| 1. |
- Alling, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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A theoretical investigation of mixing thermodynamics, age-hardening potential, and electronic structure of ternary (M1-xMxB2)-M-1-B-2 alloys with AlB2 type structure
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group: Open Access Journals - Option C / Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transition metal diborides are ceramic materials with potential applications as hard protective thin films and electrical contact materials. We investigate the possibility to obtain age hardening through isostructural clustering, including spinodal decomposition, or ordering-induced precipitation in ternary diboride alloys. By means of first-principles mixing thermodynamics calculations, 45 ternary (M1-xMxB2)-M-1-B-2 alloys comprising (MB2)-B-i (M-i = Mg, Al, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta) with AlB2 type structure are studied. In particular Al1-xTixB2 is found to be of interest for coherent isostructural decomposition with a strong driving force for phase separation, while having almost concentration independent a and c lattice parameters. The results are explained by revealing the nature of the electronic structure in these alloys, and in particular, the origin of the pseudogap at E-F in TiB2, ZrB2, and HfB2.
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| 2. |
- Ambrosetti, Elena, et al.
(författare)
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A DNA-nanoassembly-based approach to map membrane protein nanoenvironments
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature Nanotechnology. - Stockholm : Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics. - 1748-3387 .- 1748-3395. ; 120:3, s. 273A-274A
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most proteins at the plasma membrane are not uniformly distributed but localize to dynamic domains of nanoscale dimensions. To investigate their functional relevance, there is a need for methods that enable comprehensive analysis of the compositions and spatial organizations of membrane protein nanodomains in cell populations. Here we describe the development of a non-microscopy based method for ensemble analysis of membrane protein nanodomains. The method, termed NANOscale DEciphEring of membrane Protein nanodomains (NanoDeep), is based on the use of DNA nanoassemblies to translate membrane protein organization information into a DNA sequencing readout. Using NanoDeep, we characterised the nanoenvironments of Her2, a membrane receptor of critical relevance in cancer. Importantly, we were able to modulate by design the inventory of proteins analysed by NanoDeep. NanoDeep has the potential to provide new insights into the roles of the composition and spatial organization of protein nanoenvironments in the regulation of membrane protein function.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Assarsson, Rebecka, et al.
(författare)
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Gender inequality and adolescent suicide ideation across Africa, Asia, the South Pacific and Latin America : a cross-sectional study based on the Global School Health Survey (GSHS)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Suicide ideation is a health issue affecting adolescents worldwide. There are significant variations in suicide ideation between countries and genders, which have not been fully explained. Research is especially lacking in countries outside Europe and North America. Gender equality has been shown to matter in other aspects of adolescent mental health, such as life satisfaction, but has not been researched in relation to suicide ideation at national level.Objective: To investigate how national gender inequality is related to self-reported suicide ideation among adolescents, and whether this association differs between boys and girls.Methods: This is a cross-national, cross-sectional study using individual survey data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey, a survey in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the South Pacific, developed and supported by among others the WHO and the CDC; connecting this to national data: the gender inequality index from the UNDP; controlling for GDP per capita and secondary school enrolment. The data was analysed using a multilevel logistic regression method and included 149,306 students from 37 countries.Results: Higher national gender inequality, as measured by the gender inequality index, was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of suicide ideation in both girls and boys (odds ratio: 1.38 p-value: 0.015), but for girls and both sexes this was only after adjusting for selection bias due to secondary school enrolment (as well as GDP/capita). Interaction models showed that this association was stronger in boys than in girls.Conclusions: National gender inequality seems to be associated with higher levels of suicide ideation among adolescents in mainly low- and middle-income countries, especially among boys.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Do consequences of parental job displacement for infant health vary across local economic contexts?
- 2024
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Ingår i: RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences. - New York : Russell Sage Foundation. - 2377-8253 .- 2377-8261. ; 10:1, s. 57-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines the consequences of parental job displacement for birth outcomes and investigates how the effects vary with regional unemployment rates. We use Swedish register data and exploit plausibly exogenous variation caused by workplace closure to reduce the bias related to reverse causality and confounding. The differences in birth outcomes between children of parents who experienced job displacement and children of parents who were not displaced turn out to be quite modest. Even in the most disadvantaged regions, with the highest unemployment rates, parental job displacement is not harmful for health at birth. We relate these findings to the institutional setting in Sweden and discuss policy implications for the United States.
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| 7. |
- Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of parental job loss on children’s mental health : the role of latency, timing and cumulative effects
- 2023
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Crossover effects of critical life events within families have received growing attention in life-courseresearch. A parent losing a job is among the most distressing events that can befall a family, butexisting research has reached discrepant conclusions concerning if, and if so how, this affects childmental health. Drawing on insights from models of intra-family influence and life courseepidemiological models, we ask if parental job loss have latent or long-term effects on child mentalhealth, if the effects are conditional on the timing of the job loss, and if repeated job losses havecumulative effects.We use intergenerationally linked Swedish register data combined with entropy balance andstructural nested mean models for the analyses. The data allow us to track 400,000 children over 14years and thereby test different life-course models of crossover effects. We identify involuntary joblosses using information on workplace closures, thus reducing the risk of confounding.Results show that paternal but not maternal job loss significantly increases the risk of mental healthproblems among children, that the average effects are modest in size (less than 4% in relativeterms), that they materialize only after some years, and that they are driven by children aged 6-10years. Moreover, we find evidence of cumulative effects, but also of declining marginal harm ofadditional job losses over the life course.
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| 8. |
- Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Parental unemployment and adolescent wellbeing : The moderating role of educational policies
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Crossover effects of parental unemployment on wellbeing of children attract growing attention in research on social inequalities. Recent economic crises call for identifying policies that mitigate the adverse effects of unemployment. Building on the theoretical insights from Capability Approach, we examine the relationship between parental unemployment and wellbeing of adolescents across countries with different educational policies. We use multilevel modelling and microdata on economic and subjective wellbeing of household members from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). We combine microdata on 45,992 adolescents in 32 countries with macro-level indicators of educational policies.We find that parental unemployment is associated with lower adolescent wellbeing, but the magnitude of this association varies depending on access to financial support for participation in education. Adolescents who receive educational allowances and who live in countries with broader access to such support are less harmed by parental unemployment.
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| 9. |
- Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Parental unemployment and adolescents' subjective wellbeing : the moderating role of educational policies
- 2024
-
Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 40:2, s. 276-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crossover effects of parental unemployment on subjective wellbeing of children attract growing attention in research on social inequalities. Recent economic crises call for identifying policies that mitigate the adverse effects of unemployment. Building on the theoretical insights from Capability Approach, we examine the relationship between parental unemployment and subjective wellbeing of adolescents across countries with different educational policies. We use multilevel modelling and data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). We combine microdata on 45,992 adolescents in 32 countries with macro-level indicators of educational policies. We find that parental unemployment is associated with lower subjective wellbeing among adolescents, but the magnitude of this association varies depending on access to financial support for participation in education. Adolescents who receive educational allowances and who live in countries with broader access to such support are less harmed by parental unemployment.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Björkesten, Johan, 1988-
(författare)
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Dried blood sampling and digital readout to advance molecular diagnostics
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A drastically increased capacity to measure large sets of molecular features in numerous patient samples in great detail will be required to fulfill the vision of precision medicine and wellness, which may characterize molecular diagnostics in the 21st century. Also sampling procedures need a renaissance to permit continuous sampling at population levels at reasonable cost.Blood sampling is typically performed via venipuncture to draw several milliliters of blood for plasma isolation. This is inconvenient, time-consuming and costly, as well as hard to standardize. The effect on plasma protein profiles by pre-centrifugation delay was investigated in Paper II, demonstrating time- and temperature-dependent release of proteins from blood cells upon delayed plasma isolation, but almost no protein degradation as analyzed by two 92-plex protein panels (Olink® Proteomics). An alternative sampling method, where blood drops from a finger stick are collected dried on paper, is relatively non-invasive, potentially home-based and cheap. Dried blood spots can also be shipped via regular mail and compactly stored. The effect of drying and long term storage stability of a large set of proteins from dried blood spots was investigated in Paper I using Olink® technology. The main findings were that drying slightly but consistently influenced the recorded levels of blood proteins, and that long-term storage decreased the detected levels of some of the proteins with half-lives of decades.Some molecular diagnostic investigations require great accuracy to be useful, arguing for digital enumeration of individual molecules. Digital PCR is the gold standard but Paper III presents an alternative approach based on rolling circle amplification of single molecules. Another instance where extreme assay performance is required is for rare mutation detection from liquid biopsies. Paper V presents a new method offering essentially error-free genotyping of individual molecules by majority-vote decisions for counting rare mutant DNA in blood. Yet other diagnostic investigations require very simple assays. Paper IV presents a novel one-step method to detect nucleic acid sequences by combining the power of rolling circle amplification and the specificity of DNA strand displacement in a format simple enough to be used at the point of care. Altogether, the thesis spans technologies for advanced molecular diagnostics, from sample collection over assay techniques to an improved readout.
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| 15. |
- Blandón-Díaz, Jorge Ulises, et al.
(författare)
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Phenotypic Variation Within a Clonal Lineage of Phytophthora infestans Infecting both Tomato and Potato in Nicaragua
- 2012
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Ingår i: Phytopathology. - 0031-949X .- 1943-7684. ; 102, s. 323-330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is a constraint to both potato and tomato crops in Nicaragua. The hypothesis that the Nicaraguan population of P. infestans is genotypically and phenotypically diverse and potentially subdivided based on host association was tested. A collection of isolates was analyzed using genotypic markers (microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA haplotype) and phenotypic markers (mating type, virulence, and fungicide sensitivity). The genotypic analysis revealed no polymorphism in 121 of 132 isolates of P. infestans tested. Only the Ia haplotype and the A2 mating type were detected. Most of the tested isolates were resistant to metalaxyl. The virulence testing showed variation among isolates of P. infestans. No evidence was found of population differentiation among potato and tomato isolates of P. infestans based on the genotypic and phenotypic analysis. We conclude that the Nicaraguan population of P. infestans consists of a single clonal lineage (NI-1) which belongs to the A2 mating type and the Ia mitochondrial DNA haplotype. Moreover, based on the markers used, this population of P. infestans does not resemble the population in countries from which potato seed is imported to Nicaragua or the population in neighboring countries. The data presented here indicate that the NI-1 clonal lineage is the primary pathogen on both potato and tomato, and its success on both host species is unique in a South American context.
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| 16. |
- Cashman, Matthew, 1993-, et al.
(författare)
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Have performance-based educational reforms increased adolescent school-pressure in Sweden? : A synthetic control approach
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Educational Development. - : Elsevier. - 0738-0593 .- 1873-4871. ; 103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased levels of stress and other mental health problems have been reported among adolescents in high-income countries. In particular, rates of school pressure have increased significantly. Despite such increases, little is known about the underlying determinants of increased adolescent stress, making this an emerging public health concern. The educational stressors hypothesis contends that increased rates of stress result from pronounced performance pressures placed on adolescents resulting from educational policy initiatives which emphasize academic goal attainment. The present study tests this hypothesis using a synthetic control method and panel data techniques to analyze data from the Health Behavior in School-aged children (HBSC) survey, including more than 150,000 adolescents per survey wave in 25 European countries over 16 years, to assess if the Swedish Educational reforms implemented in the 2011–13 period were associated with increased self-reported school pressure. These reforms implemented increased summative assessments, new grading systems and increased eligibility criteria in accessing further education. Results demonstrate that following the reforms, Swedish adolescents experienced greater levels of school-pressure and led to a greater gender difference in experienced school-pressure where girls were relatively more affected. We conclude that, consistent with the educational stressors hypothesis, the educational reforms have likely contributed to increasing levels of school-pressure for Swedish adolescents.
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| 17. |
- Cashman, Matthew R., 1993-, et al.
(författare)
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Does fear-of-failure mediate the relationship between educational expectations and stress-related complaints among Swedish adolescents? : A structural equation modelling approach
- 2024
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 34:1, s. 101-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: This study investigated the possible mediating role of fear-of-failure between educational expectations and adolescent stress-related complaints with a specific focus on gender differences among Swedishadolescents, and related these findings more broadly to school-related demands and stress-related complaints.Methods: A total of N¼ 5504 Swedish adolescents (Mage¼ 15 years, SD ¼ 0.0 years, 50.2% girls) were drawn from the2018 Swedish Programme for International Student Assessment study for our investigation. We used structural equation models to explore if fear-of-failure mediates the relationship between educational expectations and negativeaffect, with a specific focus on gender differences. Educational expectations were utilized in the measurement model.Fear-of-failure was constructed as a latent mediating variable. Negative affect was constructed as a latent variableand utilized as an outcome variable. We subsequently undertook bootstrapping tests of indirect effects and nonlinear comparisons of indirect effects to assess the reliability of the results.Results: Fear-of-failure partially mediatedthe association between educational expectations and negative affect (39%). Our gender-specific structural equation model demonstrated that this relationship was more pronounced for girls, suggesting girls are more vulnerable to negative affect as a result of experiencing higher levels of fear of failing.Conclusions: The findingssuggest that fear-of-failure partially explains the association between educational expectations and negativeaffect and that this association is more pronounced for girls. This study provides insights into better understanding adolescent stress-related complaints, and the differential role fear of failing has in regards to gender.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Huang, MQ, et al.
(författare)
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Small Scale Integrated Technology for HTS RSFQ Circuits
- 2001
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1051-8223. ; 11:1, s. 558-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Högberg, Björn
(författare)
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Academic performance, performance culture, and mental health : an exploration of non-linear relationships using Swedish PISA data
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. - : Routledge. - 0031-3831 .- 1470-1170. ; 68:5, s. 919-934
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Higher academic performance is almost universally considered a good thing, and most quantitative studies show that performance is positively, although weakly, related to mental health. Simultaneously, however, qualitative studies consistently find that high-performing students and students attending high-performing schools report high levels of stress and other mental health problems. This study investigates a simple explanation for this puzzle – that the relationship between performance and mental health is not linear and is conditional on the performance culture of the school. Data on almost 5000 Swedish students from the Programme for International Student Assessment were used. The results show that the relationship between performance and mental health is generally not linear and that intermediate-performing boys have the best mental health, while both low- and high-performing girls and boys alike have poorer mental health. Although inconclusive, the results also suggest that low-performing students may be vulnerable to a strong school performance culture.
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| 23. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Ageing, health inequalities and the welfare state : a multilevel analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of European Social Policy. - London : Sage Publications. - 0958-9287 .- 1461-7269. ; 28:4, s. 311-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comparative studies of health inequalities have largely neglected age and ageing aspects, while ageing research has often paid little attention to questions of social inequalities. This article investigates cross-country differences in gradients in self-rated health and limiting long-standing illness (LLSI) in middle-aged and in older people (aged 50–64 and 65–80 years) linked to social class, and degrees to which the social health gradients are associated with minimum pension levels and expenditure on elderly care. For these purposes, data from the European Social Survey (2002–2010) are analysed using multilevel regression techniques. We find significant cross-level interaction effects between class and welfare policies: higher expenditure on elderly care and particularly more generous minimum pensions are associated with smaller health inequalities in the older age group (65–80 years). It is concluded that welfare policies moderate the association between social class and health, highlighting the importance of welfare state efforts for older persons, who are strongly reliant on the welfare state and welfare state arrangements such as pensions and care policies.
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| 24. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Anisotropically DNA-functionalized nanoparticle dimers
- 2007
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal D. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6060 .- 1434-6079. ; 43:1-3, s. 299-302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-assembly of complex, non-periodic nanostructures can only be achieved by using anisotropic building-blocks. The building blocks need to have at least four bonds pointing in separate directions [J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 3, 391 (2006)]. We have previously presented a method for the synthesis of such building-blocks using DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles. Here, we report on the progress in the experimental realization of this scheme. The first goal, in a process to make programmable self-assembly building-blocks using nanoparticles, is the production of dimers with different DNA-functions on the two component particles. We report on the fabrication of anisotropically functionalized dimers of nanoparticles of two different sizes. As a result of their anisotropy, these demonstrator building blocks can be made to assemble into spherical structures.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Consequences of school grading systems on adolescent health : evidence from a Swedish school reform
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of education policy. - : Routledge. - 0268-0939 .- 1464-5106. ; 36:1, s. 84-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Education reforms that entail increased emphasis on high-stakes testing, assessment and grading have spread across education systems in recent decades. Critics have argued that these policies could have consequences for stress, identity, self-esteem and the overall health of pupils. However, these potentially negative consequences have rarely been investigated in a systematic and rigorous way. In this study we use a major education reform in Sweden, which introduced grades and increased the use of testing for pupils in the 6th and 7th school year (aged 12 to 13 years), to study the consequences of grading and assessment for health outcomes. Using data from the Health Behaviours of School-Aged Children Survey, we find that the reform increased school-related stress and reduced the academic self-esteem of pupils in the 7th school year. This, in turn, had an indirect effect on psychosomatic symptoms and life satisfaction for these pupils. Moreover, the negative effects of the reform were generally stronger for girls, thereby widening the already troubling gender differences in health. We conclude that accountability reforms aimed at increased use of testing, assessment and grading can potentially have negative side effects on pupils’ health.
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| 27. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of Declining School Belonging 2000–2018 : The Case of Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Indicators Research. - : Springer. - 0303-8300 .- 1573-0921. ; 157:2, s. 783-802
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Students' sense of belonging at school has declined across the world in recent decades, and more so in Sweden than in almost any other high-income country. However, we do not know the characteristics or causes of these worldwide trends. Using data on Swedish students aged 15–16 years from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) between 2000 and 2018, we show that the decline in school belonging in Sweden was driven by a disproportionately large decline at the bottom part of the distribution, and was greatest for foreign-born students, students from disadvantaged social backgrounds, and for low-achieving students. The decline cannot be accounted for by changes in student demographics or observable characteristics related to the school environment. The decline did, however, coincide with a major education reform, characterized by an increased use of summative evaluation, and an overall stronger performance-orientation.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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DNA-scaffolded nanoparticle structures
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 61:1, s. 458-462
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- DNA self-assembly is a powerful route to the production of very small, complex structures. When used in combination with nanoparticles it is likely to become a key technology in the production of nanoelectronics in the future. Previously, demonstrated nanoparticle assemblies have mainly been periodic and highly symmetric arrays, unsuited as building blocks for any complex circuits. With the invention of DNA-scaffolded origami reported earlier this year (Rothemund P W K 2006 Nature 440 (7082) 297–302), a new route to complex nanostructures using DNA has been opened. Here, we give a short review of the field and present the current status of our experiments were DNA origami is used in conjunction with nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles are functionalized with thiolated single stranded DNA. Strands that are complementary to the gold particle strands can be positioned on the self-assembled DNA-structure in arbitrary patterns. This property should allow an accurate positioning of the particles by letting them hybridize on the lattice. We report on our recent experiments on this system and discuss open problems and future applications.
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| 32. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Education system stratification and health complaints among school-aged children
- 2019
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - Oxford, UK : Elsevier. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 220, s. 159-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research shows that the school environment is an important social determinant of health among children and adolescents. However, we know virtually nothing of the health consequences of national education systems and policies, for example the stratification of pupils by academic ability. This study aimed to investigate if education system stratification is related to self-reported psychological and somatic health complaints of pupils aged 11 to 15, and social inequalities in such health complaints.Survey data from the Health Behaviors of School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, covering 33 countries and more than 180 000 pupils in primary and lower secondary school, were used. Multilevel models showed that education system stratification was not associated with the average levels of health complaints of pupils, but cross-level interaction effects showed that stratification moderated the relationship between social background and health complaints, such that inequalities in health complaints were smaller in countries with more stratified systems. Moreover, this moderating effect was mediated by the school learning environmentand social relations in school. Specifically, social inequalities in school pressure, academic self-concept, school climate, and school satisfaction were smaller in more stratified education systems, which in turn accounted for smaller inequalities in health complaints in these countries.
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| 33. |
- Högberg, Björn
(författare)
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Education systems and academic stress : a comparative perspective
- 2024
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Ingår i: British Educational Research Journal. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0141-1926 .- 1469-3518. ; 50:3, s. 1002-1021
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Academic stress among adolescents can undermine academic achievement and harm mental health. Levels of academic stress vary considerably across countries and education systems, but little is known regarding the causes of this variation. In this paper, I develop a theoretical framework positing that stress will be lower in education systems that reduce the stakes attached to academic achievements, temper competition and high aspirations, and weaken the link between achievements and self-worth. I test observable implications of the framework by analysing if stress is influenced by the degree of external differentiation and vocational orientation of education systems, using harmonised survey data on pupils in more than 30 countries. The empirical analyses largely support the implications of the framework: pupils in more differentiated and vocationally orientated systems report significantly lower levels of stress, also in models adjusting for country fixed effects. Moreover, academic achievement is a less important predictor of stress in differentiated or vocational systems, possibly due to lower stakes attached to achievements. I end by proposing further predictions of the framework that can be tested in future research, and by discussing implications of the results with regard to possible trade-offs between different goals of education policy.
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| 34. |
- Högberg, Björn
(författare)
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Educational policies and social inequality in well-being among young adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: British Journal of Sociology of Education. - : Routledge. - 0142-5692 .- 1465-3346. ; 40:5, s. 664-681
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inequalities in health and well-being are important contemporary public health issues. This article is the first to investigate the institutional causes of inequality in well-being among youth in a comparative perspective. Data from the European Social Survey are used to analyse how educational policies moderate the association between social background and well-being. Multilevel techniques are used to investigate cross-level interactions between social background and educational policies on life satisfaction. Four indicators of inclusive educational policies are analysed: age of tracking, costs of education, enrolment rates, and second-chance opportunities in the educational system. The results show that educational policies indeed moderate the association between social background and well-being: inequalities as measured by the father’s social class are smaller in countries where educational policies are more inclusive. Moreover, the analysis shows that the moderating impact of education policies is mediated by individual-level education, activity status, and income.
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| 35. |
- Högberg, Björn
(författare)
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Educational stressors and secular trends in school stress and mental health problems in adolescents
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - : Elsevier. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing mental health problems among adolescents have been have reported in several countries over the last decades. Yet, little is known regarding the societal changes underlying secular trends in adolescent mental health. The educational stressors hypothesis states that educational expansion and a shift to knowledge economies makes life chances of adolescents more dependent on their educational performance, thus generating more school stress and, in turn, mental health problems. The present study tests this hypothesis using multilevel analyses and panel data techniques to analyse data from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, including more than 150,000 adolescents in 33 European countries over 12 years.Results show that economic change, as measured by changes in national gross domestic product, but not educational expansion, contributes to more school stress in adolescents. Both economic change and educational expansion makes school stress more consequential for mental health problems, such that the effect of stress on mental health problems becomes stronger as countries grow richer and more educated. I conclude that, consistent with the educational stressors hypothesis, economic change and educational expansion has likely contributed to increasing mental health problems in adolescents.
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| 36. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of parental job loss on psychotropic drug use in children : long-term effects, timing, and cumulative exposure
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier. - 1569-4909 .- 1879-6974. ; 60
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intra-family crossover effects triggered by job losses have received growing attention across scientific disciplines, but existing research has reached discrepant conclusions concerning if, and if so how, parental job losses affect child mental health. Drawing on sociological models of stress and life course epidemiology, we ask if parental job losses have long-term effects on child mental health, and if these effects are conditional on the timing of, or the cumulative exposure to, job losses. We use intergenerationally linked Swedish register data combined with entropy balance and structural nested mean models for the analyses. The data allow us to track 400,000 children over 14 years and thereby test different life-course models of cross-over effects. We identify involuntary job losses using information on workplace closures, thus reducing the risk of confounding. Results show that paternal but not maternal job loss significantly increases the risk of psychotropic drug use among children, that the average effects are modest in size (less than 4% in relative terms), that they may persist for up to five years, and that they are driven by children aged 6–10 years. Moreover, cumulative exposure to multiple job losses are more harmful than zero or one job loss.
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| 37. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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From a crisis of results to a crisis of wellbeing : education reform and the declining sense of school belonging in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Comparative Education. - : Routledge. - 0305-0068 .- 1360-0486. ; 59:1, s. 18-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to declining results in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) surveys, the then governing Swedish coalition in 2010–2014 introduced earlier grading, more national testing and a new standards-based curriculum. These reforms coincided with a greater emphasis on inclusive’ education understood in the ‘narrow’ sense of placement in mainstream schools. The combination of these two sets of reforms presents an interesting national case where traditional conservative demands for a core curriculum, testing and accountability were combined with calls to increase educational opportunity.Using PISA data, we show that the reforms coincided with a decline in the sense of school belonging among pupils that was exceptional compared to other high-income countries, and especially among marginalised pupils. The study adds to previous studies on policy effects on wellbeing, concluding that the Swedish compulsory school went from undergoing a mediatised results crisis to a wellbeing crisis among pupils.
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| 38. |
- Högberg, Björn
(författare)
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Gender and health among older people : What is the role of social policies?
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Social Welfare. - : Wiley. - 1369-6866 .- 1468-2397. ; 27:3, s. 236-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study investigated how social policies moderate the association between gender and health among older people across European countries. The study is the first to take a comprehensive view on the role of social policies in connection with gender inequality in health among older Europeans. The association between gender and poor self-rated health and limiting long-standing illness was investigated in a multilevel framework. Cross-level interaction effects showed that more generous minimum pensions, higher spending on eldercare and a higher degree of eldercare formalisation are associated with relatively better health among women, while more generous standard pensions are associated with relatively better health among men. The conclusion is that policies directed towards older people are not gender neutral; rather they are likely to affect men and women differently. By shaping the distribution of resources as well as of unpaid work, social policies can contribute to either strengthening or weakening the link between gender and health.
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| 39. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Gender and secular trends in adolescent mental health over 24 years : The role of school-related stress
- 2020
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - : Elsevier. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 250, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing levels of psychosomatic symptoms, and other mental health problems, among adolescents, and especially among girls, have been reported across various countries. The "educational stressors hypothesis" states that this trend can be explained by an increasing amount of stressors in the school environment. This study tests this hypothesis, using repeated cross-sectional data, between the years 1993-2017, from the Health Behaviours of School-aged Children (HBSC) survey. Regression and decomposition techniques are used to investigate the role of school stress for trends in psychosomatic symptoms, and for gender differences in symptoms. Results show that the effects of school stress on psychosomatic symptoms have become stronger over time, but that they can only account for a small share of the overall increase in symptoms since 1993. However, school stress has increased more among girls than among boys, and it explains about half of the growth of the gender gap in symptoms. Thus, school stress accounts for a substantial portion of the increase in symptoms for girls, but only a minor share of the increase for boys. In sum, we found weak evidence for the educational stressors hypothesis in regard to the overall trend in symptoms, but strong evidence for it in explaining the growing gender gap.
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| 40. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Intergenerational effects of parental unemployment on infant health : evidence from Swedish register data
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Parental unemployment can have detrimental effects on life chances of the children, and thus reinforce inequalities across generations. Despite a substantial literature documenting that the health of infants at birth can have large and long-lasting consequences, research on intergenerational unemployment effects on infant health is scant. This study fills the gap using high-quality register data from Sweden, including 1.3 million siblings born between 1996 and 2017. To account for selection into unemployment, we employ sibling comparison designs that exploit variation in siblings’ exposure to parental unemployment, thereby accounting for stable but unmeasured confounding at the level of families.We find small, although statistically significant effects of maternal unemployment and no effects of paternal unemployment. Our results also suggest that pre-existing social disadvantage – low education, migration background, dual parent unemployment – are not associated with more adverse intergenerational unemployment effects. The discussion of our findings situates these results in the context of a relatively generous and egalitarian welfare state.
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| 41. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Intergenerational effects of parental unemployment on infant health : evidence from Swedish register data
- 2024
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 40:1, s. 41-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parental unemployment can have detrimental effects on life chances of the children, and thereby reinforce inequalities across generations. Despite a substantial literature documenting that the health of infants at birth can have large and long-lasting consequences, research on intergenerational unemployment effects on infant health is scant. This study fills the gap using high-quality register data from Sweden, including 1.5 million siblings born between 1996 and 2017. To account for selection into unemployment, we employ sibling comparison designs that exploit variation in siblings’ exposure to parental unemployment, thereby accounting for stable but unmeasured confounding at the level of families. We find small and not consistently significant effects of maternal unemployment, and no effects of paternal unemployment. Our results also suggest that pre-existing social disadvantages - low education, migration background, and dual parental unemployment -are not associated with more adverse intergenerational unemployment effects. The discussion of our findings situates these results in the context of a relatively generous and egalitarian welfare state.
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| 42. |
- Högberg, Björn
(författare)
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Is there a trade-off between achievement and wellbeing in education systems? : new cross-country evidence
- 2023
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Ingår i: Child Indicators Research. - : Springer Nature. - 1874-897X .- 1874-8988. ; 16:5, s. 2165-2186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wellbeing has recently been given a more prominent place in education policy and discourse, with critics arguing that an overemphasis on achievement comes at the cost of well-being. This raises questions concerning possible trade-offs between the traditionally dominant focus on learning and achievement in education and the growing emphasis on well-being. Can education systems promote high achievements and wellbeing simultaneously, or is reduced wellbeing an inevitable price to pay for high academic achievements? In this study, I investigate possible trade-offs between country-level achievement and individual wellbeing using five waves of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) data, spanning over 18 years and including more than one million pupils in 45 countries. I find weak and inconsistent empirical support for a trade-off. While there is a modest negative relationship between country-level achievement and some indicators of well-being, this does not hold when adjusting for possible confounders or country-fixed effects. I also find no or weak evidence for heterogeneous effects depending on individual achievement. I conclude that concerns regarding possible trade-offs between achievement and wellbeing are not supported by cross-country comparative data. However, the predominantly null findings also imply that policymakers should not expect miracles in terms of wellbeing from high-achieving education systems. High achievements may be good from an academic perspective, but do not seem to make much of a difference from the perspective of wellbeing.
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| 43. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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National high-stakes testing, gender, and school stress in Europe : a difference-in-differences analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 38:6, s. 975-987
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we ask if high-stakes testing affects school-related stress among students and if there are gender differences in these effects. Students’ results on high-stakes tests can have long-term consequences for their future educational trajectories and life chances. For girls, who tend to have higher educational aspirations and tend to gain more from higher education, the stakes involved may be even higher. The use of high-stakes testing has increased across Europe, but little is known about their consequences for stress or wellbeing. We combine macro-level data on high-stakes testing with survey data on more than 300,000 students aged 11–15 years in 31 European countries from three waves (2002, 2006, and 2010) of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. With variation in high-stakes testing across countries, years, and grade levels, we use a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design for the identification of causal effects. We find that high-stakes testing increases the risk of moving from low to high levels of self-reported school stress by 4 percentage points, or by 12 per cent relative to baseline values. This effect is somewhat larger for girls, though not significantly so. The results are robust to a range of sensitivity analyses.
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| 44. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Novel in-situ fabricated Josephson Junctions: tyrilayer on a substrate slope
- 2003
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Ingår i: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY ASC. - 1051-8223. ; 13:2, part 1, s. 794-796
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate a high-temperature superconductor (HTS) Josephson junction geometry using only in situ interfaces and with the current flowing in the – plane of the HTS. The trilayer on a substrate slope (TOSS) junction is a HTS-barrier-HTS structure deposited in situ on top of a pre-etched slope in the substrate. We present initial results on the fabrication and testing of YBa2Cu3O7 TOSS junctions with a Ga-doped PrBa2Cu3O7 barrier. These devices display resistively shunted junction like – characteristics with characteristic voltages up to 5 mV at 4.2 K. The TOSS junction concept is of interest for fundamental studies of interfaces in HTS and can also be applied to an integrated circuit technology.
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| 45. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Outcome-based accountability regimes in OECD countries : a global policy model?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Comparative Education. - : Routledge. - 0305-0068 .- 1360-0486. ; 57:3, s. 301-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global diffusion of outcome-based accountability in education is contested, with accounts of universal convergence being challenged by perspectives emphasising heterogeneity across different national or local contexts. This study uses data from PISA to explore, firstly, the spatial and temporal diffusion of accountability across OECD countries, and secondly, whether accountability is implemented as a single coherent regime. Using cluster analysis techniques, we find that most countries fall into a ‘Thick’ accountability regime, with widespread use of most forms of accountability tools. However, this regime is not fully coherent, with some countries relying more on horizontal, and others on vertical, forms of accountability. A sizeable minority of countries fall into a ‘Thin’ regime, in which most accountability tools are largely absent. We also find indications of convergence across countries over time. We conclude that while accountability in education is indeed widespread, and increasingly so, it is not a universally dominant regime.
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| 46. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Programmable self-assembly: : Theoretical aspects and DNA-linked nanoparticles
- 2008
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Ingår i: Systems Self-Assembly. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 9780444528650 ; , s. 245-258
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We briefly present a method for the parameterization of assembly systems derived from their ability to form unique structures. The concept of bond uniqueness is introduced and we show how it influences the number of unique structures that a programmable, or algorithmic, self-assembly system can create. Further, we argue that programmable self-assembly systems create embedded, additional computation that is reflected in the complexity of the generated structures and show how this complexity is related to the bond uniqueness of the building blocks. A brief introduction to sticky graphs, a mathematical tool for modeling self-assembly systems, is given. From the theoretical discussions it becomes clear that building blocks for programmable self-assembly need to have at least four distinct, geometrically separated bonds. A scheme for the production of building blocks with well-directed bonds for programmable self-assembly using DNA-nanoparticles is presented. The introduced procedure is a completely bottom–up approach and can be used to produce quite advanced PSA building blocks like nanoparticle eight-mers with eight bonds. Initial experiments are presented.
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| 47. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Programmable self-assembly - Unique structures and bond uniqueness
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience. - 1546-1955 .- 1546-1963. ; 3:3, s. 391-397
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An important problem in nanotechnology is to develop a method for assembling complex, aperiodic, structures. While simple self-assembly will not be able to address this problem, programmable-, or algorithmic-, self-assembly is powerful enough to be a potential solution. Here, we address the question of how the basic properties of the constituent building blocks are related to the periodicity of the resulting assembly. By introducing the parameters unique structures, which gives a measure of the complexity of an assembly, and bond uniqueness, which gives a measure of how the building blocks fit together, we show how to quantify the structural quality of a general assembly system and present relations between the parameters. The introduced methods will be helpful when designing assembly systems to be used for direct fabrication of nanosystems or for nano-scaffolds and addressable arrays.
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| 48. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Study of DNA-Coated Nanoparticles as Possible Programmable Self-Assembly Building-Blocks
- 2006
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Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 252:15, s. 5538-5541
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanoparticles coated with single stranded DNA have been shown to efficiently hybridize to targets of complementary DNA. This property might be used to implement programmable (or algorithmic) self-assembly to build nanoparticle structures. However, we argue that a DNA coated nanoparticle by itself cannot be used as a programmable self-assembly building block since it does not have directed bonds. A general scheme for assembling and purifying nanoparticle eight-mers with eight geometrically well-directed bonds is presented together with some preliminary experimental work.
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| 49. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal trends and inequalities in school-related stress in three cohorts in compulsory school in Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0031-3831 .- 1470-1170.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- School stress is widespread among students’ worldwide, impacting academic success and mental health. Most research focuses on average stress levels but lacks insights into temporal trends and inequalities. Using repeated longitudinal survey data on 33,000 students in Swedish compulsory school from the Evaluation Through Follow-up (ETF) study, we investigate temporal trends in stress across three cohorts of students (born 1992, 1998, and 2004), with a focus on inequalities by school year, sex, socio-economic status, migration background, school grades, and school difficulties. The results show that (1) stress increased more in year 6 than in year 9 in recent cohorts; (2) stress increased more for girls than for boys; and (3) low school grades and school difficulties have become stronger risk factors for stress. We discuss the findings in the context of recent educational reforms and broader societal trends concerning the role of education for young people’s prospects in life.
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| 50. |
- Högberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish case
- 2018
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Ingår i: Labour market insecurity and social exclusion. - Tallinn : Tallinn University Press. - 9789949294213 ; , s. 249-258
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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