| 1. |
- Cwirzen, A., et al.
(author)
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Properties of high yield synthesised carbon nano fibres/portland cement composite
- 2009
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In: Advances in Cement Research. - : Thomas Telford Ltd.. - 0951-7197 .- 1751-7605. ; 21:4, s. 141-146
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The compressive strength and electrical resistivity of hardened pastes produced either from nanomodified Portland sulfate-resistant cement (CHH) or a mixture of nanomodified and pristine sulfate-resistant cements were determined. The nanomodification included grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibres (CNFs) on the cement particles. Pastes having a water-to-binder ratio of 0-5 were produced. The test results revealed that partial replacement of sulfate-resistant cement by CHH cement decreased the electrical resistivity of the 28 day old specimens but worsened the mechanical properties. The lower compressive strength was attributed to a lower degree of hydration of the CHH cement. The addition of a mixture of surfactants enabled the production of specimens consisting entirely of CHH cement. The hardened material obtained was characterised by a nearly doubled compressive strength in comparison with the reference specimens made from pristine sulfate-resistant cement. This was attributed to a high degree of hydration as well as reinforcing action of the CNTs and CNFs. The electrical resistivity was lowered by one order of magnitude classifying this material as a semiconductor.
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| 2. |
- Cwirzen, A., et al.
(author)
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SEM/AFM studies of cementitious binder modified by MWCNT and nano-sized Fe needles
- 2009
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In: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 60:7, s. 735-740
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Several compositions of cement paste samples containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes were produced using a small-size vacuum mixer. The mixes had water-to-binder ratios of 0.25 and 0.3. Sulfate resistant cement has been used. The multiwalled carbon nanotubes were introduced as a water suspension with added surfactant admixtures. The used surfactant acted as plasticizing agents for the cement paste and as dispersant for the multiwalled carbon nanotubes. A set of beams was produced to determine the compressive and flexural strengths. The scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope studies of fractured and polished samples showed a good dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the cement matrix. The studies revealed also sliding of multiwalled carbon nanotubes from the matrix in tension which indicates their weak bond with cement matrix. In addition to multiwalled carbon nanotubes also steel wires covered with ferrite needles were investigated to determine the bond strength between the matrix and the steel wire. These later samples consisted of 15-mm-high cylinders of cement paste with vertically cast-in steel wires. As reference, plain steel wires were cast, too. The bond strength between steel wires covered with nano-sized Fe needles appeared to be lower in comparison with the reference wires. The scanning electron microscope studies of fractured samples indicated on brittle nature of Fe needles resulting in shear-caused breakage of the bond to the matrix. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Cwirzen, A., et al.
(author)
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Surface decoration of carbon nanotubes and mechanical properties of cement/carbon nanotube composites
- 2008
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In: Advances in Cement Research. - : Thomas Telford Ltd.. - 0951-7197 .- 1751-7605. ; 20:2, s. 65-73
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study investigated the effects of the method of surface decoration on the wetability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and the mechanical properties of the cement paste incorporating these dispersions. The results showed that stable and homogenous dispersions of MWCNTs in water can be obtained by using surface functionalisation combined with decoration using polyacrylic acid polymers. The cement paste specimens incorporating these dispersions revealed good workability and an increase in the compressive strength of nearly 50% even with only a small addition of the MWCNTs, namely 0-045-0-15% of the cement weight. These results indicate the existence of chemical bonds between the OH groups of the functionalised MWCNTs and probably the C-S-H phase of the cement matrix, which enhanced the transfer of stresses. A second method that was studied included decoration of MWCNTs with polyacrylic acid polymers and gum Arabic. These dispersions appeared to be homogeneous only for approximately 2 h after which a progressive sedimentation occurred. Good workability was found for the cement pastes produced with all of the dispersions; the only significant difference being the slower hydration of the cement incorporating gum Arabic. The mechanical properties of the cement pastes incorporating MWCNTs treated with polyacrylic polymers were unchanged.
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| 4. |
- Lahtinen, J., et al.
(author)
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LEED and DFT investigation on the (2 × 2)-S overlayer on Co(0 0 0 1)
- 2005
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In: Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0039-6028 .- 1879-2758. ; 599:1-3, s. 113-121
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The geometric surface structure of a (2 × 2)-S layer formed by adsorption of hydrogen sulfide at 185 K on the Co(0 0 0 1) surface has been determined by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) experiments and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The favored atomic configuration consists of sulfur atoms residing at the fcc-hollow sites with S-Co distance of 2.2 ± 0.1 Å. Buckling in the first layer is negligible and the three nearest-neighbor Co atoms below the S atom are symmetrically moved by 0.05 ± 0.09 Å along the surface away from the S atom. The DFT calculations confirm the hollow-site adsorption and give further information on the electronic structure of the system. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Habermehl-Cwirzen, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Hydrogen on cobalt : effects of carbon monoxide and sulphur additives on the D-2/Co(0001) system
- 2004
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In: Physica scripta. T. - 0281-1847. ; :T108, s. 28-32
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hydrogen reaction on catalytic surfaces is an important field of research in fuel cell science. The adsorption of hydrogen (deuterium) on Co(0001) and the influence of carbon monoxide and sulphur on the adsorption were studied by XPS, TDS, WF measurements and LEED. The WF increased due to D2 adsorption, revealing the electronegative character of deuterium. It was found that the deuterium saturation coverage is similar to 0.17 ML at 320K and similar to 0.27ML at 180 K. The activation energy for desorption was estimated to be 33 kJ/mol. The coadsorption measurements with CO indicated a decrease in the deuterium yield by 50%. A downward shift of 50K in the deuterium desorption temperature was observed as a consequence of coadsorbed CO, but changes in the CO desorption were minimal. At small CO exposures the (2 X 2) LEED structure of deuterium was seen, while at exposures of above 5 L the (2 root 3 x 2 root 3)R30... structure was detected by LEED as with pure CO adsorption. Coadsorption with sulphur led also to a decrease in the D2 yield leading to a complete inhibition of hydrogen adsorption at sulphur saturation. The sulphur (2 X 2) LEED structure did not underwent changes due to deuterium adsorption. As assumed, sulphur worked as a strong poison to the adsorption on Co(0001).
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