men died of prostate cancer and 257 (49%) died of other causes. High dietary zinc intake was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality (HRQ4 vs Q1: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.94; P for trend = 0.05) in the study population. The association was stronger in men with localized tumors (HR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.66; P for trend = 0.005). Zinc intake was not associated with mortality from other causes. Conclusion: These results suggest that high dietary intake of zinc is associated with lower prostate cancer-specific mortality after diagnosis, particularly in men with localized disease.
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9.
  • Ferro, Ana, et al. (författare)
  • Alcohol intake and gastric cancer : Meta-analyses of published data versus individual participant data pooled analyses (StoP Project)
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1877-7821 .- 1877-783X. ; 54, s. 125-132
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Individual participant data pooled analyses allow access to non-published data and statistical reanalyses based on more homogeneous criteria than meta-analyses based on systematic reviews. We quantified the impact of publication-related biases and heterogeneity in data analysis and presentation in summary estimates of the association between alcohol drinking and gastric cancer.Methods: We compared estimates obtained from conventional meta-analyses, using only data available in published reports from studies that take part in the Stomach Cancer Pooling (StoP) Project, with individual participant data pooled analyses including the same studies.Results: A total of 22 studies from the StoP Project assessed the relation between alcohol intake and gastric cancer, 19 had specific data for levels of consumption and 18 according to cancer location; published reports addressing these associations were available from 18, 5 and 5 studies, respectively. The summary odds ratios [OR, (95%CI)] estimate obtained with published data for drinkers vs. non-drinkers was 10% higher than the one obtained with individual StoP data [18 vs. 22 studies: 1.21 (1.07-1.36) vs. 1.10 (0.99-1.23)] and more heterogeneous (1(2): 63.6% vs 54.4%). In general, published data yielded less precise summary estimates (standard errors up to 2.6 times higher). Funnel plot analysis suggested publication bias.Conclusion: Meta-analyses of the association between alcohol drinking and gastric cancer tended to overestimate the magnitude of the effects, possibly due to publication bias. Additionally, individual participant data pooled analyses yielded more precise estimates for different levels of exposure or cancer subtypes.
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10.
  • Ferro, Ana, et al. (författare)
  • Fruits and vegetables intake and gastric cancer risk : A pooled analysis within the Stomach cancer Pooling Project.
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - : Wiley. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 147:11, s. 3090-3101
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A low intake of fruits and vegetables is a risk factor for gastric cancer, although there is uncertainty regarding the magnitude of the associations. In our study, the relationship between fruits and vegetables intake and gastric cancer was assessed, complementing a previous work on the association betweenconsumption of citrus fruits and gastric cancer. Data from 25 studies (8456 cases and 21 133 controls) with information on fruits and/or vegetables intake were used. A two-stage approach based on random-effects models was used to pool study-specific adjusted (sex, age and the main known risk factors for gastric cancer) odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Exposure-response relations, including linear and nonlinear associations, were modeled using one- and two-order fractional polynomials. Gastric cancer risk was lower for a higher intake of fruits (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.64-0.90), noncitrus fruits (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.73-1.02), vegetables (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.56-0.84), and fruits and vegetables (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.49-0.75); results were consistent across sociodemographic and lifestyles categories, as well as study characteristics. Exposure-response analyses showed an increasingly protective effect of portions/day of fruits (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.57-0.73 for six portions), noncitrus fruits (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.61-0.83 for six portions) and vegetables (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.43-0.60 for 10 portions). A protective effect of all fruits, noncitrus fruits and vegetables was confirmed, supporting further dietary recommendations to decrease the burden of gastric cancer.
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11.
  • Ferro, Ana, et al. (författare)
  • Tobacco smoking and gastric cancer: : meta-analyses of published data versus pooled analyses of individual participant data (StoP Project).
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Cancer Prevention. - 0959-8278 .- 1473-5709. ; 27:3, s. 197-204
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Tobacco smoking is one of the main risk factors for gastric cancer, but the magnitude of the association estimated by conventional systematic reviews and meta-analyses might be inaccurate, due to heterogeneous reporting of data and publication bias. We aimed to quantify the combined impact of publication-related biases, and heterogeneity in data analysis or presentation, in the summary estimates obtained from conventional meta-analyses. We compared results from individual participant data pooled-analyses, including the studies in the Stomach Cancer Pooling (StoP) Project, with conventional meta-analyses carried out using only data available in previously published reports from the same studies. From the 23 studies in the StoP Project, 20 had published reports with information on smoking and gastric cancer, but only six had specific data for gastric cardia cancer and seven had data on the daily number of cigarettes smoked. Compared to the results obtained with the StoP database, conventional meta-analyses overvalued the relation between ever smoking (summary odds ratios ranging from 7% higher for all studies to 22% higher for the risk of gastric cardia cancer) and yielded less precise summary estimates (SE ≤2.4 times higher). Additionally, funnel plot asymmetry and corresponding hypotheses tests were suggestive of publication bias. Conventional meta-analyses and individual participant data pooled-analyses reached similar conclusions on the direction of the association between smoking and gastric cancer. However, published data tended to overestimate the magnitude of the effects, possibly due to publication biases and limited the analyses by different levels of exposure or cancer subtypes.
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12.
  • Fortner, Renee T., et al. (författare)
  • Ovarian Cancer Risk Factor Associations by Primary Anatomic Site : The Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. - : American Association for Cancer Research (AACR). - 1055-9965 .- 1538-7755. ; 29:10, s. 2010-2018
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancers have shared developmental pathways. Few studies have prospectively examined heterogeneity in risk factor associations across these three anatomic sites.Methods: We identified 3,738 ovarian, 337 peritoneal, and 176 fallopian tube incident cancer cases in 891,731 women from 15 prospective cohorts in the Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium. Associations between 18 putative risk factors and risk of ovarian, peritoneal, and fallopian tube cancer, overall and for serous and high-grade serous tumors, were evaluated using competing risks Cox proportional hazards regression. Heterogeneity was assessed by likelihood ratio tests.Results: Most associations did not vary by tumor site (P-het = 0.05). Associations between first pregnancy (P-het = 0.04), tubal ligation (P-het = 0.01), and early-adult (age 18-21 years) body mass index (BMI; P-het = 0.02) and risk differed between ovarian and peritoneal cancers. The association between early-adult BMI and risk further differed between peritoneal and fallopian tube cancer (P-het = 0.03). First pregnancy and tubal ligation were inversely associated with ovarian, but not peritoneal, cancer. Higher early-adult BMI was associated with higher risk of peritoneal, but not ovarian or fallopian tube, cancer. Patterns were generally similar when restricted to serous and high-grade serous cases.Conclusions: Ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancers appear to have both shared and distinct etiologic pathways, although most risk factors appear to have similar associations by anatomic site.Impact: Further studies on the mechanisms underlying the differences in risk profiles may provide insights regarding the developmental origins of tumors arising in the peritoneal cavity and inform prevention efforts.
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13.
  • Holmvall, Patric, 1988, et al. (författare)
  • SuperConga: An open-source framework for mesoscopic superconductivity
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Applied Physics Reviews. - : AIP Publishing. - 1931-9401. ; 10:1
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present SuperConga, an open-source framework for simulating equilibrium properties of unconventional and ballistic singlet superconductors, confined to two-dimensional (2D) mesoscopic grains in a perpendicular external magnetic field, at arbitrary low temperatures. It aims at being both fast and easy to use, enabling research without access to a computer cluster, and visualization in real-time with OpenGL. The core is written in C++ and CUDA, exploiting the embarrassingly parallel nature of the quasiclassical theory of superconductivity by utilizing the parallel computational power of modern graphics processing units. The framework self-consistently computes both the superconducting order-parameter and the induced vector potential and finds the current density, free energy, induced flux density, local density of states (LDOS), and the magnetic moment. A user-friendly Python frontend is provided, enabling simulation parameters to be defined via intuitive configuration files, or via the command-line interface, without requiring a deep understanding of implementation details. For example, complicated geometries can be created with relative ease. The framework ships with simple tools for analyzing and visualizing the results, including an interactive plotter for spectroscopy. An overview of the theory is presented, as well as examples showcasing the framework's capabilities and ease of use. The framework is free to download from https://gitlab.com/superconga/superconga, which also links to the extensive user manual, containing even more examples, tutorials, and guides. To demonstrate and benchmark SuperConga, we study the magnetostatics, thermodynamics, and spectroscopy of various phenomena. In particular, we study flux quantization in solenoids, vortex physics, surface Andreev bound-states, and a "phase crystal."We compare our numeric results with analytics and present experimental observables, e.g., the magnetic moment and LDOS, measurable with, for example, scanning probes, STM, and magnetometry.
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15.
  • Håkansson, Michael, 1967- (författare)
  • Politisk tendens, politiskt ögonblick och kreativitet : Studier av miljö- och hållbarhetsundervisning
  • 2016
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis takes its point of departure in the political dimension in Environmental and Sustainability Education (ESE). In the research field different views exist – containing both similarities and differences – regarding what is meant by ‘the political’ in the context of educational practice. What do different authors, policymakers, practitioners etc. mean when they refer to ´the political´ within the context of ESE? The ambiguity that characterises the discussions on the political dimension of (environmental and sustainability) education can impede and blur both research and professional reflection. This can create confusion, particularly amongst teachers, and a clarification of ‘the political’ through an investigation of how it appears in educational practice is vital.The thesis contributes with an educational typology and an analytical model of political moments to identify how the political dimension may emerge in different ways in educational practices. As part of these models the thesis also contributes with two theoretical-analytical concepts – educative moment and creativity – to be used to further discuss how education can use the political to explore new values and new behaviours regarding environmental and sustainable concerns.The theoretical frames of the thesis are poststructural and pragmatic theories, foremost by Chantal Mouffe and John Dewey. The thesis is especially built on a pragmatist and anti-essentialist approach, which argues that we socially construct the meaning of right and wrong, and of what works better in our lives in problematic situations. The thesis has four purposes and the results are presented in four studies. The first purpose examines how Environmental Sustainability Education (ESE) research literature conceptualize the political dimension, and how these findings impact the political dimension as educational content in teaching and learning activities in ESE practice. The second purpose examines different situations in which the political can be handled and experienced in environmental and sustainability education practice. This purpose is dealt with in the second study and the result is a didactical typology called the political tendency. The third purpose is to examine the political and politics in teaching and learning activities, both cognitive and emotional, about antagonism, conflicts, inclusion and exclusion. This purpose is dealt with in the third study and the results are illustrated by empirical examples. The fourth purpose examines the idea of creativity in relation to the political dimension, i. e. where new values can emerge or evolve. These purpose is dealt with in study 2, 3 and 4 and the results are presented as two theoretical-analytical concepts: educative moments and creativity concerning the political dimension in ESE.My ambition is that this thesis will contribute to the discussion about how teaching and learning activities that include a political dimension in ESE can use the presented models to identify educational content of the political dimension, and to further understand how individuals create their relation to their social and physical surroundings. Another ambition is to contribute to philosophical and methodological discussions about the relation between the political dimension, meaning making and embodiment within environmental and sustainability education.
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16.
  • Håkansson, Niclas (författare)
  • Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and chronic diseases
  • 2003
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis consider two exposures from the electromagnetic spectrum extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. ELF MF are the lowest and UV radiation ranges among the highest frequencies of non-ionizing radiation. The exposure prevalence of these fields is high in the general population. Most people are exposed daily to either or both types and potential health effects are of great concern. The aim of the thesis was to study occupational exposure to ELF MF and UV radiation in relation to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. A cohort with an increased prevalence of individuals highly exposed to ELF MF was created in order to be able to study exposure-response relations. In all, four cohort studies and one case-control study were performed. Exposure-response relationships were found for occupational ELF MF exposure and certain cancer diseases: malignant brain tumors among women, tumors of the pituitary gland among men. Welders were at an increased risk of tumors of the endocrine glands. The outcome might indicate an interaction with the hormonal system. A potential effect of occupational ELF MF exposure in cancer development cannot be rejected. In the study of neurodegenerative diseases, the risk of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer s disease increased with increasing exposure to ELF MF. The results confirm previous findings of an association, and further epidemiological studies are needed, preferably based on morbidity data and taking into account potential confounding from e.g. electric shocks. For acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a low level increase in relative risk was found as well as an exposure-response relation. Joint occurrence of ELF MF exposure and a genetic susceptibility for AMI showed a synergistic effect on AMI mortality. Effect modification from e.g. genetic predisposition to the disease deserves to be further explored in studies of ELF MF and AMI. Swedish construction workers exposed to sunlight from outdoor work were at an increased risk of myeloid leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia or non-Hodgkin s lymphoma and stomach cancer. These findings are possibly due to an effect of UV radiation on the immune system. Sunlight exposure was also associated with an increased risk of malignant melanoma of the eye. Extensive research has been carried out in relation to ELF MF. There is yet no evidence of any biological mechanisms that could explain how ELF MF might contribute to cause chronic diseases. Therefore, additional efforts to explore potential pathways are warranted. Also, the question of effect modification from individual sensitivity such as genetic predisposition and interactions with other environmental factors deserves to be further explored.
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17.
  • Jung, Audrey Y, et al. (författare)
  • Distinct reproductive risk profiles for intrinsic-like breast cancer subtypes : pooled analysis of population-based studies
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : Oxford University Press. - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 114:12, s. 1706-1719
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Reproductive factors have been shown to be differentially associated with risk of estrogen receptor (ER) positive and ER-negative breast cancer. However, their associations with intrinsic-like subtypes are less clear.METHODS: Analyses included up to 23,353 cases, and 71,072 controls pooled from 31 population-based case-control or cohort studies in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium across 16 countries on 4 continents. Polytomous logistic regression was used to estimate the association between reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer by intrinsic-like subtypes (luminal A-like, luminal B-like, luminal B-HER2-like, HER2-enriched-like, and triple-negative) and by invasiveness. All statistical tests were 2-sided.RESULTS: Compared to nulliparous women, parous women had a lower risk of luminal A-like, luminal B-like, luminal B-HER2-like and HER2-enriched-like disease. This association was apparent only after approximately 10 years since last birth and became stronger with increasing time (odds ratio [OR] = 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49 to 0.71; and OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.28 to 0.46; for multiparous women with luminal A-like tumors 20-<25 years after last birth and 45-<50 years after last birth, respectively). In contrast, parous women had a higher risk of triple-negative breast cancer right after their last birth (for multiparous women: OR = 3.12, 95%CI = 2.02 to 4.83) that was attenuated with time but persisted for decades (OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 0.79 to 1.34, for multiparous women 25 to < 30 years after last birth). Older age at first birth (P-heterogeneity<.001 for triple-negative compared to luminal-A like) and breastfeeding (P-heterogeneity<.001 for triple-negative compared to luminal-A like) were associated with lower risk of triple-negative but not with other disease subtypes. Younger age at menarche was associated with higher risk of all subtypes; older age at menopause was associated with higher risk of luminal A-like but not triple-negative breast cancer. Associations for in situ tumors were similar to luminal A-like.CONCLUSION: This large and comprehensive study demonstrates a distinct reproductive risk factor profile for triple-negative breast cancer compared to other subtypes, with implications for the understanding of disease etiology and risk prediction.
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18.
  • Kaluza, Joanna, et al. (författare)
  • Adherence to the WCRF/AICR 2018 recommendations for cancer prevention and risk of cancer : prospective cohort studies of men and women
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 122:10, s. 1562-1570
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BackgroundIn 2018, the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) issued revised recommendations for cancer prevention. We examined the relation between adherence to these recommendations and risk of total cancer in two population-based Swedish prospective cohorts (29,451 men and 25,349 women).MethodsStandardized-WCRF/AICR 2018 and simplified-WCRF/AICR 2018 adherence scores were constructed based on the WCRF/AICR recommendations for body weight, physical activity, diet, alcohol consumption and dietary supplement use. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire.ResultsDuring the 15.4 years of follow-up, 12,693 incident cancers were ascertained. The multivariable HR between extreme categories of the Standardized-WCRF/AICR 2018 score (4.1–7 vs. 0–2) was 0.88 (95% CI = 0.82–0.95) and for the Simplified score (5–8 vs. 0–2) was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.80–0.90); each 1-score increment in recommendation adherence was associated with 3% (95% CI = 1–5%) and 4% (95% CI = 2–5%) decreased risk, respectively. Based on the Simplified scoring, most participants (>90%) did not meet WCRF/AICR 2018 recommendations regarding consumption of plant foods, limited consumption of red/processed meat and ‘fast food’/processed food, and <50% of participants met the weight and physical activity recommendations.ConclusionsAdherence to the 2018WCRF/AICR recommendations substantially reduced the risk of total cancer. Given that many people do not meet the recommendations, there is a great potential for cancer prevention.
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19.
  • Kapoor, Pooja Middha, et al. (författare)
  • Combined associations of a polygenic risk score and classical risk factors with breast cancer risk
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 113:3, s. 329-337
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We evaluated the joint associations between a new 313-variant PRS (PRS313) and questionnaire-based breast cancer risk factors for women of European ancestry, using 72 284 cases and 80 354 controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Interactions were evaluated using standard logistic regression and a newly developed case-only method for breast cancer risk overall and by estrogen receptor status. After accounting for multiple testing, we did not find evidence that per-standard deviation PRS313 odds ratio differed across strata defined by individual risk factors. Goodness-of-fit tests did not reject the assumption of a multiplicative model between PRS313 and each risk factor. Variation in projected absolute lifetime risk of breast cancer associated with classical risk factors was greater for women with higher genetic risk (PRS313 and family history) and, on average, 17.5% higher in the highest vs lowest deciles of genetic risk. These findings have implications for risk prevention for women at increased risk of breast cancer. 
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20.
  • Kasperzyk, Julie L., et al. (författare)
  • One-carbon metabolism-related nutrients and prostate cancer survival
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 90:3, s. 561-569
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Folate and other one-carbon metabolism nutrients may influence prostate cancer pathogenesis. Prior studies of these nutrients in relation to prostate cancer incidence have been inconclusive, and none have explored prostate cancer survival. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess whether dietary intakes of folate, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and methionine measured around the time of prostate cancer diagnosis are associated with prostate cancer survival. DESIGN: This population-based prospective study comprised 525 men from Orebro, Sweden, who received a diagnosis of incident prostate cancer between 1989 and 1994 and completed a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire. Record linkages to the Swedish Death Registry enabled all cases to be followed for up to 20 y after diagnosis, and the cause of death was assigned via medical record review. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. During a median of 6.4 y of follow-up, 218 men (42%) died of prostate cancer and 257 (49%) of other causes. RESULTS: A comparison of the highest with the lowest quartile showed that vitamin B-6 intake was inversely associated with prostate cancer-specific death (HR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.46, 1.10; P for trend = 0.08), especially in men with a diagnosis of localized-stage disease (HR; 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.26; P for trend = 0.0003). However, vitamin B-6 intake was not associated with improved prostate cancer survival among advanced-stage cases (HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.64, 1.72; P for trend = 0.87). Folate, riboflavin, vitamin B-12, and methionine intakes were not associated with prostate cancer survival. CONCLUSION: A high vitamin B-6 intake may improve prostate cancer survival among men with a diagnosis of localized-stage disease.
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21.
  • Khalili, Hamed, et al. (författare)
  • Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of later-onset Crohn's disease : results from two large prospective cohort studies.
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Gut. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0017-5749 .- 1468-3288. ; 69:9, s. 1637-1644
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between Mediterranean diet and risk of later-onset Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC).DESIGN: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 83 147 participants (age range: 45-79 years) enrolled in the Cohort of Swedish Men and Swedish Mammography Cohort. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate an adherence score to a modified Mediterranean diet (mMED) at baseline in 1997. Incident diagnoses of CD and UC were ascertained from the Swedish Patient Register. We used Cox proportional hazards modelling to calculate HRs and 95% CI.RESULTS: Through December of 2017, we confirmed 164 incident cases of CD and 395 incident cases of UC with an average follow-up of 17 years. Higher mMED score was associated with a lower risk of CD (Ptrend=0.03) but not UC (Ptrend=0.61). Compared with participants in the lowest category of mMED score (0-2), there was a statistically significant lower risk of CD (HR=0.42, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.80) but not UC (HR=1.08, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.58). These associations were not modified by age, sex, education level, body mass index or smoking (all Pinteraction >0.30). The prevalence of poor adherence to a Mediterranean diet (mMED score=0-2) was 27% in our cohorts, conferring a population attributable risk of 12% for later-onset CD.CONCLUSION: In two prospective studies, greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with a significantly lower risk of later-onset CD.
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22.
  • Koushik, Anita, et al. (författare)
  • Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and folate and the risk of ovarian cancer in a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies.
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Cancer Causes and Control. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0957-5243 .- 1573-7225. ; 26:9, s. 1315-27
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: Vitamins A, C, and E and folate have anticarcinogenic properties and thus might protect against cancer. Few known modifiable risk factors for ovarian cancer exist. We examined the associations between dietary and total (food and supplemental) vitamin intake and the risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer.METHODS: The primary data from 10 prospective cohort studies in North America and Europe were analyzed. Vitamin intakes were estimated from validated food frequency questionnaires in each study. Study-specific relative risks (RRs) were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model and then combined using a random-effects model.RESULTS: Among 501,857 women, 1,973 cases of ovarian cancer occurred over a median follow-up period of 7-16 years across studies. Dietary and total intakes of each vitamin were not significantly associated with ovarian cancer risk. The pooled multivariate RRs [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for incremental increases in total intake of each vitamin were 1.02 (0.97-1.07) for vitamin A (increment: 1,300 mcg/day), 1.01 (0.99-1.04) for vitamin C (400 mg/day), 1.02 (0.97-1.06) for vitamin E (130 mg/day), and 1.01 (0.96-1.07) for folate (250 mcg/day). Multivitamin use (vs. nonuse) was not associated with ovarian cancer risk (pooled multivariate RR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.89-1.12). Associations did not vary substantially by study, or by subgroups of the population. Greater vitamin intakes were associated with modestly higher risks of endometrioid tumors (n = 156 cases), but not with other histological types.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and folate during adulthood does not play a major role in ovarian cancer risk.
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23.
  • Larsson, Susanna C., et al. (författare)
  • Dietary cysteine and other amino acids and stroke incidence in women
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Stroke. - 0039-2499 .- 1524-4628. ; 46:4, s. 922-926
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cysteine could potentially lower the risk of stroke through antihypertensive and antioxidant effects. Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that cysteine intake is inversely associated with stroke incidence.METHODS: We used data from the Swedish Mammography Cohort, a population-based prospective cohort of 34 250 women who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer and had completed a food-frequency questionnaire about diet and other risk factors for stroke in the autumn of 1997. Stroke cases were identified by linkage of the study population with the Swedish Inpatient Register and the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for potential confounders, were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards regression model.RESULTS: We ascertained 1751 incident cases of stroke during 10.4 years of follow-up. Dietary cysteine intake (mean, 635 mg/d) was inversely associated with stroke risk. The multivariable RR of total stroke comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of cysteine intake was 0.79 (95% confidence interval, 0.65-0.97; P for trend=0.04). The corresponding RR was 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.65-1.03; P for trend=0.12) for cerebral infarction and 0.54 (95% confidence interval, 0.29-1.03; P for trend=0.08) for intracerebral hemorrhage. Dietary intake of other amino acids showed no independent (after adjustment for cysteine intake) association with stroke risk.CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that dietary cysteine intake may be inversely associated with risk of stroke.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01127698.
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24.
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25.
  • Larsson, Susanna C, et al. (författare)
  • Healthy dietary patterns and incidence of biliary tract and gallbladder cancer in a prospective study of women and men.
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Cancer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-8049 .- 1879-0852. ; 70, s. 42-47
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Whether diet influences the risk of biliary tract cancer (BTC) is unknown. We examined the associations of two healthy dietary patterns, including a modified Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (mDASH) diet and a modified Mediterranean (mMED) diet, with the incidence of BTC in a population-based prospective study.METHODS: The study population comprised 76,014 Swedish adults who were 45-83 years of age and cancer-free at baseline. The mDASH and mMED diets were calculated from self-reported dietary data collected by a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for potential confounders.RESULTS: Over 1,010,777 person-years (mean 13.3 years) of follow-up, 140 extrahepatic BTC cases (including 77 gallbladder cancers) and 23 intrahepatic BTC cases were ascertained by linkage with the Swedish Cancer Register. Adherence to the mDASH and mMED diets was statistically significantly inversely associated with risk of extrahepatic BTC (Ptrend ≤ 0.0003) and gallbladder cancer (Ptrend ≤ 0.005) but not intrahepatic BTC (Ptrend ≥ 0.11). The multivariable HRs (95% CI) for the highest versus lowest tertile of the mDASH diet were 0.41 (0.26-0.64) for extrahepatic BTC and 0.36 (0.20-0.64) for gallbladder cancer. The corresponding HRs (95% CI) for the mMED diet were respectively 0.41 (0.25-0.67) and 0.42 (0.23-0.79).CONCLUSION: Adherence to a healthy diet may play a role in reducing the risk of extrahepatic BTC.
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26.
  • Larsson, Susanna C, et al. (författare)
  • Overall and abdominal obesity and incident aortic valve stenosis : two prospective cohort studies.
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 38:28, s. 2192-2197
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the association of overall and abdominal obesity with aortic valve stenosis (AVS) incidence in two prospective cohorts.Methods and results: We used data from the Cohort of Swedish Men and the Swedish Mammography Cohort, involving 71 817 men and women who were free of cardiovascular disease and had reported their anthropometric measures in 1997. Aortic valve stenosis cases were ascertained through linkage with nationwide registers on hospitalization and causes of death. Data were analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression. During a mean follow-up of 15.3 years, 1297 incident AVS cases (771 in men; 526 in women) were ascertained. Both overall and abdominal obesity, measured as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, respectively, was associated with AVS incidence, with similar associations in men and women. Compared with BMI 18.5-22.5 kg/m2, the multivariable hazard ratios were 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.48) for overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) and 1.81 (95% CI 1.47-2.23) for obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). The hazard ratio for substantially increased waist circumference (men: ≥102 cm; women: ≥88 cm) compared with normal waist circumference (men: <94 cm; women: <80 cm) was 1.30 (95% CI 1.12-1.51). The proportion of AVS cases estimated to be attributed to overweight and obesity combined (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) was 10.8% (95% CI 5.2-16.4%).Conclusion: These findings indicate that obesity is associated with an increased risk of AVS and that a large proportion of the cases may be prevented if the population maintained a healthy BMI.
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27.
  • Larsson, Susanna C., et al. (författare)
  • Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and incidence of seven cardiovascular diseases
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Cardiology. - : ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD. - 0167-5273 .- 1874-1754. ; 262, s. 66-70
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The association between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and specific cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is uncertain. Furthermore, data on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in relation to risk of aortic valve stenosis, atrial fibrillation, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and intracerebral hemorrhage are scarce and inconclusive. We examined the associations of T1DM and T2DM with incidence of seven CVD outcomes.Methods: This study comprised 71,483 Swedish adults from two population-based prospective cohorts. T1DM and T2DM diagnosis and incident CVD cases were ascertained through linkage with the population-based registers.Results: T1DM was associated with myocardial infarction (hazard ratio [HR] 3.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.47-4.30), heart failure (HR 2.68; 95% CI 1.76-4.09), and ischemic stroke (HR 2.61; 95% CI 1.80-3.79). Increased risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and heart failure was also observed in T2DM patients and the magnitude of the associations increased with longer T2DM duration. T2DM was also associated with an increased risk of aortic valve stenosis (HR 1.34; 95% CI 1.05-1.71) and with lower risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm (HR 0.57; 95% CI 0.40-0.82) and intracerebral hemorrhage (HR 0.51; 95% CI 0.30-0.88). Only long-term T2DM(>= 20 years) was associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (HR 1.44; 95% CI 1.02-2.04).Conclusion: T1DM and T2DM are associated with increased risk of major CVD outcomes. Trial registration: The Cohort of Swedish Men and the Swedish Mammography Cohort are registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01127711 and NCT01127698, respectively.
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28.
  • Levitan, Emily B, et al. (författare)
  • Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Swedish men.
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 85:6, s. 1521-6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: In women, dietary glycemic index (GI) and dietary glycemic load (GL) have been associated with cardiovascular disease; in men, however, the evidence for an association is weaker.OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that men consuming diets high in GI or GL have a greater risk of cardiovascular disease.DESIGN: At baseline, we assessed dietary GI and dietary GL by using food-frequency questionnaires in 36 246 Swedish men aged 45-79 y without diabetes or prior cardiovascular disease. Participants were followed through inpatient, cause-of-death, and death registries from 1 January 1998 until 31 December 2003 for myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and cardiovascular mortality and until 31 December 2005 for all-cause mortality. We used Cox models with age as the time scale to estimate relative risks adjusted for cigarette smoking, body mass index, physical activity, demographic characteristics, and nutritional factors.RESULTS: Dietary GI and dietary GL were not associated with myocardial infarction (n = 1324), ischemic stroke (n = 692), cardiovascular mortality (n = 785), or all-cause mortality (n = 2959). Dietary GL was associated with hemorrhagic stroke [n = 165; relative risk = 1.44 comparing extreme quartiles (95% CI: 0.91, 2.27); P for trend = 0.047].CONCLUSIONS: Dietary GI and dietary GL were not associated with ischemic cardiovascular disease or mortality, but dietary GL was associated with a greater risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Discrepancies between these findings and those of previous studies may be due to variations in the associations by sex or to differences in dietary contributions to GI and GL.
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29.
  • Lindblad, Birgitta Ejdervik, 1955-, et al. (författare)
  • Alcohol consumption and risk of cataract extraction : a prospective cohort study of women
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Ophthalmology. - Sundsvall Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, SE-85186 Sundsvall, Sweden. Karolinska Inst, Inst Environm Med, Stockholm, Sweden. HM Queen Sophia Hosp, Stockholm Eye Clin, Stockholm, Sweden. : Elsevier. - 0161-6420 .- 1549-4713. ; 114:4, s. 680-685
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: To investigate the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of cataract extraction.DESIGN: Population-based prospective cohort study.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 34,713 women participating in the Swedish Mammography Cohort, age 49 to 83 years, completed in 1997 a self-administered questionnaire about alcohol, smoking, and other lifestyle factors.METHODS: The women were followed from September 1997 through September 2004. The cohort was matched with registers of cataract extraction from the study area.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident surgical extraction of age-related cataract.RESULTS: During 84 months of follow-up, we found 3587 incident cases of age-related cataract extraction. Compared with never drinkers, the relative risk of cataract extraction among current drinkers was 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.21) after adjustment for age and other potential risk factors. In multivariate analysis, an increment of 13 g alcohol intake per day (corresponding to 1 drink = 330 ml of beer, 150 ml of wine, or 45 ml of liquor) was associated with a 7% increased risk of cataract extraction (relative risk, 1.07; 95% CI 1.02-1.12). Mean age at cataract extraction among nonsmoking women who used alcohol was 75 years, compared with 77.6 years among never drinkers.CONCLUSIONS: These prospective data suggest that daily use of >/=1 alcoholic drinks was associated with a modest increase of risk for cataract extraction. The risk increased with increasing alcohol consumption.
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30.
  • Lindblad, Birgitta Ejdervik, 1955-, et al. (författare)
  • Hormone replacement therapy in relation to risk of cataract extraction : a prospective study of women
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Ophthalmology. - : Elsevier. - 0161-6420 .- 1549-4713. ; 117:3, s. 424-430
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the incidence of cataract extraction among postmenopausal women.DESIGN: Population-based, prospective cohort study.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 30 861 postmenopausal women participating in the Swedish Mammography Cohort, age 49 to 83 years, who completed a self-administered questionnaire in 1997 about hormone status, HRT, and lifestyle factors.METHODS: The women were followed from September 1997 through October 2005. The cohort was matched with registers of cataract extraction in the study area.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident operative extraction of age-related cataract.RESULTS: We identified 4324 incident cases of cataract extractions during 98 months of follow-up. In multivariate adjusted analysis, ever use of HRT was associated with a 14% increased risk of cataract extraction (rate ratio [RR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.21) compared with those who never used HRT. Current use of HRT was associated with an 18% increased risk of cataract extraction (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.10-1.26). A significant linear trend was observed where increasing duration of HRT usage resulted in an increased risk of cataract extraction (P for trend = 0.006). Multivariate RR for current HRT usage for >10 years was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.06-1.36; P for trend = 0.001). Among women drinking on average >1 drink of alcohol per day, current HRT users had a 42% increased risk (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.11-1.80) for cataract extraction, compared with women who neither used HRT nor alcohol. The risk of cataract extraction among current users of HRT was similar among current smokers and those who never smoked.CONCLUSIONS: Our prospective, population-based study indicates that postmenopausal women using HRT for a long period of time may be at an increased risk for cataract extraction, especially those drinking >1 alcoholic drink daily.
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31.
  • Lindblad, Birgitta Ejdervik, 1955-, et al. (författare)
  • Intensity of smoking and smoking cessation in relation to risk of cataract extraction : a prospective study of women
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0002-9262 .- 1476-6256. ; 162:1, s. 73-79
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The authors investigated the association of smoking and smoking cessation with the incidence of cataract extraction in a population-based prospective cohort study. A total of 34,595 women aged 49-83 years in the Swedish Mammography Cohort were followed from September 1997 through June 2002. Information on smoking, diet, and other lifestyle factors was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 2,128 cases of age-related cataract extraction were identified. Relative risks were estimated as rate ratios using Cox proportional hazards models. The authors observed a significant dose-response association between intensity of smoking and risk of cataract extraction (among current smokers, p for trend = 0.02; among past smokers, p for trend = 0.0002). After cessation of smoking, the risk decreased with time. Among women with a moderate lifetime smoking intensity (6-10 cigarettes/day), the relative risk was not significantly different from the risk among never smokers 10 years after smoking cessation. Among women who had smoked more intensively (>10 cigarettes/day), after 20 years of nonsmoking the increased risk became small and no longer statistically significant in comparison with never smokers (for trend over time, p < 0.0001). This prospective study confirmed smoking as a risk factor for cataract, with a dose response for smoking intensity. Smoking cessation predicts reduced risk over time, but a longer period of time is needed with a higher smoking intensity.
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32.
  • Lindblad, Birgitta Ejdervik, 1955-, et al. (författare)
  • Metabolic syndrome components in relation to risk of cataract extraction : a prospective cohort study of women
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Ophthalmology. - : Elsevier. - 0161-6420 .- 1549-4713. ; 115:10, s. 1687-1692
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and some of its components with the incidence of cataract extraction.DESIGN: Population-based prospective cohort study.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 35,369 women, participating in the Swedish Mammography Cohort, aged 49 to 83 years, who completed a self-administered questionnaire about anthropometric measurements and lifestyle factors in 1997.METHODS: The women were followed from September of 1997 to October of 2005. The cohort was matched with registers of cataract extraction in the study area.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident surgical extraction of age-related cataract.RESULTS: We identified 4508 incident cases of cataract extractions during 98 months of follow-up. In multivariate analysis, women with a waist circumference >or=80 cm had an 8% increased risk of cataract extraction (rate ratio [RR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.17). Women with diabetes had a 43% increased risk of cataract extraction (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.10-1.86), and hypertension was associated with a 12% increased risk (RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.99-1.26). Women with all 3 components of the metabolic syndrome (waist >or=80 cm, diabetes, and hypertension) had a 68% increased risk of cataract extraction (RR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.40-2.02) compared with women without any of these components. Among women aged less than 65 years at baseline with all 3 components of metabolic syndrome, the risk of cataract extraction was approximately 3-fold more (RR, 2.80; CI, 1.94-4.03).CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome and its components, abdominal adiposity, diabetes, and hypertension, seem to be associated with an increased risk for cataract extraction, especially among women aged less than 65 years.
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33.
  • Lindblad, Birgitta Ejdervik, 1955-, et al. (författare)
  • Smoking cessation and the risk of cataract : a prospective cohort study of cataract extraction among men
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: JAMA ophthalmology. - Chicago, USA : American Medical Association. - 2168-6165 .- 2168-6173. ; 132:3, s. 253-7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Importance: Smoking is a risk factor for cataract development, but the effect of smoking cessation on the risk of cataract is uncertain.Objective: To examine the association between smoking cessation and the risk of cataract extraction.Design, setting, and participants: A total of 44,371 men, participating in the Cohort of Swedish Men, aged 45 to 79 years, who in 1997 completed a self-administered questionnaire on smoking habits and lifestyle factors. The men were followed up from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2009. The cohort was matched with the Swedish National Day-Surgery Register and local registers of cataract extraction in the study area.Main outcomes and measures: Incident cases of age-related cataract extraction.Results: During 12 years of follow-up, we identified 5713 incident cases of age-related cataract extraction. Smoking intensity and cumulative dose of smoking were associated with an increased risk of cataract extraction (P for trend <.001). Current smokers of more than 15 cigarettes per day had a 42% increased risk of cataract extraction (rate ratio, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.28-1.58) compared with never smokers after adjustment for age and other potential risk factors. Smoking cessation significantly decreased the risk for cataract extraction with time (P for trend <.001). After more than 20 years since stopping smoking, men with a mean smoking intensity of more than 15 cigarettes per day had a 21% increased risk of cataract extraction (rate ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.06-1.39) compared with never smokers. Among men who smoked 15 cigarettes or less per day, the effect of smoking cessation was observed earlier, but more than 2 decades after smoking cessation, the risk of cataract extraction did not decrease to the level of never smokers (rate ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.24).Conclusion and relevance: Smoking cessation seems to decrease the risk of cataract extraction with time, although the risk persists for decades. The higher the intensity of smoking, the longer it takes for the increased risk to decline. These findings emphasize the importance of early smoking cessation and preferably the avoidance of smoking.
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34.
  • Lopes, Emily W., et al. (författare)
  • Lifestyle factors for the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Gut. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0017-5749 .- 1468-3288.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVE: To estimate the proportion of cases of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) that could be prevented by modifiable lifestyle factors.DESIGN: In a prospective cohort study of US adults from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; n=72 290), NHSII (n=93 909) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; n=41 871), we created modifiable risk scores (MRS; 0-6) for CD and UC based on established lifestyle risk factors, and healthy lifestyle scores (HLS; 0-9) derived from American healthy lifestyle recommendations. We calculated the population attributable risk by comparing the incidence of CD and UC between low-risk (CD-MRS≤1, UC-MRS≤2, HLS≥7) and high-risk groups. We externally validated our findings in three European cohorts: the Swedish Mammography Cohort (n=37 275), Cohort of Swedish Men (n=40 810) and European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (n=404 144).RESULTS: Over 5 117 021 person-years of follow-up (NHS, HPFS: 1986-2016; NHSII: 1991-2017), we documented 346 CD and 456 UC cases. Adherence to a low MRS could have prevented 42.9% (95% CI 12.2% to 66.1%) of CD and 44.4% (95% CI 9.0% to 69.8%) of UC cases. Similarly, adherence to a healthy lifestyle could have prevented 61.1% (95% CI 16.8% to 84.9%) of CD and 42.2% (95% CI 1.7% to 70.9%) of UC cases. In our validation cohorts, adherence to a low MRS and healthy lifestyle could have, respectively, prevented 43.9%-51.2% and 48.8%-60.4% of CD cases and 20.6%-27.8% and 46.8%-56.3% of UC cases.CONCLUSIONS: Across six US and European cohorts, a substantial burden of inflammatory bowel diseases risk may be preventable through lifestyle modification.
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35.
  • Magnusson, Jessica, et al. (författare)
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma at 8 years and subsequent allergic disease
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : MOSBY-ELSEVIER. - 0091-6749 .- 1097-6825. ; 142:2, s. 510-516
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are hypothesized to modulate the risk of allergic disease. However, evidence from previous studies is inconclusive, and limited longitudinal data exist using circulating biomarkers of PUFA intake and metabolism. Objective: We aimed to investigate associations between n-3 and n-6 PUFAs at age 8 years and asthma, rhinitis, and aeroallergen sensitization at age 16 years. Methods: Proportions of n-3 PUFAs (very long-chain n-3 [VLC n-3; sum of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid] anda-linolenic acid) and n-6PUFAs (linoleic acid and arachidonic acid [AA]) in blood samples at age 8 years weremeasured for 940 children fromthe prospective Swedish birth cohort BAMSE (Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiology). Allergic disease phenotypes were defined by using questionnaires and IgE measures at the ages of 8 and 16 years. Logistic regression was used to examine potential associations. Results: A higher proportion of total VLC n-3 PUFAs in plasma at age 8 years was associated with a reduced risk of prevalent asthma, rhinitis, and aeroallergen sensitization at age 16 years and with incidence of asthma between 8 and 16 years (adjusted odds ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47-0.94). AA was associated with a reduced risk of asthma, aeroallergen sensitization, and allergic rhinitis. The findings were most evident for allergic phenotypes of asthma and rhinitis. Additionally, AA was associated with an increased probability of asthma and rhinitis remission between 8 and 16 years of age. Conclusion: Higher proportions of certain VLC n-3 and very long-chain n-6 PUFAs in plasma phospholipids at age 8 years were associated with a reduced risk of allergic disease at age 16 years.
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36.
  • Mahmood, Mahmood W., et al. (författare)
  • High intake of dietary fibre from fruit and vegetables reduces the risk of hospitalisation for diverticular disease.
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Nutrition. - : Springer Nature. - 1436-6207 .- 1436-6215. ; 58, s. 2393-2400
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS: High intake of dietary fibres has been associated with a reduced risk of DD. However, reports on which type of dietary fibre intake that is most beneficial have been conflicting. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between different dietary fibres and hospitalisation due to diverticular disease (DD) of the colon.METHODS: This was a major cohort study. The Swedish Mammography Cohort and the Cohort of Swedish Men were linked to the Swedish Inpatient Register and the Causes of Death Register. Data on the intake of dietary fibre were collected through questionnaires. The effect of intake (in quartiles) of different types of dietary fibre on the incidence of hospitalisation due to DD was investigated using multivariable Cox regression. Estimates were adjusted according to age, BMI, physical activity, co-morbidity, intake of corticosteroids, smoking, alcohol intake and education level.RESULTS: Women with intake of fruit and vegetable fibres in the highest quartile (median 12.6 g/day) had a 30% decreased risk of hospitalisation compared to those with the lowest intake (4.1 g/day). Men within the highest quartile (10.3 g/day) had a 32% decreased risk compared to those with a low intake (2.9 g/day). High intake of fibres from cereals did not affect the risk.CONCLUSION: A high intake of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of hospitalisation due to DD. Intake of cereals did not influence the risk.
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37.
  • Matthews, Charles E., et al. (författare)
  • Amount and Intensity of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Lower Cancer Risk
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Oncology. - : AMER SOC CLINICAL ONCOLOGY. - 0732-183X .- 1527-7755. ; 38:7, s. 686-697
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: To determine whether recommended amounts of leisure-time physical activity (ie, 7.5-15 metabolic equivalent task [MET] hours/week) are associated with lower cancer risk, describe the shape of the dose-response relationship, and explore associations with moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity.METHODS: Data from 9 prospective cohorts with self-reported leisure-time physical activity and follow-up for cancer incidence were pooled. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of the relationships between physical activity with incidence of 15 types of cancer. Dose-response relationships were modeled with restricted cubic spline functions that compared 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and 30.0 MET hours/week to no leisure-time physical activity, and statistically significant associations were determined using tests for trend (P < .05) and 95% CIs (< 1.0).RESULTS: A total of 755,459 participants (median age, 62 years [range, 32-91 years]; 53% female) were followed for 10.1 years, and 50,620 incident cancers accrued. Engagement in recommended amounts of activity (7.5-15 MET hours/week) was associated with a statistically significant lower risk of 7 of the 15 cancer types studied, including colon (8%-14% lower risk in men), breast (6%-10% lower risk), endometrial (10%-18% lower risk), kidney (11%-17% lower risk), myeloma (14%-19% lower risk), liver (18%-27% lower risk), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (11%-18% lower risk in women). The dose response was linear in shape for half of the associations and nonlinear for the others. Results for moderate- and vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity were mixed. Adjustment for body mass index eliminated the association with endometrial cancer but had limited effect on other cancer types.CONCLUSION: Health care providers, fitness professionals, and public health practitioners should encourage adults to adopt and maintain physical activity at recommended levels to lower risks of multiple cancers. 
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38.
  • Müezzinler, Aysel, et al. (författare)
  • Smoking and All-cause Mortality in Older Adults : Results From the CHANCES Consortium
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0749-3797 .- 1873-2607. ; 49:5, s. e53-e63
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • INTRODUCTION: Smoking is known to be a major cause of death among middle-aged adults, but evidence on its impact and the benefits of smoking cessation among older adults has remained limited. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the influence of smoking and smoking cessation on all-cause mortality in people aged ≥60 years.METHODS: Relative mortality and mortality rate advancement periods (RAPs) were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models for the population-based prospective cohort studies from Europe and the U.S. (CHANCES [Consortium on Health and Ageing: Network of Cohorts in Europe and the U.S.]), and subsequently pooled by individual participant meta-analysis. Statistical analyses were performed from June 2013 to March 2014.RESULTS: A total of 489,056 participants aged ≥60 years at baseline from 22 population-based cohort studies were included. Overall, 99,298 deaths were recorded. Current smokers had 2-fold and former smokers had 1.3-fold increased mortality compared with never smokers. These increases in mortality translated to RAPs of 6.4 (95% CI=4.8, 7.9) and 2.4 (95% CI=1.5, 3.4) years, respectively. A clear positive dose-response relationship was observed between number of currently smoked cigarettes and mortality. For former smokers, excess mortality and RAPs decreased with time since cessation, with RAPs of 3.9 (95% CI=3.0, 4.7), 2.7 (95% CI=1.8, 3.6), and 0.7 (95% CI=0.2, 1.1) for those who had quit <10, 10 to 19, and ≥20 years ago, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Smoking remains as a strong risk factor for premature mortality in older individuals and cessation remains beneficial even at advanced ages. Efforts to support smoking abstinence at all ages should be a public health priority.
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39.
  • Nilsson, Niclas, et al. (författare)
  • Classification complexity in myoelectric pattern recognition
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-0003. ; 14:1, s. Article no. 68 -
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Limb prosthetics, exoskeletons, and neurorehabilitation devices can be intuitively controlled using myoelectric pattern recognition (MPR) to decode the subject's intended movement. In conventional MPR, descriptive electromyography (EMG) features representing the intended movement are fed into a classification algorithm. The separability of the different movements in the feature space significantly affects the classification complexity. Classification complexity estimating algorithms (CCEAs) were studied in this work in order to improve feature selection, predict MPR performance, and inform on faulty data acquisition. Methods: CCEAs such as nearest neighbor separability (NNS), purity, repeatability index (RI), and separability index (SI) were evaluated based on their correlation with classification accuracy, as well as on their suitability to produce highly performing EMG feature sets. SI was evaluated using Mahalanobis distance, Bhattacharyya distance, Hellinger distance, Kullback-Leibler divergence, and a modified version of Mahalanobis distance. Three commonly used classifiers in MPR were used to compute classification accuracy (linear discriminant analysis (LDA), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), and support vector machine (SVM)). The algorithms and analytic graphical user interfaces produced in this work are freely available in BioPatRec. Results: NNS and SI were found to be highly correlated with classification accuracy (correlations up to 0.98 for both algorithms) and capable of yielding highly descriptive feature sets. Additionally, the experiments revealed how the level of correlation between the inputs of the classifiers influences classification accuracy, and emphasizes the classifiers' sensitivity to such redundancy. Conclusions: This study deepens the understanding of the classification complexity in prediction of motor volition based on myoelectric information. It also provides researchers with tools to analyze myoelectric recordings in order to improve classification performance.
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40.
  • Ordóñez-Mena, José Manuel, et al. (författare)
  • Quantification of the smoking-associated cancer risk with rate advancement periods : meta-analysis of individual participant data from cohorts of the CHANCES consortium
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: BMC Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1741-7015. ; 14
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Smoking is the most important individual risk factor for many cancer sites but its association with breast and prostate cancer is not entirely clear. Rate advancement periods (RAPs) may enhance communication of smoking related risk to the general population. Thus, we estimated RAPs for the association of smoking exposure (smoking status, time since smoking cessation, smoking intensity, and duration) with total and site-specific (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, gastric, head and neck, and pancreatic) cancer incidence and mortality.Methods: This is a meta-analysis of 19 population-based prospective cohort studies with individual participant data for 897,021 European and American adults. For each cohort we calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for the association of smoking exposure with cancer outcomes using Cox regression adjusted for a common set of the most important potential confounding variables. RAPs (in years) were calculated as the ratio of the logarithms of the HRs for a given smoking exposure variable and age. Meta-analyses were employed to summarize cohort-specific HRs and RAPs.Results: Overall, 140,205 subjects had a first incident cancer, and 53,164 died from cancer, during an average follow-up of 12 years. Current smoking advanced the overall risk of developing and dying from cancer by eight and ten years, respectively, compared with never smokers. The greatest advancements in cancer risk and mortality were seen for lung cancer and the least for breast cancer. Smoking cessation was statistically significantly associated with delays in the risk of cancer development and mortality compared with continued smoking.Conclusions: This investigation shows that smoking, even among older adults, considerably advances, and cessation delays, the risk of developing and dying from cancer. These findings may be helpful in more effectively communicating the harmful effects of smoking and the beneficial effect of smoking cessation.
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41.
  • O'Reilly, Éilis J, et al. (författare)
  • Prediagnostic body size and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis death in 10 studies
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2167-8421 .- 2167-9223. ; 19:5-6, s. 396-406
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: Using pooled multivariable-adjusted rate ratios (RR), we explored relationships between prediagnostic body-mass-index (BMI), waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR), and weight-gain during adulthood, and ALS in 419,894 women and 148,166 men from 10 community-based cohorts in USA, Europe, and Australia; 428 ALS deaths were documented in women and 204 in men.RESULTS: , limiting power. Weight-gain during adulthood was strongly associated with lower ALS; for an additional 1kg gain in weight/year, the RR = 0.43 (95% CI: 0.28-0.65; p < 0.001). Associations persisted when adjusted for diabetes at enrollment, restricted to never-smokers, and ALS deaths in the 5 years after enrollment were excluded (accounting for recent weight loss).CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm somewhat conflicting, underpowered evidence that adiposity is inversely associated with ALS. We newly demonstrate that weight-gain during adulthood is strongly predictive of lower ALS risk.
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42.
  • Petimar, Joshua, et al. (författare)
  • A Pooled Analysis of 15 Prospective Cohort Studies on the Association between Fruit, Vegetable, and Mature Bean Consumption and Risk of Prostate Cancer.
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. - 1055-9965 .- 1538-7755. ; 26:8, s. 1276-1287
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Relationships between fruit, vegetable, and mature bean consumption and prostate cancer risk are unclear.Methods: We examined associations between fruit and vegetable groups, specific fruits and vegetables, and mature bean consumption and prostate cancer risk overall, by stage and grade, and for prostate cancer mortality in a pooled analysis of 15 prospective cohorts, including 52,680 total cases and 3,205 prostate cancer-related deaths among 842,149 men. Diet was measured by a food frequency questionnaire or similar instrument at baseline. We calculated study-specific relative risks using Cox proportional hazards regression, and then pooled these estimates using a random effects model.Results: We did not observe any statistically significant associations for advanced prostate cancer or prostate cancer mortality with any food group (including total fruits and vegetables, total fruits, total vegetables, fruit and vegetable juice, cruciferous vegetables, and tomato products), nor specific fruit and vegetables. In addition, we observed few statistically significant results for other prostate cancer outcomes. Pooled multivariable relative risks comparing the highest versus lowest quantiles across all fruit and vegetable exposures and prostate cancer outcomes ranged from 0.89 to 1.09. There was no evidence of effect modification for any association by age or body mass index.Conclusions: Results from this large, international, pooled analysis do not support a strong role of collective groupings of fruits, vegetables, or mature beans in prostate cancer.Impact: Further investigation of other dietary exposures, especially indicators of bioavailable nutrient intake or specific phytochemicals, should be considered for prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(8); 1276-87. ©2017 AACR.
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43.
  • Praud, Delphine, et al. (författare)
  • Cigarette smoking and gastric cancer in the Stomach Cancer Pooling (StoP) Project.
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Cancer Prevention. - 0959-8278 .- 1473-5709. ; 27:2, s. 124-133
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Tobacco smoking is a known cause of gastric cancer, but several aspects of the association remain imprecisely quantified. We examined the relation between cigarette smoking and the risk of gastric cancer using a uniquely large dataset of 23 epidemiological studies within the 'Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project', including 10 290 cases and 26 145 controls. We estimated summary odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by pooling study-specific ORs using random-effects models. Compared with never smokers, the ORs were 1.20 (95% CI: 1.09-1.32) for ever, 1.12 (95% CI: 0.99-1.27) for former, and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.11-1.40) for current cigarette smokers. Among current smokers, the risk increased with number of cigarettes per day to reach an OR of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.10-1.58) for smokers of more than 20 cigarettes per day. The risk increased with duration of smoking, to reach an OR of 1.33 (95% CI: 1.14-1.54) for more than 40 years of smoking and decreased with increasing time since stopping cigarette smoking (P for trend<0.01) and became similar to that of never smokers 10 years after stopping. Risks were somewhat higher for cardia than noncardia gastric cancer. Risks were similar when considering only studies with information on Helicobacter pylori infection and comparing all cases to H. pylori+ controls only. This study provides the most precise estimate of the detrimental effect of cigarette smoking on the risk of gastric cancer on the basis of individual data, including the relationship with dose and duration, and the decrease in risk following stopping smoking.
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44.
  • Rosell, Magdalena, et al. (författare)
  • Association between dairy food consumption and weight change over 9 y in 19,352 perimenopausal women
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 84:6, s. 1481-8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Dairy foods may play a role in the regulation of body weight.OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between changes in dairy product consumption and weight change over 9 y.DESIGN: The study was conducted in 19 352 Swedish women aged 40-55 y at baseline. Data on dietary intake, body weight, height, age, education, and parity were collected in 1987-1990 and 1997. The intake frequencies of whole milk and sour milk (3% fat), medium-fat milk (1.5% fat), low-fat milk and sour milk (or=1 serving/d; 3) constant, >or=1 serving/d; and 4) decreased from >or=1 serving/d to <1 serving/d. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs for an average weight gain of >or=1 kg/y were calculated by using multivariable logistic regression analyses, with group 1 as the reference.RESULTS: Mean (+/-SD) body mass index (in kg/m2) at baseline was 23.7 +/- 3.5. The constant (>or=1 serving/d) intakes of whole milk and sour milk and of cheese were inversely associated with weight gain; ORs for group 3 were 0.85 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.99) and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.84) respectively. No significant associations were seen for the other 3 intake groups. When stratified by BMI, the findings remained significant for cheese and, for normal-weight women only, for whole milk and sour milk.CONCLUSION: The association between the intake of dairy products and weight change differed according to type of dairy product and body mass status. The mechanism behind these findings warrants further investigation.
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45.
  • Rota, Matteo, et al. (författare)
  • Alcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk-A pooled analysis within the StoP project consortium.
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - : Wiley. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 141:10, s. 1950-1962
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An association between heavy alcohol drinking and gastric cancer risk has been recently reported, but the issue is still open to discussion and quantification. We investigated the role of alcohol drinking on gastric cancer risk in the "Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project," a consortium of epidemiological studies. A total of 9,669 cases and 25,336 controls from 20 studies from Europe, Asia and North America were included. We estimated summary odds-ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by pooling study-specific ORs using random-effects meta-regression models. Compared with abstainers, drinkers of up to 4 drinks/day of alcohol had no increase in gastric cancer risk, while the ORs were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.08-1.48) for heavy (>4 to 6 drinks/day) and 1.48 (95% CI 1.29-1.70) for very heavy (>6 drinks/day) drinkers. The risk for drinkers of >4 drinks/day was higher in never smokers (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.35-2.58) as compared with current smokers (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.93-1.40). Somewhat stronger associations emerged with heavy drinking in cardia (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.11-2.34) than in non-cardia (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.13-1.45) gastric cancers, and in intestinal-type (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.20-1.97) than in diffuse-type (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.05-1.58) cancers. The association was similar in strata of H. pylori infected (OR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.16-2.00) and noninfected subjects (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 0.95-3.01). Our collaborative pooled-analysis provides definite, more precise quantitative evidence than previously available of an association between heavy alcohol drinking and gastric cancer risk.
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46.
  • Sdona, Emmanouela, et al. (författare)
  • Dietary antioxidant intake in school age and lung function development up to adolescence
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal. - : EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD. - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 55:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Dietary antioxidant intake has been hypothesised to influence lung function. The association between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the diet at age 8 years and lung function development up to 16 years in 2307 participants from the Swedish population-based birth cohort BAMSE (Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiology) was investigated. Information on TAC was obtained from a food frequency questionnaire at 8 years. Lung function was measured by spirometry at 8 and 16 years, impulse oscillometry (IOS) and exhaled nitric oxide fraction (F-eNO) at 16 years. Low lung function was defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) z-score below the 25th percentile. Longitudinal associations between TAC and lung function were analysed by mixed effect models adjusted for potential confounders. Stratification by asthma at 8 years was performed to examine effect modification. The median TAC intake was 10 067 mu mol Trolox equivalents (TE).g(-1), with males having a lower mean compared to females (9963 versus 10819 mu mol TE.g(-1)). In analyses of lung function change between 8 and 16 years, there were no statistically significant associations between TAC in tertiles and spirometry results for the total study population. Among children with asthma at 8 years (prevalence 7%), higher TAC was associated with higher mean FEV1 (0.46 SD, 95% CI 0.11-0.80) and decreased odds of low lung function at 16 years (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.12-0.65). There were no associations between TAC and forced vital capacity or IOS/F-eNO results. High dietary antioxidant intake in school age may be associated with improved lung function development from school age to adolescence among children with asthma.
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47.
  • Sdona, Emmanouela, et al. (författare)
  • Dietary fibre in relation to asthma, allergic rhinitis and sensitization from childhood up to adulthood
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Clinical and Translational Allergy. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2045-7022 .- 2045-7022. ; 12:8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Dietary fibre may reduce the risk of allergy. Our aim was to investigate the association between fibre intake in childhood, asthma, allergic rhinitis and IgE sensitization up to adulthood.Methods: The individual fibre intake of 2285 participants from the Swedish population-based birth cohort BAMSE was estimated between 98- and 107-item food frequency questionnaires at ages 8 and 16 years, respectively. At 8, 16 and 24 years, asthma and allergic rhinitis symptoms were assessed by questionnaires, and sensitization to common allergens by serum IgE. Longitudinal associations were analysed by generalized estimating equations, adjusting for potential confounders.Results: An inverse overall association was indicated between fibre intake at 8 years and allergic rhinitis symptoms up to 24 years (OR per 5 g/d 0.86; 95% CI 0.77-0.96), particularly in combination with airborne (0.74; 0.62-0.89) and food (0.69; 0.54-0.88) allergen sensitization. Higher fibre intake was also associated with specific allergen sensitization, for example, birch (0.77; 0.67-0.88) and soy (0.68; 0.53-0.87). No association was observed with asthma. Regarding sources, fruit (0.79; 0.67-0.94) and other (potatoes, chips/popcorn, legumes, and nuts, 0.71; 0.50-0.99), but not cereal or vegetable fibre were associated with allergic rhinitis. In additional analyses, including long-term fibre intake at 8 and 16 years, excluding participants with food-related allergic symptoms to examine reverse causation, as well as adjusting for antioxidant intake, associations were attenuated and became non-significant.Conclusion: Higher fibre intake in mid-childhood may be inversely associated with allergic rhinitis and sensitization to specific allergens up to adulthood. However, avoidance of food triggers of allergic symptoms in allergic rhinitis patients may contribute to the protective associations.
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48.
  • Sdona, Emmanouela, et al. (författare)
  • Fruit, vegetable and dietary antioxidant intake in school age, respiratory health up to young adulthood.
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Clinical and Experimental Allergy. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0954-7894 .- 1365-2222. ; 52:1, s. 104-114
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Dietary antioxidants may protect the lung against oxidative damage and prevent chronic respiratory disease. We aimed to investigate fruit, vegetable and antioxidant intake (measured as total antioxidant capacity, TAC) at age 8 years in relation to asthma and lung function up to 24 years.METHODS: In this study of 2506 participants from a Swedish birth cohort, diet was assessed using food frequency questionnaires. Information on asthma was collected by questionnaires, and lung function was measured by spirometry at ages 8, 16 and 24 years. Generalized estimating equations and mixed effect models were used to assess overall, age- and sex-specific associations.RESULTS: After adjustment for confounders, a higher fruit intake at age 8 years was associated with a tendency to reduced odds of prevalent asthma (T3 vs. T1, OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.60-1.01, p-trend .083), with reduced odds of incident asthma and increased odds of remittent asthma (≥median, OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.58-0.99 and OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.05-2.42, respectively) up to 24 years. Comparable, but non-significant, odds ratios were observed in analyses of long-term fruit intake (mean intake at ages 8 and 16 years). In contrast, no association was observed with vegetable intake. A higher dietary TAC (T3 vs. T1) at 8 years was associated with reduced odds of prevalent asthma (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.58-0.93, p-trend .010) and improved lung function development (FEV1 -z +0.11; 95% CI 0.01-0.21, p-trend .036 and FVC-z +0.09; 95% CI -0.01-0.20, p-trend .072) up to 24 years. Associations were more pronounced among males, and regarding asthma, participants sensitized to aeroallergens.CONCLUSIONS: Antioxidant intake in school age may improve asthma and lung function up to young adulthood. Although our results should be interpreted with caution, they emphasize the importance of following current dietary guidelines regarding consumption of antioxidant-rich foods as part of a balanced diet.
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49.
  • Steinhaus, Daniel A, et al. (författare)
  • Chocolate intake and incidence of heart failure : Findings from the Cohort of Swedish Men.
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: American Heart Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-8703 .- 1097-6744. ; 183, s. 18-23
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of chocolate consumption and heart failure (HF) in a large population of Swedish men.METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 31,917 men 45-79 years old with no history of myocardial infarction, diabetes, or HF at baseline who were participants in the population-based Cohort of Swedish Men study. Chocolate consumption was assessed through a self-administrated food frequency questionnaire. Participants were followed for HF hospitalization or mortality from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2011, using record linkage to the Swedish inpatient and cause-of-death registries.RESULTS: During 14 years of follow-up, 2,157 men were hospitalized (n=1,901) or died from incident HF (n=256). Compared with subjects who reported no chocolate intake, the multivariable-adjusted rate ratio of HF was 0.88 (95% CI 0.78-0.99) for those consuming 1-3 servings per month, 0.83 (95% CI 0.72-0.94) for those consuming 1-2 servings per week, 0.82 (95% CI 0.68-0.99) for those consuming 3-6 servings per week, and 1.10 (95% CI 0.84-1.45) for those consuming ≥1 serving per day (P for quadratic trend=.001).CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective cohort study, there was a J-shaped relationship between chocolate consumption and HF incidence. Moderate chocolate consumption was associated with a lower rate of HF hospitalization or death, but the protective association was not observed among individuals consuming ≥1 serving per day. Journal Subject Codes: Etiology: Epidemiology, Heart failure: Congestive.
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50.
  • Sundström, Johan, Professor, 1971-, et al. (författare)
  • Risk factors for subarachnoid haemorrhage : a nationwide cohort of 950 000 adults
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 48:6, s. 2018-2025
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease, with high mortality rate and substantial disability among survivors. Its causes are poorly understood. We aimed to investigate risk factors for SAH using a novel nationwide cohort consortium.METHODS: We obtained individual participant data of 949 683 persons (330 334 women) between 25 and 90 years old, with no history of SAH at baseline, from 21 population-based cohorts. Outcomes were obtained from the Swedish Patient and Causes of Death Registries.RESULTS: During 13 704 959 person-years of follow-up, 2659 cases of first-ever fatal or non-fatal SAH occurred, with an age-standardized incidence rate of 9.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) (7.4-10.6)/100 000 person-years] in men and 13.8 [(11.4-16.2)/100 000 person-years] in women. The incidence rate increased exponentially with higher age. In multivariable-adjusted Poisson models, marked sex interactions for current smoking and body mass index (BMI) were observed. Current smoking conferred a rate ratio (RR) of 2.24 (95% CI 1.95-2.57) in women and 1.62 (1.47-1.79) in men. One standard deviation higher BMI was associated with an RR of 0.86 (0.81-0.92) in women and 1.02 (0.96-1.08) in men. Higher blood pressure and lower education level were also associated with higher risk of SAH.CONCLUSIONS: The risk of SAH is 45% higher in women than in men, with substantial sex differences in risk factor strengths. In particular, a markedly stronger adverse effect of smoking in women may motivate targeted public health initiatives.
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