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- Axelsson, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Thoughts on death and dying when living with haemodialysis approaching end of life
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Nursing. - : Wiley. - 0962-1067 .- 1365-2702. ; 21:15-16, s. 2149-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe inner thoughts and feelings relating to death and dying when living with haemodialysis approaching end of life.BACKGROUND: Patients who undergo maintenance haemodialysis suffer a significant symptom burden and an impaired quality of life. The high mortality rate in these patients indicates that about one-fourth of them are in their last year of life, suggesting the presence of death and dying in the haemodialysis unit.DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive design was used. Methods. A total of 31 qualitative interviews were conducted with eight patients (aged 66-87) over a period of 12 months. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse data.RESULTS: The analysis revealed 10 subthemes that were sorted into three main themes. Being aware that death may be near comprises being reminded of death and dying by the deteriorating body, by the worsening conditions and deaths of fellow patients, and by knowing haemodialysis treatment as a border to death. Adapting to approaching death comprises looking upon death as natural, preparing to face death, hoping for a quick death and repressing thoughts of death and dying. Being alone with existential thoughts comprises a wish to avoid burdening family, lack of communication with healthcare professionals and reflections on haemodialysis withdrawal as an hypothetic option.CONCLUSIONS: Living with haemodialysis approaching, the end of life involves significant and complex existential issues and suffering, and patients are often alone with their existential thoughts.RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nurses and other healthcare professionals in haemodialysis settings need to combine technical and medical abilities with committed listening and communication skills and be open to talking about death and dying, with sensitivity to individual and changeable needs.
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| 2. |
- Hagelin, Niclas, 1969-
(författare)
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Empirical essays on financial markets, firms, and derivatives
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of five self-contained studies. The first three investigate the impact of derivatives on the markets for the underlying assets, while the other two examine how and why firms use derivatives. A summary of each of the five studies follows.The first study investigates the relationship between option market activity and cash market volatility on the OMX index. The main concern is whether index option market activity affects the volatility of the underlying market. Option market activity is defined as trading volume divided by open interest, and both total option market activity as well as option market activity broken down by calls and puts is examined. The study contributes by investigating empirical evidence relating to two time periods, each with different market conditions. The results suggest that put option market activity, in contrast to call option market activity, influenced the cash market volatility and that the influence was different for the two periods investigated. However, the findings also indicated that a documented effect of option market activity on cash market volatility can be difficult to interpret.The second study examines expiration day effects of index futures and options on the Swedish market. The expiration day effect arises from the cash settlement procedure that is used to avoid the problems associated with physical delivery. Instead, the cash settlement procedure has reportedly been associated with arbitrageurs scrambling to unwind their arbitrage positions. While the results for the period 1988-1998 indicate that trading volumes on the cash market were significantly higher on expiration days than on other days, no evidence is found suggesting that price distortions occurred. This could be due to the longer settlement period on the Swedish market, compared with that on the Canadian, German, and the US markets, where price distortions have been documented. However, some price distortion may have been experienced for the first half of the sample period, and the cause of this finding is discussed.The third study investigates the impact of warrant and stock option introductions on the Swedish market. The results suggest that warrant introductions have no real effect on the underlying stock. The evidence indicates, on average, that no significant impact occurs on the price, volatility, bid-ask spread, trading volume, or number of actual trading days of the underlying stocks in the year following the warrant introduction. In contrast, the introduction of stock options is found to have a positive effect on the underlying stocks (i.e., volatility and bid-ask spreads are found to decrease). The finding that the introduction of warrants did not result in any changes in the investigated variables for the underlying stocks can be a result of infrequent trading in the warrants.The fourth study provides survey evidence on the use of derivatives among Swedish nonfinancial firms. The evidence for the Swedish firms is also compared with earlier findings for the US and New Zealand. The results show that (1) firms in Sweden used derivatives to the same extent as firms in New Zealand did, but to a larger extent than US firms did; (2) the usage of derivatives was more common among larger than among smaller firms; (3) the principal use of derivatives was for hedging purposes and those firms that engaged in speculative activity tended to be larger rather than smaller firms; and (4) lack of knowledge about derivatives within the firm was the issue of most concern for financial directors.The fifth and last study examines why widely held firms engage in hedging activities. The study contributes to the previous research by not only examining firm characteristics associated with use of currency derivatives in general, but also by analyzing the type of foreign exchange exposure that is hedged. More specifically, the association between firm characteristics and hedging of translation exposure and transaction exposure is investigated. This is of interest since translation exposure and transaction exposure tend to affect firms differently. The results show that transaction exposure hedging with currency derivatives was related to variables that represent indirect costs of financial distress and the underinvestment problem associated with costly external financing. Notably, translation exposure hedging with currency derivatives was unrelated to these proxy variables. The results suggest that firms hedge transaction exposure with currency derivatives to increase firm value, while there was no evidence that translation exposure hedges are used for that reason.
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| 3. |
- Henoch, Ingela, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Undergraduate nursing students' attitudes and preparedness toward caring for dying persons – A longitudinal study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nurse Education in Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 1471-5953 .- 1873-5223. ; 26, s. 12-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nursing education needs to prepare students for care of dying patients. The aim of this study was to describe the development of nursing students' attitudes toward caring for dying patients and their perceived preparedness to perform end-of-life care. A longitudinal study was performed with 117 nursing students at six universities in Sweden. The students completed the Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale (FATCOD) questionnaire at the beginning of first and second year, and at the end of third year of education. After education, the students completed questions about how prepared they felt by to perform end-of-life care. The total FATCOD increased from 126 to 132 during education. Five weeks' theoretical palliative care education significantly predicted positive changes in attitudes toward caring for dying patients. Students with five weeks' theoretical palliative care training felt more prepared and supported by the education to care for a dying patient than students with shorter education. A minority felt prepared to take care of a dead body or meet relatives. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Lundh Hagelin, Carina, et al.
(författare)
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Factors influencing attitude toward care of dying patients in first-year nursing students.
- 2016
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Ingår i: International journal of palliative nursing. - : Mark Allen Group. - 1357-6321 .- 2052-286X. ; 22:1, s. 28-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To describe Swedish first-year undergraduate nursing students' attitudes toward care of dying patients. Possible influences such as age, earlier care experiences, care education, experiences of meeting dying patients and place of birth were investigated.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Melin-Johansson, Christina, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Undergraduate nursing students' transformational learning during clinical training
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Palliative Nursing. - : Mark Allen Group. - 1357-6321 .- 2052-286X. ; 24:4, s. 184-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Undergraduate nursing students encounter patients at the end of life during their clinical training. They need to confront dying and death under supportive circumstances in order to be prepared for similar situations in their future career. Aim: To explore undergraduate nursing students' descriptions of caring situations with patients at the end of life during supervised clinical training. Methods: A qualitative study using the critical incident technique was chosen. A total of 85 students wrote a short text about their experiences of caring for patients at the end of life during their clinical training. These critical incident reports were then analysed using deductive and inductive content analysis. Findings: The theme 'students' transformational learning towards becoming a professional nurse during clinical training' summarises how students relate to patients and relatives, interpret the transition from life to death, feel when caring for a dead body and learn end-of-life caring actions from their supervisors. Implications: As a preparation for their future profession, students undergoing clinical training need to confront death and dying while supported by trained supervisors and must learn how to communicate about end-of-life issues and cope with emotional stress and grief.
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