| 1. |
- Boström, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Design proposal of electrical system for linear generator wave power plants
- 2009
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Ingår i: 35TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS. - : IEEE. - 9781424446483 - 9781424446506 ; , s. 4180-4185
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes an electrical system layout for a wave power plant connecting linear generators to the grid. The electrical power out from the wave energy converters must be converted before they can be connected to the grid. The conversion is carried out in marine substations that will be placed on the seabed.The paper presents experimental power data from a wave energy converter that has been in operation at the Lysekil research site since March 2006. Moreover, results and analyses from experiments and simulations from tests with the generator connected to a rectifier and filter are presented. A simulation is made to show the difference between having the generator connected to a linear load and a nonlinear load, which would be the case when the generator is connected to the grid.
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| 2. |
- Haikonen, Kalle, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics of the Operational Noise from Full Scale Wave Energy Converters in the Lysekil Project : Estimation of Potential Environmental Impacts
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 6:5, s. 2562-2582
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wave energy conversion is a clean electric power production technology. During operation there are no emissions in the form of harmful gases. However there are unsolved issues considering environmental impacts such as: electromagnetism; the artificial reef effect and underwater noise. Anthropogenic noise is increasing in the oceans worldwide and wave power will contribute to this sound pollution in the oceans; but to what extent? The main purpose of this study was to examine the noise emitted by a full scale operating Wave Energy Converter (WEC) in the Lysekil project at Uppsala University in Sweden. A minor review of the hearing capabilities of fish and marine mammals is presented to aid in the conclusions of impact from anthropogenic sound. A hydrophone was deployed to the seabed in the Lysekil research site park at distance of 20 and 40 m away from two operational WECs. The measurements were performed in the spring of 2011. The results showed that the main noise was a transient noise with most of its energy in frequencies below 1 kHz. These results indicate that several marine organisms (fish and mammals) will be able to hear the operating WECs of a distance of at least 20 m.
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| 3. |
- Haikonen, Kalle
(författare)
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Environmental Impact from Wave Energy Converters : Underwater Noise
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wave energy conversion is a potentially clean and sustainable form ofenergy conversion with no emissions of gases or liquids during operation.There are other environmental issues that need to be taken in consideration.The deployment of a wave power farm will contribute with new surface formarine organisms to colonize. Submerged structures attract marineorganisms, both sessile and mobile. This has been observed on thegenerators in Lysekil project, this is called reef effect. Several marineorganisms have sensory systems that allows them detect electromagnetism.If the electromagnetism in the generators and sea cables will have an impacton these organisms is yet to be studied. Underwater noise is another topicthat needs to be concerned. This thesis presents a study on underwater noisefrom a full scale Wave Energy Converter (WEC) in the Lysekil Project.A hydrophone measured the underwater noise emitted from operatingdirect driven linear Wave Energy Converters in the spring of 2011. The mainpurpose was to study the emitted noise from an operating WEC, to determinecharacteristics such as spectrum levels, Sound Pressure Level (SPL), pulseduration and repetition rate.The results showed that the main noise is a transient noise with most of itsenergy in frequencies below 1 kHz. These results indicate that severalmarine organisms (fish and mammals) will be able to hear the operatingWECs. Although no behavioural reactions or injuries due to high soundpressure levels (SPLs) are expected.
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| 4. |
- Haikonen, Kalle, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Hydroacoustic measurements of the radiated noise from Wave Energy Converters in the Lysekil project and project WESA
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings UA 2013. - 9786188072503 ; , s. 199-209
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Field measurements of the hydroacoustic noise from Wave Energy Converters (WECs) in the Lysekil project at Uppsala University and the Project WESA (joint effort between Uppsala University (Lead Partner), Ålands Teknikkluster r.f. and University of Turku) are presented. Anthropogenic noise is increasing in the oceans world wide and wave energy conversion may contribute to this noise, but to what extent? The main objective in this study is to examine the noise from full scale operating WECs in the Lysekil and project WESA. Acoustic measurements were made in order to be able to estimate potential environmental impact. Submersible recording devices (SRD) were deployed at 1 m from WECs at a depth of approximately 24 meters. Both WECs are a full scale point absorber with a directly driven linear generator, placed on gravitation foundations at the seabed with a connected buoy at the surface that absorbs energy from the heaving waves. The SRDs used to measure the noise from the WECs, consists of a SM2-recorder from Wildlife Acoustics and hydrophones from High Tech Inc. (HTI 96 MIN and HTI 99 HF). Measurements at in the Lysekil project were carried out in the spring of 2013 and in the project WESA in Jan-Feb of 2012. Preliminary results show that the main operating noise radiated from the WEC are short transients with instant rise time when the translator moves past the stator and when the stator hits the end stop springs of the generator. Most of the power in the noise is between 20 – 1000 Hz.
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| 5. |
- Haikonen, Kalle
(författare)
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Marint mikroskopiskt skräp längs Skånes kust
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Marint skräp uppmärksammas allt mer av våra myndigheter, media och av allmänheten. Problemets omfattning tas på så stort allvar att marint skräp har utsetts som en av elva deskriptorer som används för att beskriva god havsmiljö i havsmiljödirektivet (2008/56/EG). Marint skräp omfattar enligt direktivet alla storleksfraktioner och alla typer av material som har mänskligt ursprung, d.v.s. som är antropogena. Skräp som förekommer i havet påverkar både de djur som lever i havet men också människor som vistas vid havet och de som får sin inkomst från havet genom exempelvis fiske och turism. Djuren i havet påverkas på flera sätt av skräp, de kan trassla in sig i skräpet och skadas eller strypas eller så får de försämrade möjligheter att söka föda. Det är också många djurarter som äter upp skräp vilket kan leda till en minskad tillväxt men också att djuret avlider om mängden skräp är för stor. Några av de djurarter som har visat sig äta upp skräp är fåglar, små valar och havssköldpaddor. Vid svenska västkusten har man exempelvis påträffat textilfibrer på gälarna hos blåmusslor. Enligt en artikel från 2015 är antalet marina djur som hittills har påträffats med skräp 693 stycken). Ett annat problem med skräp är att det finns en risk för att vissa skräptyper skulle kunna läcka ut giftiga kemikalier. Plastprodukter kan exempelvis innehålla giftiga additiv som mjukgörare och flamskyddsmedel. Det har också visat sig att engångsprodukter som omslagspapper till mat kan innehålla svårnedbrytbara och skadliga polyfluorerade föreningar. Vägdamm kan innehålla en mängd olika skadliga ämnen som polyaromatiska kolväten och olika metaller. Polyaromatiska kolväten förekommer i fordonsavgaser men också i däck- och asfaltspartiklar, och metaller kommer från bland annat avgaser och förslitning av däck och bilbromsar. This report is only available in Swedish. English summary is available in the report.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Haikonen, Kalle, 1978-
(författare)
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Underwater radiated noise from direct driven Wave Energy Converters: Sound Pressure Levels in relation to Significant Wave Height and Wave Steepness
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The operation of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) will add to the anthropogenic impact on the marine environment. Underwater radiated noise is one suggested impact. To estimate if there might be an impact on the environment, the noise must be characterized. Noise from two full scale WECs was measured in 2013. The purpose of this study was to examine the change in noise levels from the WECs in different significant wave heights and wave Steepness, propagation loss and the significance of a noise dampening feature. Noise was measured simultaneously at two distances (1m and 150 m). Noise levels at 1m varied between 108-143 dB re 1 µParms in Hs 0.09-2.84m. The noise dampening feature had a significant impact on the noise levels. Noise levels increased logarithmically in relation to Hs and linearly in relation to α2. α2 was found to be an uncertain variable when used alone to estimate noise levels.
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| 9. |
- Haikonen, Kalle, 1978-
(författare)
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Underwater radiated noise from Point Absorbing Wave Energy Converters : Noise Characteristics and Possible Environmental Effects
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The conversion of wave energy into electrical energy has the potential to become a clean and sustainable form of renewable energy conversion. However, like all forms of energy conversion it will inevitably have an impact on the marine environment, although not in the form of emissions of hazardous substances (gases, oils or chemicals associated with anticorrosion). Possible environmental issues associated with wave energy conversion include electromagnetic fields, alteration of sedimentation and hydrologic regimes and underwater radiated noise.Underwater noise has the potential to propagate over long distances and thus have the potential to disturb marine organisms far away from the noise source. There is great variation in the ability to perceive sound between marine organisms, one sound that is clearly audible to one species can be completely inaudible to another. Thus, to be able to determine potential environmental impact from WECs associated with underwater noise, the noise radiated from the WECs must be known. This thesis presents results from studies on the underwater radiated noise from four different full-scale WECs in the Lysekil Wave Power Project.Hydrophones were used to measure the underwater radiated noise from operating point absorbing linear WECs. The main purpose was to study the radiated noise from the operating WECs with emphasis on characteristics such as spectrum levels, Sound Pressure Level (SPL), noise duration and repetition rate. This to be able to determine the origin of the noise and if possible, implement design changes to minimize radiated noise.The results identified two main operational noises (transients with the bulk of the energy in frequencies <1 kHz). The SPL of the radiated noise fluctuated significantly, depending on wave height. Broadband SPLrms of the measurements ranged between ~110 dB and ~140 dB re 1 µPa and SPLpeak of specific noises ranges between ~140 and ~180 dB re µPa. Audibility was estimated range from 1km to 15 km depending critically on species and on assumptions of propagation loss. The noise is not expected to have any negative effects on behaviour or mask any signals, unless in the vicinity (<150m) of the WECs in significant wave heights. No physical damage, even in close vicinity are expected on either fish or marine mammals.Having the aim to have as little impact on the environment a possible, these studies are important. This way precautions can be implemented early in the technical development of this kind of renewable energy converters. The benefits from the WECs the Lysekil wave power project are believed to outweigh possible environmental impacts due to underwater radiated noise.
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| 10. |
- Hassellöv, Martin, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Marint mikroskopiskt skräp längs Bohuskusten 2015 - i jämförelse med tidigare studier 2013 och 2014
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Prover för mikroskopiskt skräp togs i november 2015 på 14 lokaler längs västkusten på uppdrag av Länsstyrelsen i Västra Götalands län och rapporteras här i detalj tillsammans med jämförelser från tidigare provtagningstillfällen (december 2013, april 2014 och december 2014) på samma lokaler. Syftet har varit att mäta halter och karaktärisera mikroskopiskt skräp samt undersöka lämpliga metodval för eventuella framtida övervakningsprogram. •Halter och karaktär av mikroskräp varierade stort beroende på vilken provtagnings- och filtreringsmetod som användes. Undersökningen 2015noterade ca 100 000 gånger högre halter av mikroskräpspartiklar frånytvattenprover på ett filter med storlek 10 μm (0,01 mm) jämfört med 300μm (0,3 mm) siktduk som användes vid trålning i havsytan. •Antalet antropogena (av mänskligt ursprung) partiklar som fastnade på 300μm filter varierade från ca. 0.1 till ca. 10 partiklar/m3 havsvatten oTill skillnad från tidigare provtagningar med 300μm som utförtsmed pump strax under havsytan så gav detta års trålprovtagning ejlika dominerande inslag av fibrer, utan plastpartiklar och fibreråterfanns i jämförbar förekomst. oHalterna 2015 var i samma storleksordning som tidigarerapporterats för svenska kustvatten. Dock hade fördelningen mellanplastpartiklar och syntetiska fibrer förskjutits mot plastpartiklarvilket kan förklaras mot systematiska skillnader i tidigareprovtagningsmetodik. •I proverna som togs med 10 μm filter återfanns i genomsnitt ca. 38mikroskräpspartiklar per liter (exkl. svarta och röda) vilket var en vissökning från tidigare provtagningar (18/l dec 2013 och april 2014 samt 9/ldec 2014). oEn högre förekomst av röda partiklar (58 partiklar/liter) uppmättes.Kemiska analyser visade dock att flertalet av de röda partiklarnabestod av järnoxider; dvs ej nödvändigtvis dominerat av partiklarfrån båtbottenfärg som tidigare antagits. Endast en mindre andelröda partiklar kan härröra från polymert ursprung. Därmed har rödapartiklar inte räknats in i samlingsbegreppet mikroskräp. oHalterna av potentiella förbränningspartiklar på 10 μm filter varmycket höga i Göteborgsområdet, Stenungsund samt Brofjorden.Genomsnittligt antal i Göteborgsområdet var ca. 3000 partiklar perliter. Medelhalten för alla stationer var cirka 1800 partiklar per liter. oSyntetfibrer och naturfibrer förekom i högst halter i Danafjord,Åstol, Galterön och Stretudden vilket troligtvis kan härledas tillutsläpp från avloppsreningsverk i närheten till provtagningspunkterna. • Resultaten pekar såväl i år som tidigare år på att stadsmiljön är en viktig källa till marint mikroskopiskt skräp. Källor kan vara från kommunala avlopp, dagvatten från vägar och stadsytor, industrier samt olika former av förbränning. • Förekomst av mikroskopiska skräppartiklar undersöktes i utgående vatten från fyra kommunala avloppsreningsverk (ARV): Uddevalla, Strömstad, Stenungsund och Skärhamn. För undersökningen kunde följande noteras; o Antalet uppmätta mikroskräppartiklar uppgick till mellan ca 10 och 80 partiklar per kubikmeter utgående vatten, med lägst antal partiklar i Skansverket (Uddevalla) och mest partiklar i Stenungsund. Dagarna innan provtagning i Stenungsund hade det regnat kraftigt vilket kan påverka resultatet. o Halterna var väsentligt lägre än de flesta tidigare mätningar avseende partiklar och syntetiska fibrer och kraftigt lägre avseende på ickesyntetiska fibrer. Största andelen (över 50% i vissa fall) av partiklarna bestod av fibrer (syntetiska och icke syntetiska), men det ska noteras att filter med storlek 300 μm förmodligen underskattar fiberhalten väsentligt
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Langhamer, Olivia, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Wave power - sustainable energy or environmentally costly? : A review with special emphasis on linear wave energy converters
- 2010
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 14:4, s. 1329-1335
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Generating electricity from waves is predicted to be a new source of renewable energy conversion expanding significantly, with a global potential in the range of wind and hydropower. Several wave power techniques are on the merge of commercialisation, and thus evoke questions of environmental concern. Conservation matters are to some extent valid independent of technique but we mainly focus on point absorbing linear generators. By giving examples from the Lysekil project, run by Uppsala University and situated on the Swedish west coast, we demonstrate ongoing and future environmental studies to be performed along with technical research and development. We describe general environmental aspects generated by wave power projects; issues also likely to appear in Environmental Impact Assessment studies. Colonisation patterns and biofouling are discussed with particular reference to changes of the seabed and alterations due to new substrates. A purposeful artificial reef design to specially cater for economically important or threatened species is also discussed. Questions related to fish, fishery and marine mammals are other examples of topics where, e.g. no-take zones, marine bioacoustics and electromagnetic fields are important areas. In this review we point out areas in which studies likely will be needed, as ventures out in the oceans also will give ample opportunities for marine environmental research in general and in areas not previously studied. Marine environmental and ecological aspects appear to be unavoidable for application processes and in post-deployment studies concerning renewable energy extraction. Still, all large-scale renewable energy conversion will cause some impact mainly by being area demanding. An early incorporation of multidisciplinary and high quality research might be a key for new ocean-based techniques.
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| 13. |
- Leijon, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Wave Energy from the North Sea : Experiences from the Lysekil Research Site
- 2008
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Ingår i: Surveys in geophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0169-3298 .- 1573-0956. ; 29:3, s. 221-240
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides a status update on the development of the Swedish wave energy research area located close to Lysekil on the Swedish West coast. The Lysekil project is run by the Centre for Renewable Electric Energy Conversion at Uppsala University. The project was started in 2004 and currently has permission to run until the end of 2013. During this time period 10 grid-connected wave energy converters, 30 buoys for studies on environmental impact, and a surveillance tower for monitoring the interaction between waves and converters will be installed and studied. To date the research area holds one complete wave energy converter connected to a measuring station on shore via a sea cable, a Wave Rider™ buoy for wave measurements, 25 buoys for studies on environmental impact, and a surveillance tower. The wave energy converter is based on a linear synchronous generator which is placed on the sea bed and driven by a heaving point absorber at the ocean surface. The converter is directly driven, i.e. it has no gearbox or other mechanical or hydraulic conversion system. This results in a simple and robust mechanical system, but also in a somewhat more complicated electrical system.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Magnusson, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish sources and pathways for microplastics to the marine environment
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency has been assigned to identify important sources of microplastics in the sea and to work for reducing the production and emission of microplastics from these sources. Within the scope of this governmental assignment, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute has been funded by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency to review the sources of microplastics and the pathways microplastics take to reach the sea. A range of potential sources for microplastics and the pathways by which microplastics can reach the sea were selected for the review. The sources included both intentionally produced plastic pellets and plastic particles formed from fragmentation of larger plastic items. The pathways were primarily stormwater, wastewater and atmospheric deposition. For sea-based sources particles are discharged directly to the sea. Information was collected from scientific articles, reports and through personal communication with experts in relevant areas. Where the available data allowed, calculations were done to quantify the amounts of microplastics. The most important emissions for microplastics were found to be from road wear and abrasion of tyres. Approximately 13 000 tons of microplastics are released from tyres every year. Since data on microplastic content in stormwater from roads is very scarce it is however uncertain how much of these particles that is transported to water recipients and how much that is permanently deposited in the ground close to the road. The same is true for artificial turfs where the estimated loss was 2 300-3 900 tons per year, but data on the load reaching the sea is completely lacking. Loss of industrially produced plastic pellets in connection to manufacture and handling was estimated to amount to between 300 and 530 tons per year, but also here the volumes discharged to the sea are unknown. For several sources suspected to contribute with large amounts of microplastics to the sea, data is so scarce that no estimations on emissions could be done. This is for example the case for important categories related to waste management, recycling and littering. In summary it can be concluded that Swedish coastal waters receive substantial amounts of microplastics from both land-based and sea-based sources. Quantitative data is often scarce or completely lacking and it is not possible to summarize the total Swedish discharge of microplastics to the sea. An attempt to rank the sources according to their contribution was made but it should be kept in mind that data suffers from a large degree of uncertainty. Additional studies are needed to improve the bases for further assessments, in particular on microplastics in stormwater from different surfaces and sources.
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| 16. |
- Parwal, Arvind, et al.
(författare)
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Wave Energy Research at Uppsala University and The Lysekil Research Site, Sweden : A Status Update
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides a summarized status update ofthe Lysekil wave power project. The Lysekil project is coordinatedby the Div. of Electricity, Uppsala University since 2002, with theobjective to develop full-scale wave power converters (WEC). Theconcept is based on a linear synchronous generator (anchored tothe seabed) driven by a heaving point absorber. This WEC has nogearbox or other mechanical or hydraulic conversion systems,resulting in a simpler and robust power plant. Since 2006, 12 suchWECs have been build and tested at the research site located atthe west coast of Sweden. The last update includes a new andextended project permit, deployment of a new marine substation,tests of several concepts of heaving buoys, grid connection,improved measuring station, improved modelling of wave powerfarms, implementation of remote operated vehicles forunderwater cable connection, and comprehensive environmentalmonitoring studies.
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