| 1. |
- Hadjikhani, Amjad, et al.
(författare)
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Internationalisation process in turbulent and stable markets: Do firms know that they do not know?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal for Global Business Advancement. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1746-966X .- 1746-9678. ; 6:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The view of foreign market commitment in the internationalisation process is constructed on the assumption of firms' experiential knowledge. Firms know that they do not know and seek for knowledge through the experience. The paper is based on the view that firms sometimes do not know that they do not know. It raises the question: if international firms can really gather knowledge about the future, why then do they always face critical problems? Unlike the view of studies on the internationalisation process that firms 'know what they do not know', this paper is concerned with the unknown. It discusses the idea that firms in their foreign market relationships do not know that they do not know; therefore their commitment always faces crises. With this theoretical assumption, the paper presents one case study. The process of internationalisation of a Swedish firm is analysed to examine the connection between knowledge and commitment.
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| 2. |
- Hadjikhani, Amjad, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Internationalization - Do They Know That They Don't Know?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Advances in Global Research. - Ajman.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The view of foreign market commitment in internationalization process is constructed on the assumption of firms’ knowledge seeking. Uncertainty is reduced by knowledge grounding foreign market commitment. Firms know that they do not know and seek for knowledge through experience or interactions. Incrementality hold stable market and knowledge change. The paper stands on the view that firms do not know that they do not know. It raises the simple question of if international firms’ can really reach knowledge on future why then do they always face with critical problems. Different to the view in internationalization process that firms ‘know what they do not know’; this paper is concerned with the unknown. It discuss that firms’ in their foreign market do not know that they do not know and thereforetheir commitment always face with crises when the market change is drastic. With this theoretical assumption paper presents one case study. The process of internationalization of a Swedish firm is analysed to examine the connection between the knowledge and commitment.
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| 3. |
- Hadjikhani, Amjad, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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The internationalization process model : A proposed view of firms' regular incremental and irregular non-incremental behaviour
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 23:1, s. 155-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Commitment in the internationalization process model (IP-model) is challenged by the search for knowledge through experience and interactions. Critics opposing this logic even forced the founder of the model to call for the need for integration of other elements in order to understand irregular behaviour like rapid internationalization, loss of commitment and market exit. Aligned with this call, the paper raises the question of how the IP-model can be applied to analyse both regular/incremental and irregular/non-incremental behaviour of the firms. To reach an answer, the paper proposes a theoretical view by adding expectation and unknown uncertainty to the IP-model and examines this in a case study. The contribution is a further development of the IP-model by merging these two concepts that provide tools for understanding irregular behaviour. The paper analyses a Swedish firm's internationalization in different foreign markets for the period of 1995-2009. Conclusions support the understanding of how the model can describe regular incremental and irregular non-incremental commitment behaviour.
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| 4. |
- Annoch, Hadjikhani, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Changing Regulatory Environments on Bank Executives Strategy Formation
- 2017
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Ingår i: Bank Regulation. - New York : Routledge. - 9781138680500 ; , s. 159-182
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To assure future survival in a constantly changing environment, the executives’ task is to adapt the firm’s strategies according to their expected changes in the environment. Mintzberg (1978) describes this process as the interplay between environmental changes and organizational adaptation mediated by executive decision-making. For the executives in an internationalizing firm, the process of strategy formation is becoming increasingly complex, as it includes changes in several environments formed by foreign markets (Ghauri and Holstius 1996). The Uppsala internationalization process (IP) model (Johanson and Vahlne 1977, 1990) explains the firm’s internationalization process as driven by the firm’s strive for gaining market knowledge through experiential learning and allocate the firm’s resources to build market commitment. In this vein the specificity in the general conditions of the environment is held at the country level and often only rudimentarily defined. The environment is commonly assumed to be uncontrollable by the single firm, meaning that decisions in the internationalization process are reactive to the environment and occurring changes therein (Håkansson and Snehota 1989; Johanson and Vahlne 1977). Problems and opportunities are thereby instigators for the executives’ decisions that follow an ‘evaluation of alternatives [which] is based on some knowledge about relevant parts of the market environment and about performance of various activities’ (Johanson and Vahlne 1977, p. 27). The purpose of this chapter is thereby to study when and how regulatoryenvironments in general or in specific foreign local markets affect executives’strategy formation in the internationalization process of firms. Afterthe introduction, a theoretical discussion building a conceptual model forexplaining executive strategy formation in a firm’s internationalization processis presented.
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| 5. |
- Ghauri, Pervez, et al.
(författare)
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The Internationalisation of Swedish Banks and Their Business Networks : Push Versus Pull Strategies
- 2016
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Ingår i: Extending the Business Network Approach. - London : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9781137537638 ; , s. 121-137
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Constrained by both domestic and foreign regulations, Swedish banks’ operations have historically primarily occurred in Sweden (Engwall 1992). National regulations only allowed minor operations in foreign markets, whilst internationally, other countries did not permit foreign banking ventures. The Swedish banks’ choices and possibilities for internationalisation were clearly constrained. Since the 1990s conditions have changed due to foreign and domestic deregulation, allowing Swedish banks to broaden their foreign ownership and expand internationally, often following their corporate customers to global markets (Marquardt 1994). To deepen our understanding on banks’ internationalisation, this chapter seeks to explore how their relationships with existing and potential corporate customers and, in turn, their business network, might influence the internationalisation process.
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| 6. |
- Hadjikhani, Annoch, Senior lecturer, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Alternating expectations influence on two banks internationalization process
- 2024
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to enhance our knowledge on how executive expectation affect the firm’s internationalisation process, namely, by offering explanations to sudden major investments/ divestments that deviate the process from commonly presumed incrementality. The theoretical view developed in this study is founded upon Johanson and Vahlne’s (1977) internationalisation process model and complemented with the concept of executive expectation. Through a longitudinal comparative case study, enriched with archival data and interviews, this paper emphasises the dynamics of the firm’s internationalisation process. This aids to provide some answers on how changes in the composition of executives, such as the replacement of key personnel, can drive the firm’s internationalisation process into a different path when succeeding executives do not share similar expectations to their predecessors.
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| 7. |
- Hadjikhani, Annoch, Senior lecturer, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Digital love – inviting doubt into therelationship: the duality of digitalization effects on business relationships
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of business & industrial marketing. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0885-8624 .- 2052-1189. ; 36:10, s. 1729-1739
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – This study aims to hypothesize that the implementation of information technology (IT) in industrial business relationships entails bothpositive and negative effects for the relationship’s continuation. The purpose is to study the digitalization of business relationships with a focus oneffects on commitment in context with uncertainty and cooperation.Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses are tested with data from 353 customer relationships in the industrial market. The model suggeststhe impact of IT on business relationship commitment.Findings – The results show that IT use in industrial relationships has a direct impact on commitment, as well as an indirect effect via uncertaintyand cooperation, which both can increase as a result of IT use. When IT use increases uncertainty, it negatively impacts commitment, and when itincreases cooperation, the effect on commitment is positive.Research limitations/implications – IT use in industrial relationships has a direct impact on commitment, as well as an indirect effect viauncertainty and cooperation, which both can increase as a result of IT use. When IT use increases uncertainty, it negatively impacts commitment,and when it increases cooperation, the effect on commitment is positive.Practical implications – Awareness of the effect of IT use and the factors involved entails working with cooperative activities to counteract thenegative impact there may be if the IT leads to increased uncertainty. Companies need to have knowledge regarding the effect of IT use in each oftheir business relationships to manage them according to their given situation.Originality/value – This study contributes to industrial marketing by demonstrating that digitalization can increase uncertainty and cooperation(differently), and they have different effects on commitment, thus that there is a “bright,” as well as “dark” side to it, evident in the businessrelationship dynamics.
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| 8. |
- Hadjikhani, Annoch, 1985-
(författare)
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Expectations in the internationalization process – The case of two Swedish banks’ foreign activities 1995-2010
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Studies of banks’ internationalization are few, particularly of Swedish banks’ and studies holding a process view of internationalization. This is surprising considering the fact that banks’ have an incredibly important role in our societies. Furthermore, the Swedish banks have until recently been restricted from internationalizing. However today the four largest Swedish banks have all become multinational. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze the two Swedish banks Handelsbanken and Swedbank’s internationalization process between the years 1995-2010. This achieved by covering all relevant foreign markets that the banks are active in during their internationalization process in a longitudinal cross-case study based on archival sources (i.e. newspaper articles, press releases and annual reports). The analytical framework is constructed from behavioral theories and follows a process view of firms’ internationalization by applying the concepts of market commitment, market knowledge and expectation. Latterly firms’ expectation is included to take the future dimension into account in understanding firms’ internationalization behavior.Conclusions made in this thesis show that the banks internationalization process has some semblances but otherwise they show completely different internationalization behaviors. The study shows that firms’ internationalization process is bound to what the firm will expect of the future and that this expectation is very different based on what knowledge the firm has and its experience. Furthermore the study evidences through empirical findings that the internationalization process of firms’ is also strongly related to the state of the market, i.e. stable or unstable.
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| 9. |
- Hadjikhani, Annoch Isa, 1985-
(författare)
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Executive expectation in the internationalization process of banks : The study of two Swedish banks foreign activities
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since the late 1980s, deregulation of the banking sector has opened new avenues for the internationalization of banks. There are, however, few studies on the internationalization of banks – particularly Swedish banks. The purpose of this thesis is to deepen our knowledge of bank’s internationalization process by studying how the executive function’s expectation of market conditions influences internationalization patterns. This thesis makes an empirical contribution by describing how the Swedish banks Svenska Handelsbanken AB and Swedbank AB have internationalized during the period 1995-2014. The empirical evidence comprises all of the two banks’ activities in foreign markets and the qualitative cases describing this process have been constructed using archival data (newspaper articles, press releases, and reports) complemented with interviews.Beside the empirical contribution the thesis makes a theoretical contribution to internationalization theory and more specifically to Johanson and Vahlne’s (1977) internationalization process model. While Johanson and Vahlne’s model does have a strong explanatory value, it does not fully explain its mechanisms (Andersen, 1993; Leonidou & Katsikeas, 1996) and only firm’s internationalizing incrementally (Liesch et al., 2002). For explanation of both incremental and non-incremental behaviors this thesis provides a proposed view of bank’s internationalization where the concept of executive expectation is developed as a mediating variable in Johanson and Vahlne’s internationalization process model. To this end, executive expectation is described as the driving and hindering force in bank’s internationalization process influenced by exogenous and endogenous changes.
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| 10. |
- Hadjikhani, Annoch Isa, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Internationalization of Swedish Banks in Russia and the Impact of Political Environment
- 2012. - 28
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Ingår i: International Business and Management. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1876-066X. - 9781780529905 ; 28, s. 173-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter one of few studies made of banks’ internationalization process in emerging markets, focusing on behaviour relating to the political environment is presented. Aiming to understand banks’ behaviour in the Russia, an analytical framework built on the internationalization process model incorporating the impact of political environment is developed. The empirical data in the chapter concern Sweden’s four largest banks’ expansion into the Russian market and is presented in form of an long- itudinal cross-case study with secondary data between years 1990 and 2010, collected retrospectively. The secondary data consist of newspaper articles, annual reports and press releases. Findings show that in stable periods, Swedish banks have followed the pattern of the internationalization process model when expanding into the Russian market. In periods of instability, the banks’ behaviour is heterogenic and can be opportunistic or cautious.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Hadjikhani, Annoch, Senior lecturer, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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International Dynamic Marketing Capability and Foreign Business Network Penetration
- 2024
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on financial (bank) firms’ internationalization. We utilize and integrate literature from international dynamic marketing capability with business network theory. Financial firms in their internationalization quest need to offer competitive services to local customers but local regulations, lack of knowledge of local culture, and language, and other business-level obstacles such as the lack of knowledge about customers and the competitive environment of the target market hamper the path to be able to do so. Therefore, this paper aims to explore how a firm develops international dynamic marketing capability and penetrates foreign markets and networks by absorbing local capabilities into their organization. Based on qualitative case study research. We found that the focal firm already has different marketing capabilities but utilizing their business networks also can absorb local capabilities that enhance their international dynamic marketing capability and penetrate foreign networks.
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| 13. |
- Hadjikhani, Annoch, 1985-
(författare)
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Path-dependence and executive expectations in the internationalizing firm
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Through a cross-case longitudinal study with archival data complemented with interviews this paper emphasizes on the role of the MNCs executive mangers. The aim is to add knowledge on how the executive managers impact on the firm’s internationalization process, namely, the explanation of path-breaking behaviors like rapid or irregular market commitments. The theoretical view developed in this study is erected by the three concepts of commitment, knowledge and expectation. This view aids to provide some answers on how changes in executive management can drive the firm’s internationalization process into a different path when the succeeding executive management does not share similar expectations as the predecessors. This is more likely to occur when the executives arrive externally as it increases the likelihood of dissimilar experiences and thus expectations.
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| 14. |
- Hadjikhani, Annoch, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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‘Steady-as-she-goes’ or by ‘fits and starts’ : On the pivotal effect of executive expectation in the firm’s internationalization process
- 2016
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Annan publikation (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to enhance our knowledge on how executive expectation affect the firm’s internationalisation process, namely, by offering explanations to sudden major investments/ divestments that deviate the process from commonly presumed incrementality. The theoretical view developed in this study is founded upon Johanson and Vahlne’s (1977) internationalisation process model and complemented with the concept of executive expectation. Through a longitudinal comparative case study, enriched with archival data and interviews, this paper emphasises the dynamics of the firm’s internationalisation process. This aids to provide some answers on how changes in the composition of executives, such as the replacement of key personnel, can drive the firm’s internationalisation process into a different path when succeeding executives do not share similar expectations to their predecessors.
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| 15. |
- Hadjikhani, Annoch, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Changing Regulatory Environments on Bank Executives’ Strategy Formation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Bank Regulation. - : Routledge.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The last decades’ of international banking deregulations has spurred Swedish banks to extensive foreign expansion, spreading the scope of their organizations to cover several markets. The different markets where Swedish banks’ currently compete are all characterized by varying conditions for banking operations. The center of attention in this paper is on how regulatory environment have affected bank executives’ strategy formation in the internationalization process. A conceptual model based on the Uppsala internationalization process model is developed to analyze the banks’ internationalization in a long time perspective. One crucial finding is that the strategy formation process must be market specific and the hazards of applying general market knowledge.
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| 16. |
- Lindh, Cecilia, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Digitalization and International Online Sales : Antecedents of Purchase Intent
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of International Consumer Marketing. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0896-1530 .- 1528-7068. ; 32:4, s. 324-335
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper seeks to contribute to the literature on consumers’ online purchasing behavior as an international phenomenon. Specifically, to address consumers’ Internet skills, website perceived ease of use, and website trust as antecedents of purchase intent. With a crossnational dataset of 788 consumers from different countries, five hypotheses are tested, and a model is suggested. The findings highlight that consumers’ Internet skills and website perceived ease of use positively impact purchase intent. Interestingly, trust in the website does not. To overcome the cases where consumers feel a lack of trust, this study highlights the need for website usability and adapting to consumers’ Internet skills. The findings also illustrate that online shopping is a global phenomenon, a finding that was made possible by analyzing a large international dataset. Future studies can benefit from an online international purchasing approach, which takes the internationality of consumers’ purchasing into account.
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| 17. |
- Lindh, Cecilia, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Digitalization in the global sales era : The analysis of a cross-national dataset
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consumers shop increasingly on-line without thinking of national borders. This circumstancehighlights the need to increase the understanding of consumers’ cross-national purchasing and e-commerce. This study focuses on consumers’ online purchasing behaviour, studying consumers’ internet skills, website perceived ease of use and web-trust as antecedents of purchase intent. By analysing a cross-national data set of 788 consumers from different countries, the results show that consumers which make online-purchases are skilled internet- users. Moreover, the lack of trust that consumers may feel when making online-purchases, canbe lessened by a website’s perceived ease of use. The results have implications for future studiesabout e-commerce as an international phenomenon.
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