| 1. |
- Andersson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Hello human, can you read my mind?
- 2017
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Ingår i: ERCIM News. - Sophia Antipolis Cedex : European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM). - 0926-4981 .- 1564-0094. ; :109, s. 36-37
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- For safety reasons, autonomous vehicles should communicate their intent rather than explicitly invite people to act. At RISE Viktoria in Sweden, we believe this simple design principle will impact how autonomous vehicles are experienced in the future.
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| 2. |
- Aramrattana, Maytheewat, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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A Roadmap Towards Remote Assistance : Outcomes from Multidisciplinary Workshop at the 2023 Intelligent Vehicles Symposium
- 2024
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Ingår i: 26th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Washington DC, USA, June 29 - July 4, 2024..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Remote operation of highly automated vehicles (HAVs) may include occasional assistance from a human remote operator that is located outside the HAVs. Remote assistance typically delegates only high-level guidance tasks to the remote operators such as authorizing a driving maneuver or specifying a new driving path. As remote assistance is fairly unexplored, there are still several research challenges. These challenges were discussed by experts from academia and industry in a multidisciplinary workshop at the 2023 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. As a result of the workshop, this paper presents a list of most pressing research questions in the following areas: human-machine interaction and human factors, design of the remote station, design of the HAVs. It also outlines a roadmap for future research on remote assistance of HAV, thereby informing interdisciplinary studies and facilitating the benefits of HAVs before full autonomy can be reached.
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| 3. |
- Aramrattana, Maytheewat, et al.
(författare)
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A Roadmap Towards Remote Assistance: Outcomes from Multidisciplinary Workshop at the 2023 Intelligent Vehicles Symposium
- 2024
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Remote operation of highly automated vehicles (HAVs) may include occasional assistance from a human remote operator that is located outside the HAVs. Remote assistance typically delegates only highlevel guidance tasks to the remote operators such as authorizing a driving maneuver or specifying a new driving path. As remote assistance is fairly unexplored, there are still several research challenges. These challenges were discussed by experts from academia and industry in a multidisciplinary workshop at the 2023 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. As a result of the workshop, this paper presents a list of most pressing research questions in the following areas: human-machine interaction and human factors, design of the remote station, design of the HAVs. It also outlines a roadmap for future research on remote assistance of HAV, thereby informing interdisciplinary studies and facilitating the benefits of HAVs before full autonomy can be reached.
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| 4. |
- Aramrattana, Maytheewat, et al.
(författare)
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Safety and experience of other drivers while interacting with automated vehicle platoons
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. - Oxford : Elsevier Ltd. - 2590-1982. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is currently unknown how automated vehicle platoons will be perceived by other road users in their vicinity. This study explores how drivers of manually operated passenger cars interact with automated passenger car platoons while merging onto a highway, and how different inter-vehicular gaps between the platooning vehicles affect their experience and safety. The study was conducted in a driving simulator and involved 16 drivers of manually operated cars. Our results show that the drivers found the interactions mentally demanding, unsafe, and uncomfortable. They commonly expected that the platoon would adapt its behavior to accommodate a smooth merge. They also expressed a need for additional information about the platoon to easier anticipate its behavior and avoid cutting-in. This was, however, affected by the gap size; larger gaps (30 and 42.5 m) yielded better experience, more frequent cut-ins, and less crashes than the shorter gaps (15 and 22.5 m). A conclusion is that a short gap as well as external human–machine interfaces (eHMI) might be used to communicate the platoon's intent to “stay together”, which in turn might prevent drivers from cutting-in. On the contrary, if the goal is to facilitate frequent, safe, and pleasant cut-ins, gaps larger than 22.5 m may be suitable. To thoroughly inform such design trade-offs, we urge for more research on this topic. © 2021 The Author(s)
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| 5. |
- Bout, Martijn, et al.
(författare)
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A head-mounted display to support teleoperations of shared automated vehicles
- 2017
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Ingår i: AutomotiveUI 2017 - 9th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Adjunct Proceedings. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. - 9781450351515 ; , s. 62-66
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automated driving systems will be severely challenged in the unpredictable conditions of mixed traffic. Consequently, some form of human support remains essential in the foreseeable future. This challenge is especially true for Shared Automated Vehicles (SAVs), as these vehicles will likely not include any human driver on-board. When an SAV will encounter a scenario it cannot handle, a remote human operator will need to intervene and help the vehicle and its passengers. In this study a user-centred design approach is used to study whether a Head-Mounted Display (HMD) interface can support such operators and provide them with additional spatial awareness. Two prototypes (an HMD and a computer display) are developed and evaluated using pre-recorded real-world scenarios. Twelve participants assessed three possible scenarios a remote operator may encounter. Among participants, the study found evidence of strong implicit spatial awareness when using an HMD interface.
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| 6. |
- Böckle, Marc-Philipp, et al.
(författare)
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SAV2P - Exploring the impact of an interface for shared automated vehicles on pedestrians' experience
- 2017
-
Ingår i: AutomotiveUI 2017 - 9th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Adjunct Proceedings. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450351515 - 9781450351508 ; , s. 136-140
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To study future communication needs between pedestrians and shared automated vehicles (SAVs), an interface that communicates the intentions of SAVs to pedestrians was designed and implemented in a virtual reality (VR) environment. This enabled the exploration of behaviors and experiences of 34 pedestrians when encountering SAVs, both with and without the interface, in several street crossing situations. All pedestrians assessed the level of perceived safety and comfort directly after each encounter with the SAV. The results show that the pedestrians' level of perceived safety and comfort is higher in encounters with the interface than in encounters without the interface. This may have a positive influence on the acceptance of SAVs, and implies that future SAVs may gain from this, or similar interface.
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| 7. |
- Charisi, Vicky, et al.
(författare)
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Children's views on identification and intention communication of self-driving vehicles
- 2017
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Ingår i: IDC 2017 - Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Interaction Design and Children. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450349215 ; , s. 399-404
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the major reasons behind traffic accidents is misinterpretation among road users. Self-driving vehicles are expected to reduce these accidents, given that they are designed with all road users in mind. Recently, research on the design of vehicle-pedestrian communication has emerged, but to our knowledge, there is no research published that investigates the design of interfaces for intent communication towards child pedestrians. This paper reports the initial steps towards the examination of children's views and understandings about the appearance and intention communication of self-driving vehicles. It adopts a design inclusive methodological approach for the development of a prototype for the communication of two basic intentions: "I am going to stop" and "I am going to proceed". The initial results indicate children's need to be aware about the autonomy of the vehicle and the use of their previous experience with traffic signs for the interpretation of communicative signs of the vehicle.
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| 8. |
- Chen, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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Cloud-based traffic control : a system of systems for accelerating c-its deployment and autonomous vehicle integration
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Virtual ITS European Congress.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The traffic system is transforming into a highly complex system of systems with increasing connectivity and automation. Engineering such a system of systems requires close interaction between related stakeholders including authorities, car manufacturers, and the service and technology providers, both from the organizational and technical perspective. This paper describes a cloud-based traffic control system that provides a platform to support cross-sector interoperable information sharing, and data intelligence for future connected and autonomous vehicle integration. The system is engineered from a system of systems perspective with multi-stakeholder engagement and is designed to be cloud-native for stakeholder and service scalability. The paper discusses the motivation of the system, followed by a detailed description on the system architecture and the constituent systems. Supported services are presented with their working process, information flow, as well as their public demonstrations.
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| 9. |
- Chen, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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Coordinating dangerous goods vehicles : C-ITS applications for safe road tunnels
- 2015
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Ingår i: 2015 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE. - 9781467372664 - 9781467372657 ; , s. 156-161
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the existing regulation efforts and measures, vehicles with dangerous goods still pose significant risks on public safety, especially in road tunnels. Solutions based on cooperative intelligent transportation system (C-ITS) are promising measures, however, they have received limited attention. We propose C-ITS applications that coordinate dangerous goods vehicles to minimize the risk by maintaining safe distances between them in road tunnels. Different mechanisms, including global centralized coordination, global distributed coordination, and local coordination, are proposed and investigated. A preliminary simulation is performed and demonstrates their effectiveness. © 2015 IEEE.
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| 10. |
- Chen, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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System of Systems for emergency response : the case with CAVs on highways
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC. Volume 2022-October, 2022, Pages 839-844. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665468800 ; , s. 839-844
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emergency response system is a complex system of systems (SoS). The introduction of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) introduces an extra dimension into the complexity. Future emergency response must be able to take into account of the autonomous vehicles with different automation levels and leverage the increasing connectivity and automation for efficient emergency response. Architecture frameworks have long been used for system engineering for large complex systems. The emerging unified architecture framework converges previous architecture frameworks for a unified one towards both military and civilian use. Based on the scenario of emergency response with CAVs on highways, this paper motivates an enterprise architecture for emergency response system of systems (ERSoS) with identification of the key challenges and opportunities in addition to a proposal of required capabilities. The work is a first iteration of an enterprise architecture for ERSoS with CAVs and forms part of the overall ERSoS architecture development process.
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| 11. |
- Dey, Debargha, et al.
(författare)
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Color and Animation Preferences for a Light Band EHMI in Interactions Between Automated Vehicles and Pedestrians
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we report user preferences regarding color and animation patterns to support the interaction between Automated Vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians through an external Human-Machine-Interface (eHMI). Existing concepts of eHMI differ – among other things – in their use of colors or animations to express an AV’s yielding intention. In the absence of empirical research, there is a knowledge gap regarding which color and animation leads to highest usability and preferences in traffic negotiation situations. We conducted an online survey (N=400) to investigate the comprehensibility of a light band eHMI with a combination of 5 color and 3 animation patterns for a yielding AV. Results show that cyan is considered a neutral color for communicating a yielding intention. Additionally, a uniformly flashing or pulsing animation is preferred compared to any pattern that animates sideways. These insights can contribute in the future design and standardization of eHMIs.
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| 12. |
- Dey, Debargha, et al.
(författare)
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Taming the eHMI jungle : A classification taxonomy to guide, compare, and assess the design principles of automated vehicles' external human-machine interfaces
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2590-1982. ; 7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity. To facilitate such interactions, researchers and designers have explored designs, and this line of work has yielded several concepts of external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI) for vehicles. Literature and media review reveals that the description of interfaces is often lacking in fidelity or details of their functionalities in specific situations, which makes it challenging to understand the originating concepts. There is also a lack of a universal understanding of the various dimensions of a communication interface, which has impeded a consistent and coherent addressal of the different aspects of the functionalities of such interface concepts. In this paper, we present a unified taxonomy that allows a systematic comparison of the eHMI across 18 dimensions, covering their physical characteristics and communication aspects from the perspective of human factors and human-machine interaction. We analyzed and coded 70 eHMI concepts according to this taxonomy to portray the state of the art and highlight the relative maturity of different contributions. The results point to a number of unexplored research areas that could inspire future work. Additionally, we believe that our proposed taxonomy can serve as a checklist for user interface designers and researchers when developing their interfaces. © 2020 The Authors
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| 13. |
- Dey, Debargha, et al.
(författare)
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Workshop on Methodology : Evaluating Interactions Between Automated Vehicles and Other Road Users—What Works in Practice?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450359474 ; , s. 17-22
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Methods and metrics for studying interactions between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity, such as pedestrians, cyclists and non-automated vehicles, are not established yet. This workshop focuses on identifying the strengths and weaknesses of various methodologies that could potentially be used to study such interactions. The objective lies in determining the proper experimental design, sensitivity of metrics for measuring user behavior, ecological validity, generalizability of findings, extraction of insights regarding how findings can be translated into actionable requirements, and the alternatives for conducting longitudinal field studies. It will be of an interactive nature and involve hands-on activities. The workshop will consolidate existing knowledge, identify recurring issues, and explore the path towards resolving these issues. The outcome will be compiled into a paper to share this valuable knowledge with a broader research community.
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| 14. |
- Duran, Boris, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling vehicle behavior with neural dynamics
- 2017
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Ingår i: Future Active Safety Technology - Towards zero traffic accidents. - Nara, Japan.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modeling the interaction of vehicles during certain traffic situations is the starting point for creating autonomous driving. Data collected from field trials where test subjects drive through a single-vehicle intersection was used to create behavioral models. The present work describes two implementations of models based on the dynamical systems approach and compares similarities and differences between them. The proposed models are designed to closely replicate the behavior selection in the intersection crossing experiment.
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| 15. |
- Fabricius, Victor, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Interactions Between Heavy Trucks and Vulnerable Road Users – A Systematic Review to Inform the Interactive Capabilities of Highly Automated Trucks
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Robotics and AI. - Lausanne : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-9144. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates interactive behaviors and communication cues of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) and vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians and cyclists as a means of informing the interactive capabilities of highly automated HGVs. Following a general framing of road traffic interaction, we conducted a systematic literature review of empirical HGV-VRU studies found through the databases Scopus, ScienceDirect and TRID. We extracted reports of interactive road user behaviors and communication cues from 19 eligible studies and categorized these into two groups: 1) the associated communication channel/mechanism (e.g., nonverbal behavior), and 2) the type of communication cue (implicit/explicit). We found the following interactive behaviors and communication cues: 1) vehicle-centric (e.g., HGV as a larger vehicle, adapting trajectory, position relative to the VRU, timing of acceleration to pass the VRU, displaying information via human-machine interface), 2) driver-centric (e.g., professional driver, present inside/outside the cabin, eye-gaze behavior), and 3) VRU-centric (e.g., racer cyclist, adapting trajectory, position relative to the HGV, proximity to other VRUs, eye-gaze behavior). These cues are predominantly based on road user trajectories and movements (i.e., kinesics/proxemics nonverbal behavior) forming implicit communication, which indicates that this is the primary mechanism for HGV-VRU interactions. However, there are also reports of more explicit cues such as cyclists waving to say thanks, the use of turning indicators, or new types of external human-machine interfaces (eHMI). Compared to corresponding scenarios with light vehicles, HGV-VRU interaction patterns are to a high extent formed by the HGV’s size, shape and weight. For example, this can cause VRUs to feel less safe, drivers to seek to avoid unnecessary decelerations and accelerations, or lead to strategic behaviors due to larger blind-spots. Based on these findings, it is likely that road user trajectories and kinematic behaviors will form the basis for communication also for highly automated HGV-VRU interaction. However, it might also be beneficial to use additional eHMI to compensate for the loss of more social driver-centric cues or to signal other types of information. While controlled experiments can be used to gather such initial insights, deeper understanding of highly automated HGV-VRU interactions will also require naturalistic studies. © 2022 Fabricius, Habibovic, Rizgary, Andersson and Wärnestål.
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| 16. |
- Habibovic, Azra, 1982
(författare)
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Analyzing real-world data to promote development of active safety systems that reduce car-to-vulnerable road user accidents
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall objective of the thesis is to explore various types of real-world road traffic data and to assess the extent to which they can inform the design of active safety systems that aim to prevent car-to-vulnerable road user (VRU) accidents. A combined analysis of in-depth and police reported accident data provided information on driver behavior and contextual variables, which is valuable for the development of active safety systems. An analysis of the in-depth data also revealed information about VRU behavior that is relevant for these systems. A key finding from these analyses is that the car drivers commonly did not see the VRUs due to visual obstructions in the traffic environment, misinterpretation of the traffic situation, and/or an inadequate plan of action. The VRUs, on the other hand, saw the cars but they still misunderstood the situation, made an inadequate plan of action, or both. These findings indicate that active safety systems should help drivers to notice the VRUs in time, while the VRUs would benefit from systems helping them to correctly understand the traffic situation. The findings also suggest a need for a variety of cooperative active safety systems, risk assessment algorithms able to predict the intentions of road users to cross the road, and human-machine interfaces capable of directing road users’ attention towards the most critical event. Similar findings were obtained when driver behavior and contextual variables were investigated using video-recordings of car-to-pedestrian incidents. However, these data enabled more detailed analysis of driver attention allocation as well as driver interaction with the vehicle, other road users, and the traffic environment. Finally, an analysis of data on pedestrian behavior and car dynamics from normal interactions in traffic showed that a statistical model, based on car speed and its distance to the point of potential collision and on pedestrian distance to the road, speed and head orientation, could be used to determine the likelihood of a pedestrian entering the road. This can then be combined with commonly used deterministic approaches to estimate when a warning or other action by an active safety system should be initiated. To conclude, each of the four data sources explored here has its own advantages and disadvantages; information combined from analysis of these sources provides an improved understanding of the traffic situations involving VRUs, which is crucial in the development of future active safety systems.
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| 17. |
- Habibovic, Azra, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Causation mechanisms in car-to-vulnerable road user crashes: Implications for active safety systems
- 2012
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 49, s. 493-500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vulnerable road users (VRUs), such as pedestrians and bicyclists, are often involved in crashes with passenger cars. One way to prevent these crashes is to deploy active safety systems that support the car drivers and/or VRUs. However, to develop such systems, a thorough understanding of crash causation mechanisms is required. The aim of this study is to identify crash causation mechanisms from the perspective of the VRUs, and to explore the implications of these mechanisms for the development of active safety systems. Data originate from the European project SafetyNet, where 995 crashes were in-depth investigated using the SafetyNet Accident Causation System (SNACS). To limit the scope, this study analyzed only intersection crashes involving VRUs. A total of 56 VRU crashes were aggregated. Results suggest that, while 30% of the VRUs did not see the conflict car due to visual obstructions in the traffic environment, 70% of the VRUs saw the car before the collision, but still misunderstood the traffic situation and/or made an inadequate plan of action. An important implication that follows from this is that, while detection of cars is clearly an issue that needs to be addressed, it is even more important to help the VRUs to correctly understand traffic situation (e.g., does the driver intend to slow down, and if s/he does, is it to let the VRU cross or for some other reason?). The former issue suggests a role for various cooperative active safety systems, as the obstacles are generally impenetrable with regular sensors. The latter issue is less straightforward. While various systems can be proposed, such as providing gap size estimation and reducing the car speed variability, the functional merits of each such a system need to be further investigated.
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| 18. |
- Habibovic, Azra, et al.
(författare)
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Command-based driving for tactical control of highly automated vehicles
- 2017
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Ingår i: Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. - Cham : Springer Verlag. - 9783319416816 ; , s. 499-510
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As vehicles become highly automated, their drivers become more passive. A concern is it may take drivers out of the control loop, causing reduced satisfaction and perceived control. The study explores whether or not drivers feel the need to control tactical decisions when operating highly automated vehicles. An experiment involving 17 drivers was carried out in a driving simulator. Each driver tested two different tactical controllers, allowing him/her to give various tactical commands to the vehicle (e.g., overtake, park). The results indicate that the drivers experienced a need to affect tactical decisions of highly automated vehicles. Several of the tactical commands were found useful, especially on rural roads and highways. It also gave them a feeling of being in control of the vehicle, suggesting that command-based driving might be a way to keep drivers in the control loop.
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| 19. |
- Habibovic, Azra, et al.
(författare)
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Communicating Intent of Automated Vehicles to Pedestrians.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - Lausanne : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While traffic signals, signs, and road markings provide explicit guidelines for those operating in and around the roadways, some decisions, such as determinations of "who will go first," are made by implicit negotiations between road users. In such situations, pedestrians are today often dependent on cues in drivers' behavior such as eye contact, postures, and gestures. With the introduction of more automated functions and the transfer of control from the driver to the vehicle, pedestrians cannot rely on such non-verbal cues anymore. To study how the interaction between pedestrians and automated vehicles (AVs) might look like in the future, and how this might be affected if AVs were to communicate their intent to pedestrians, we designed an external vehicle interface called automated vehicle interaction principle (AVIP) that communicates vehicles' mode and intent to pedestrians. The interaction was explored in two experiments using a Wizard of Oz approach to simulate automated driving. The first experiment was carried out at a zebra crossing and involved nine pedestrians. While it focused mainly on assessing the usability of the interface, it also revealed initial indications related to pedestrians' emotions and perceived safety when encountering an AV with/without the interface. The second experiment was carried out in a parking lot and involved 24 pedestrians, which enabled a more detailed assessment of pedestrians' perceived safety when encountering an AV, both with and without the interface. For comparison purposes, these pedestrians also encountered a conventional vehicle. After a short training course, the interface was deemed easy for the pedestrians to interpret. The pedestrians stated that they felt significantly less safe when they encountered the AV without the interface, compared to the conventional vehicle and the AV with the interface. This suggests that the interface could contribute to a positive experience and improved perceived safety in pedestrian encounters with AVs - something that might be important for general acceptance of AVs. As such, this topic should be further investigated in future studies involving a larger sample and more dynamic conditions.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Habibovic, Azra, et al.
(författare)
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Current gaps, challenges and opportunities in the field of road vehicle automation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of FISITA 2014 World Automotive Congress.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to identify current research gaps, challenges, and opportunities in the field of vehicle automation. The study is based on a literature review. The review shows that the current research focuses mainly on improvements in sensing, actuation, and navigation systems. However, this study acknowledges a range of challenges in other areas that need to be addressed to facilitate possible benefits that vehicle automation may bring. In particular, the following challenges are highlighted: 1) understanding the transfer of control between the vehicle and the driver, and vice versa, 2) defining behavior of automated vehicles in relation to other road users (e.g., pedestrians), 3) identifying how to communicate the system reliability information to the drivers, and 4) clarifying the impact on societal values, i.e. what driver behaviors that will be considered as appropriate, or even acceptable. The work presented here is a part of the ongoing project Boundary Conditions for Vehicle Automation, co-financed by the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) and carried out by SAFER-Vehicle and Traffic Safety Centre at Chalmers.
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| 22. |
- Habibovic, Azra, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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DREAMi – Final Report
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Traditionellt har data från trafikolyckor varit den enda tillgängliga informationskällan som använts för att förstå hur och varför säkerhetskritiska trafiksituationer uppstår. I synnerhet har djupstudier av olyckor varit viktiga eftersom de möjliggör en detaljerad inblick i händelseförloppet. Olycksdatabaser med djupstudier innehåller dock ett begränsat antal fall och ger i princip ingen tidsserieinformation om händelserna som leder till olyckan.För att kompensera för dessa brister har naturalistiska körstudier utvecklats. I sådana studier körs fordon under verkliga trafikförhållanden och är instrumenterade med kameror och andra sensorer för att samla information om förare, fordon och omgivningen. Med denna metod är det oftast möjligt att observera ett stort antal säkerhetskritiska situationer, så kallade incidenter.DREAMi har undersökt om data från naturalistiska körstudier kan användas för att förstå orsaker som leder till incidenter. Data var insamlad i ett annat projekt i Japan och inkluderade bl.a. videoinspelningar av föraren och omgivningen. För att identifiera och koda orsakerna använde projektet Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM). Eftersom DREAM utvecklats för analys av olycksorsaker baserat på information från djupstudier var det nödvändigt att göra modifieringar i metoden för att anpassa den till information tillgänglig i incidenter på video från naturalistiska körstudier. DREAMi har därmed skapat en metod som är unik och finns ännu inte inom trafiksäkerhetsforskning. Den modifierade metoden har med stor framgång applicerats på 90 fotgängarincidenter insamlade i Japan För att undersöka hur den modifierade metoden fungerar i praktiken, har projektet applicerat den på 90 fotgängarincidenter insamlade i Japan.Detta projekt var också ett första forskningssamarbete inom området trafiksäkerhet mellan SAFER - Vehicle and Traffic Safety Center at Chalmers och Japan Automotive Research Institute (JARI). Samarbetet har stärkt trafiksäkerhetsforskningen i båda länderna, samt gjort SAFER mer attraktiv på den internationella arenan. I synnerhet har DREAMi använts för att motivera SAFERs deltagande i internationella projekt som ANNEXT och US SHRP2.
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| 23. |
- Habibovic, Azra, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Driver behavior in car-to-pedestrian incidents: An application of the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM)
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 50, s. 554-565
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To develop relevant road safety countermeasures, it is necessary to first obtain an in-depth understanding of how and why safety-critical situations such as incidents, near-crashes, and crashes occur. Video-recordings from naturalistic driving studies provide detailed information on events and circumstances prior to such situations that is difficult to obtain from traditional crash investigations, at least when it comes to the observable driver behavior. This study analyzed causation in 90 video-recordings of car-to-pedestrian incidents captured by onboard cameras in a naturalistic driving study in Japan. The Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM) was modified and used to identify contributing factors and causation patterns in these incidents. Two main causation patterns were found. In intersections, drivers failed to recognize the presence of the conflict pedestrian due to visual obstructions and/or because their attention was allocated towards something other than the conflict pedestrian. In incidents away from intersections, this pattern reoccurred along with another pattern showing that pedestrians often behaved in unexpected ways. These patterns indicate that an interactive advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) able to redirect the driver's attention could have averted many of the intersection incidents, while autonomous systems may be needed away from intersections. Cooperative ADAS may be needed to address issues raised by visual obstructions.
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| 24. |
- Habibovic, Azra, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating interactions with non-existing automated vehicles: three Wizard of Oz approaches
- 2016
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Ingår i: 2016 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE. - 9781509018215 - 9781509018222 ; , s. 32-37
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Highly automated test vehicles are rare today, and (independent) researchers have often limited access to them. Also, developing fully functioning system prototypes is time and effort consuming. In this paper, we present three adaptions of the Wizard of Oz technique as a means of gathering data about interactions with highly automated vehicles in early development phases. Two of them address interactions between drivers and highly automated vehicles, while the third one is adapted to address interactions between pedestrians and highly automated vehicles. The focus is on the experimental methodology adaptations and our lessons learned.
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| 25. |
- Habibovic, Azra, et al.
(författare)
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External Vehicle Interfaces for Communication with Other Road Users?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Road Vehicle Automation 5. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319948959 - 9783319948966 ; , s. 91-102
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How to ensure trust and societal acceptance of automated vehicles (AVs) is a widely-discussed topic today. While trust and acceptance could be influenced by a range of factors, one thing is sure: the ability of AVs to safely and smoothly interact with other road users will play a key role. Based on our experiences from a series of studies, this paper elaborates on issues that AVs may face in interactions with other road users and whether external vehicle interfaces could support these interactions. Our overall conclusion is that such interfaces may be beneficial in situations where negotiation is needed. However, these benefits, and potential drawbacks, need to be further explored to create a common language, or standard, for how AVs should communicate with other road users.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Habibovic, Azra, et al.
(författare)
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Let’s communicate: How to operate in harmony with automated vehicles
- 2017
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- With autonomous cars on the road, not only will occupants need to communicate with their cars: pedestrians and autonomous vehicles will need to understand each other too. This article examines the vehicle HMI for road users other than the driver and passengers.
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| 28. |
- Habibovic, Azra, 1982
(författare)
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Reduction of Vulnerable Road User accidents in urban intersections: Needs and challenges in designing Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
- 2009
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) can be used to prevent accidents, or to reduce their severity. It is essential to determine what functional requirements such systems should fulfill to meet drivers’ support needs. An understanding of the underlying contributing factors and context in which the accidents occur is therefore crucial. One aim of this thesis is to identify drivers’ support needs in accidents involving vulnerable road users (VRUs) in urban intersections. Another aim is to identify the most promising ADAS for this accident type and to derive functional sensor, collision detection, and human-machine interface (HMI) requirements. A third aim is to develop an ADAS concept based on these requirements. Microscopic and macroscopic accident data were analyzed. The microscopic data, obtained from the European project SafetyNet, consisted of causation charts describing contributing factors for 60 accidents. These charts have been compiled by means of the SafetyNet Accident Analysis System (SNACS). This thesis aggregated the individual causation charts for the drivers. The macroscopic data, obtained from the Swedish national accident database STRADA, consisted of 9702 accidents.The results revealed that the most frequent contributing factor was failure to observe the VRUs. This was mostly due to reduced visibility, reduced awareness, and/or insufficient comprehension. An ADAS should therefore help the drivers to notice the VRUs and enhance their ability to interpret the development of events in the near future. Such a system should include a combination of imminent and cautionary collision warnings, with additional support in the form of information about intersection geometry and traffic regulations. The warnings should preferably be deployed via in-vehicle HMI and according to the likelihood of accident risk. To enable timely warnings, it may be necessary to predict road user intentions approximately 4 seconds ahead. The study also showed that the system must be able to operate under a variety of road, weather, and light conditions. It should have the capacity to support drivers when their view is obstructed by physical objects. To this end, it is recommended that onboard sensors be complemented by cooperative infrastructure-car systems. Consequently, an ADAS concept utilizing a vision based VRU detection system in the infrastructure is proposed. The VRU position and velocity were continuously broadcast to the cars in the vicinity. The cars used global positioning systems to determine their own position and velocity. Based on these data, each car’s system estimated its own collision risk with each VRU. If this risk was high, information about the intersection and a cautionary warning were issued to the driver via an in-vehicle HMI. An initial evaluation of this conceptual system indicated that several technical factors and human aspects need further investigation and development. These include mainly detection and tracking of road users as well as prediction of their intentions.
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| 29. |
- Habibovic, Azra, et al.
(författare)
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Replacing side-view mirrors in trucks with integrated digital system to improve safety (DREAMS)
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Replacing rear-view mirrors on trucks by rear-view camera monitoring systems and in-vehicle monitors is expected to increase safety and reduce fuel consumption. This project generated knowledge on how such systems operate, if truck drivers find them useful and appealing, and to what extent they can improve traffic safety. Stoneridge’s camera-based rear-view mirror prototype mounted on a Scania truck served as a use case. The prototype includes cameras mounted close to the front corners of the truck cabin and in-vehicle monitors mounted in Apillars showing videos of the surroundings to truck drivers. An evaluation methodology has been developed and applied in tests at the test track AstaZero and on public roads. The evaluations involved both controlled and naturalistic experiments, as well as real-world use of the platform. These were conducted under various light and weather conditions and captured various traffic environments including urban, rural and highway driving. The evaluations showed that a high-level of safety and usability could be achieved, and provided valuable insights on further improvements of the prototype, which were later implemented within the project. A majority of the drivers found the prototype desirable and easy to get used to. The major safety advantages that they identified as compared to the conventional mirrors include: a) larger field of view, especially at intersections and roundabouts, b) direct visibility significantly improved, c) dirt from windshield does not affect visibility, and d) there is no need for body and head movements to increase field of view. Some of the drivers found that objects were too small on the monitors, especially on the passenger side, and that cameras reacted differently to different light sources. Some of the drivers expressed also a general anxiety for technical failures that may occur over the lifespan of the prototype. The project has also identified how expand the functionality of the prototype regarding driver support and automated driving. Several different concepts were suggested including: detection of vulnerable road users and other potential hazards in blind spots, free lane indication, estimation of distance to other vehicles and objects, and platoon monitoring. Examples of future research include further improvement of the prototype in terms of e.g., monitor placement and camera adaptability to different light sources, as well as further development and evaluation of the concepts providing additional functionality. The project was conducted by Stoneridge Electronics AB, Scania CV AB, and RISE Viktoria AB. It has increased technical maturity of Stoneridge’s camera-based rear-view mirror prototype and brought it closer to the market launch that is scheduled for 2018. It has also led to a general growth in innovation capacity in Sweden, and empowered strategic R&D activities and manufacturing in the country.
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| 30. |
- Habibovic, Azra, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Requirements of a system to reduce car-to-vulnerable road user crashes in urban intersections
- 2011
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 43:4, s. 1570-1580
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intersection crashes between cars and vulnerable road users (VRUs), such as pedestrians and bicyclists, often result in injuries and fatalities. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) can prevent, or mitigate, these crashes. To derive functional requirements for such systems, an understanding of the underlying contributing factors and the context in which the crashes occur is essential. The aim of this study is to use microscopic and macroscopic crash data to explore the potential of information and warning providing ADASs, and then to derive functional sensor, collision detection, and human-machine interface (HMI) requirements. The microscopic data were obtained from the European project SafetyNet. Causation charts describing contributing factors for 60 car-to-VRU crashes had been compiled and were then also aggregated using the SafetyNet Accident Causation System (SNACS). The macroscopic data were obtained from the Swedish national crash database, STRADA. A total of 9702 crashes were analyzed. The results show that the most frequent contributing factor to the crashes was the drivers' failure to observe VRUs due to reduced visibility, reduced awareness, and/or insufficient comprehension. An ADAS should therefore help drivers to observe the VRUs in time and to enhance their ability to interpret the development of events in the near future. The system should include a combination of imminent and cautionary collision warnings, with additional support in the form of information about intersection geometry and traffic regulations. The warnings should be deployed via an in-vehicle HMI and according to the likelihood of crash risk. The system should be able to operate under a variety of weather and light conditions. It should have the capacity to support drivers when their view is obstructed by physical objects. To address problems that vehicle-based sensors may face in this regard, the use of cooperative systems is recommended. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Klingegard, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers' Ability to Engage in a Non-Driving Related Task While in Automated Driving Mode in Real Traffic
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - 2169-3536 .- 2169-3536. ; 8, s. 221654-221668
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Engaging in non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) while driving can be considered distracting and safety detrimental. However, with the introduction of highly automated driving systems that relieve drivers from driving, more NDRTs will be feasible. In fact, many car manufacturers emphasize that one of the main advantages with automated cars is that it "frees up time" for other activities while on the move. This paper investigates how well drivers are able to engage in an NDRT while in automated driving mode (i.e., SAE Level 4) in real traffic, via a Wizard of Oz platform. The NDRT was designed to be visually and cognitively demanding and require manual interaction. The results show that the drivers' attention to a great extent shifted from the road ahead towards the NDRT. Participants could perform the NDRT equally well as when in an office (e.g. correct answers, time to completion), showing that the performance did not deteriorate when in the automated vehicle. Yet, many participants indicated that they noted and reacted to environmental changes and sudden changes in vehicle motion. Participants were also surprised by their own ability to, with ease, disconnect from driving. The presented study extends previous research by identifying that drivers to a high extent are able to engage in a NDRT while in automated mode in real traffic. This is promising for future of automated cars ability to "free up time" and enable drivers to engage in non-driving related activities.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Lindström, David, et al.
(författare)
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Designing HMIs for an active safety system on bicycles
- 2019
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Ingår i: Adjunct Proceedings - 11th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, AutomotiveUI 2019. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. - 9781450369206 ; , s. 125-129
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Radar sensors have been used for active safety in cars for many years. An ongoing research project explores how radar sensors and technology common in automotive vehicles can be transferred for use on bicycles. Workshops have been used to generate ideas. A bicycle simulator is planned to be used for test and evaluation. Tests on a test track has been used to simulate high-risk scenarios. This paper describes the design process of this project, with focus on the user interface. High-risk scenarios and requirements are identified, followed by identified design challenges and design activities, including evaluation. Ideas for a dual HMI approach, directed towards the bicyclist and towards surrounding traffic are presented.
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| 35. |
- Ljung Aust, Mikael, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Manual for DREAM version 3.2
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM) is based on the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM; Hollnagel, 1998). CREAM was developed to analyse accidents within process control domains such as nuclear power plants and train operation, and DREAM is an adaptation of CREAM to suit the road traffic domain. The purpose of DREAM is to make it possible to systematically classify and store accident and incident causation information. This means that DREAM, like all other methods for accident/incident analysis, is not a provider but an organiser of explanations. For any of the contributing factor categories available in DREAM to be used, it must be supported by relevant empirical information. DREAM in itself cannot tell us why accidents happen (if it could, we would need neither on-scene investigations nor interviews).DREAM includes three main components: an accident model, a classification scheme and a detailed procedure description which step by step goes through what needs to be done in order to perform a DREAM analysis on an investigated accident/incident. Below, the accident model will be given more detailed descriptions. After this follows a description of the classification scheme, and then comes the analysis process, including example cases and recommendations for how to do the categorisation in certain typical scenarios.
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| 36. |
- Löcken, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Accessible Automated Automotive Workshop Series (A3WS) : International Perspective on Inclusive External Human-Machine Interfaces
- 2022
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Ingår i: AutomotiveUI '22. - New York, NY, USA : ACM.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fact that automated vehicles will be part of road traffic raises the question of how human road users, like bicyclists or pedestrians, would safely interact with them. Research has proposed external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) for automated vehicles as a potential solution. Concept prototypes and evaluations so far have mainly focused on young, healthy adults and people without disabilities, such as visual impairments. For a “one-for-all” holistic, inclusive solution, however, further target groups like children, seniors, or people with (other) special needs will have to be considered. In this workshop, we bring together researchers, experts, and practitioners working on eHMIs to broaden our perspective on inclusiveness. We aim to identify aspects of inclusive eHMI design that can be universal and tailored to any culture and will focus on discussing methods, tools, and scenarios for inclusive communication.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Löcken, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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WeCARe : Workshop on Inclusive Communication between Automated Vehicles and Vulnerable Road Users
- 2020
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Ingår i: Extended Abstracts - 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services: Expanding the Horizon of Mobile Interaction, MobileHCI 2020. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automated vehicles are expected to become a part of the road traffic in the near future. This upcoming change raises concerns on how human road users, e.g., cyclists or pedestrians, would interact with them to ensure safe communication on the road. Previous work focused primarily on the scenario in which a young adult without impairments crosses a street in front of an automated vehicle. Several road user groups, such as children, seniors, or people with special needs, in roles of pedestrians and cyclists, are not considered in this scenario. On top of this, cultural differences are rarely considered. To ensure that future traffic is safe and accessible for all citizens, we aim to address inclusive communication between automated vehicles and vulnerable road users. In this workshop, we will discuss and exchange methods, tools, and scenarios applicable for inclusive communication, identify the most relevant research gaps, and connect people for future collaborations.
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| 39. |
- Malmsten Lundgren, Victor, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Will There Be New Communication Needs When Introducing Automated Vehicles to the Urban Context?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319416816 - 9783319416823 ; , s. 485-497
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In today’s encounters with vehicles, pedestrians are often dependent on cues in drivers’ behavior such as eye contact, postures, and gestures. With an increased level of automation, and the transfer of control from the driver to the vehicle, the pedestrians cannot rely on such cues anymore. The question is: will there be new communication needs to warrant safe interactions with automated vehicles? This question is addressed by exploring pedestrians’ willingness to cross the street and their emotional state in encounters with a seemingly automated vehicle. The results show that pedestrians’ willingness to cross the street decrease with an inattentive driver. Eye contact with the driver on the other hand leads to calm interaction between vehicle and pedestrian. In conclusion, to sustain perceived safety when eye contact is discarded due to vehicle automation, it could be beneficial to provide pedestrians with the corresponding information in some other way (e.g., by means of an external vehicle interface).
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| 40. |
- Moore, Dylan, et al.
(författare)
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Wizards of WOZ : Using controlled and field studies to evaluate AV-pedestrian interactions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Adjunct Proceedings - 11th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, AutomotiveUI 2019. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. - 9781450369206 ; , s. 45-49
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interactions between autonomous vehicles (AV) and pedestrians remain an ongoing area of research within the AutoUI community and beyond. Given the challenge of conducting studies to understand and prototype these interactions, we propose a combined full-day workshop and tutorial on how to conduct field experiments and controlled experiments using Wizard-of-Oz (WoZ) protocols. We will discuss strengths and weaknesses of these approaches based on practical experiences and describe challenges we have faced. After diving into the intricacies of different experiment designs, we will encourage participants to engage in hands-on exercises that will explore new ways to answer future research questions. © 2019 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s).
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| 41. |
- Olstam, Johan, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic bus lanes in Sweden – a pre-study : PROVDYK – Final report
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dynamic bus lanes are only dedicated for buses when and where the buses need them, and otherwise open for all vehicles to use. This report presents the results from a pre-study, investigating the potential that dynamic bus lanes could have as a priority measure for public transport in a Swedish context. Knowledge of situations in which dynamic bus lanes have the highest potential, and their implementation requirements is scarce. It is moreover uncertain how they would affect traffic safety, level of service, user experience, travel time and delays for other vehicles.A workshop was conducted within this pre-study in order to further investigate plausible user experiences. The results indicate that:bus drivers’ stress levels could be reducedthe relative attractiveness of travelling by bus might risethat motorists probably would experience the introduction of dynamic bus lanes as neither good nor bad, as long as the system is fairly intuitiveTechnical solutions for implementing dynamic bus lanes exist. A dynamic bus lane system would require development of a system control unit and integration with bus sensors, sensors for traffic flow measurement, variable message signs (to inform road users of the current status of the dynamic bus lane) and traffic signals. The overall conclusion form the pre-study is that dynamic bus lanes could be a useful complementary priority measure for public transport vehicles in Sweden, especially when dedicated bus lanes are not feasible or desirable.
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| 42. |
- Sahin, Hatice, et al.
(författare)
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Workshop on Prosocial Behavior in Future Mixed Traffic
- 2021
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Ingår i: Adjunct Proceedings. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ; , s. 167-170
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prosocial Behaviorĝmeans cooperating and acting in a way to benefit others. Since more and more diverse road users (such as electronic bicycles, scooters, etc.) but also vehicles at different levels of automation are sharing the safety-critical road environment, acting prosocial will become increasingly important in the future for both human and automated traffic participants. A few papers so far have already begun to address this issue, but currently, there exist no systematic methodological approaches to research this area. In the proposed workshop, we plan to define more specifically what characterizes prosocial behavior in future traffic scenarios where automated and manual vehicles meet and interact with all kinds of vulnerable road users. We further want to identify important scenarios and discuss potential evaluation methods for researching prosocial behavior. Ultimately, these findings will be integrated into a research agenda actively pursued by cooperation initiated during this event.
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| 43. |
- Strandén, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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AstaZero - kommunikationsbehov V2X
- 2013
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- This report shows the current need for wireless V2X communication equipment (vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure) for the evaluation of cooperative systems at the AstaZero proving ground. The work has been conducted within the project EQUIPP which is a collaboration between SP Technical Research institute of Sweden and Viktoria Swedish ICT and funded by RISE (Research institutes of Sweden).
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| 44. |
- Söderman, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Use cases and high-level requirements for safe interactions between automated delivery vehicles and human operators in a terminal
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Small electric Autonomous Delivery Vehicles (ADV) can play an important role in future logistic chains under the last mile deliveries. In terminals where ADV are loaded with goods it is important that the interactions between the ADVS and the goods handling personnel is safe. Two workshops with developers of self-driving vehicles, researchers in the area of human-machine interaction and goods handling personnel form Postnord were conducted to identify challenges, needs and requirements regarding the design of ADV and the terminals för ADV. Due to COVID19, the workshops were carried out online and a video was shown to the participants demonstrating an ADV operating in a location representing a terminal. The two main objectives for this study were to gain understanding of the interactions between the ADV and human operators in the terminal and to identify high-level functional requirements for safe and efficient deployment of ADVs in terminals. The identified use cases related to (i) the ADV’s operations in the terminal, from entering to leaving the terminal and (ii) use cases where human operators interacted with the ADV, e.g. for loading/unloading goods. For each use case a high-level functional requirement was formulated. Human operators will most likely have important roles in delivery chains with ADV, such as loading and unloading of goods, as well as managing problems the ADV cannot solve. Consequently, how to design the human - ADV interactions will be critical from safety and efficiency points of view.
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| 45. |
- Tabone, Wilbert, et al.
(författare)
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Vulnerable road users and the coming wave of automated vehicles: Expert perspectives
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-1982. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automated driving research over the past decades has mostly focused on highway environments. Recent technological developments have drawn researchers and manufacturers to look ahead at introducing automated driving in cities. The current position paper examines this challenge from the viewpoint of scientific experts. Sixteen Human Factors researchers were interviewed about their personal perspectives on automated vehicles (AVs) and the interaction with VRUs in the future urban environment. Aspects such as smart infrastructure, external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs), and the potential of augmented reality (AR) were addressed during the interviews. The interviews showed that the researchers believed that fully autonomous vehicles will not be introduced in the coming decades and that intermediate levels of automation, specific AV services, or shared control will be used instead. The researchers foresaw a large role of smart infrastructure and expressed a need for AV-VRU segregation, but were concerned about corresponding costs and maintenance requirements. The majority indicated that eHMIs will enhance future AV-VRU interaction, but they noted that implicit communication will remain dominant and advised against text-based and instructive eHMIs. AR was commended for its potential in assisting VRUs, but given the technological challenges, its use, for the time being, was believed to be limited to scientific experiments. The present expert perspectives may be instrumental to various stakeholders and researchers concerned with the relationship between VRUs and AVs in future urban traffic.
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| 46. |
- Thill, Serge, et al.
(författare)
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Driver adherence to recommendations from support systems improves if the systems explain why they are given : A simulator study
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 56, s. 420-435
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a large-scale simulator study on driver adherence to recommendations given by driver support systems, specifically eco-driving support and navigation support. 123 participants took part in this study, and drove a vehicle simulator through a pre-defined environment for a duration of approximately 10 min. Depending on the experimental condition, participants were either given no eco-driving recommendations, or a system whose provided support was either basic (recommendations were given in the form of an icon displayed in a manner that simulates a heads-up display) or informative (the system additionally displayed a line of text justifying its recommendations). A navigation system that likewise provided either basic or informative support, depending on the condition, was also provided. Effects are measured in terms of estimated simulated fuel savings as well as engine braking/coasting behaviour and gear change efficiency. Results indicate improvements in all variables. In particular, participants who had the support of an eco-driving system spent a significantly higher proportion of the time coasting. Participants also changed gears at lower engine RPM when using an eco-driving support system, and significantly more so when the system provided justifications. Overall, the results support the notion that providing reasons why a support system puts forward a certain recommendation improves adherence to it over mere presentation of the recommendation. Finally, results indicate that participants’ driving style was less eco-friendly if the navigation system provided justifications but the eco-system did not. This may be due to participants considering the two systems as one whole rather than separate entities with individual merits. This has implications for how to design and evaluate a given driver support system since its effectiveness may depend on the performance of other systems in the vehicle.
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| 47. |
- Zhao, Lin, 1995-, et al.
(författare)
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Driving Experience and Behavior Change in Remote Driving : An Explorative Experimental Study
- 2024
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 2379-8858 .- 2379-8904. ; 9:2, s. 3754-3767
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Remote driving plays an essential role in coordinating automated vehicles in some challenging situations. Due to the changed driving environment, the experiences and behaviors of remote drivers would undergo some changes compared to conventional drivers. To study this, a continuous real-life and remote driving experiment is conducted under different driving conditions. In addition, the effect of steering force feedback (SFF) on the driving experience is also investigated. In order to achieve this, three types of SFF modes are compared. According to the results, no SFF significantly worsens the driving experience in both remote and real-life driving. Additionally, less force and returnability on steering wheel are needed in remote driving, and the steering force amplitude appears to influence the steering velocity of remote drivers. Furthermore, there is an increase in lane following deviation during remote driving. Remote drivers are also prone to driving at lower speeds and have a higher steering reversal rate. They also give larger steering angle inputs when crossing the cones in a slalom manoeuvre and cause the car to experience larger lateral acceleration. These findings provide indications on how to design SFF and how driving behavior and experience change in remote driving.
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| 48. |
- Zhao, Lin, et al.
(författare)
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Remote Driving of Road Vehicles : A Survey of Driving Feedback, Latency, Support Control, and Real Applications
- 2024
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles. - : IEEE. - 2379-8858 .- 2379-8904.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This literature survey explores the domain of remote driving of road vehicles within autonomous vehicles, focusing on challenges and state-of-the-art solutions related to driving feedback, latency, support control, as well as remote driving platform and real applications. The advancement towards Level-5 autonomy faces challenges, including sensor reliability and diverse scenario feasibility. Currently, remote driving is identified as vital for commercialization, however, it comes with challenges like low situational awareness, latency, and a lack of comprehensive feedback mechanisms. Solutions proposed include enhancing visual feedback, developing haptic feedback, employing prediction techniques, and use control methods to support driver. This paper reviews the existing literature on remote driving in these fields, revealing research gaps and areas for future studies. Additionally, this paper reviews the industry applications of remote driving and shows the state-of-art use cases.
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