| 1. |
- Bosaeus, Marja, et al.
(författare)
-
Body Composition During Pregnancy: Longitudinal Changes and Method Comparisons
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Reproductive Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1933-7191 .- 1933-7205. ; :27, s. 1477-1489
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Pregnancy Obesity Nutrition and Child Health study is a longitudinal study of reproductive health. Here we analyzed body composition of normal-weight and obese Swedish women by three methods during each trimester of pregnancy. Cross-sectional and longitudinal fat mass estimates using quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Tanita MC-180MA-III) were compared with fat mass determined by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) in pregnancy weeks 8-12, 24-26, and 35-37 in normal-weight women (n = 122, BMI = 22.1 +/- 1.6 kg/m(2)) and obese women (n = 29, BMI = 34.6 +/- 3.6 kg/m(2)). ADP results were calculated from pregnancy-adjusted fat-free mass densities. Mean fat mass by QMR and ADP were similar in obese women, although with wide limits of agreement. In normal-weight women, QMR overestimated mean fat mass in all trimesters, with systematic overestimation at low fat mass values in trimesters 1 and 3. In obese women, fat mass by BIA was grossly underestimated and imprecise in all trimesters, especially at higher values in trimester 2. In normal-weight women, fat mass by BIA was moderately lower than by ADP in trimester 1, similar in trimester 2, and moderately higher in trimester 3. QMR and ADP assessed fat mass changes similarly in obese women, whereas BIA overestimated fat mass changes in normal-weight women. Mean fat mass and fat mass changes by QMR and pregnancy-adjusted ADP were similar in pregnant obese women. Mean fat mass by QMR and fat mass changes by BIA were higher than corresponding values determined by pregnancy-adjusted ADP in normal-weight women.
|
|
| 2. |
- Gustavsson, Carolina, et al.
(författare)
-
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin, leptin, and agouti-related protein in relation to BMI in pregnant women
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381. ; 24:6, s. 1299-1304
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectiveDuring pregnancy, metabolic interactions must be adapted, though neuroendocrine mechanisms for increased food intake are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize differences in insulin, leptin, and agouti-related protein (AgRP) levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in pregnant women with normal weight (NW) and pregnant women with overweight (OW) or obesity (OB). Placenta as a source for increased peripheral AgRP levels during pregnancy was also investigated. MethodsWomen were recruited at admission for elective cesarean section. Insulin, AgRP, and leptin were measured in serum and CSF from 30 NW, 25 OW, and 21 OB at term. Serum during pregnancy and placenta at term were collected for further AgRP analysis. ResultsImmunohistology showed placental production of AgRP and serum AgRP levels increased throughout pregnancy. CSF AgRP, leptin, and insulin levels were higher in OW and OB than NW. Serum leptin and insulin levels were higher and AgRP lower in OB than NW. ConclusionsHigh serum AgRP levels might protect from the suppressive effects of leptin during pregnancy. Pregnant women with OB and OW might further be protected from the suppressive effect of leptin by high CSF AgRP levels. Evidence was found, for the first time, of human placental AgRP production mirrored by levels in the circulation.
|
|
| 3. |
- Andersen, E., et al.
(författare)
-
Environmental factors influence the epigenetic signature of newborns from mothers with gestational diabetes
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Epigenomics. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1750-1911 .- 1750-192X. ; 11:8, s. 861-873
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To investigate the degree by which epigenetic signatures in children from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are influenced by environmental factors. Methods: We profiled the DNA methylation signature of blood from lean, obese and GDM mothers and their respective newborns. Results: DNA methylation profiles of mothers showed high similarity across groups, while newborns from GDM mothers showed a marked distinct epigenetic profile compared with newborns of both lean and obese mothers. Analysis of variance in DNA methylation levels between newborns showed higher variance in the GDM group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that environmental factors, rather than direct transmission of epigenetic marks from the mother, are involved in establishing the epigenetic signature associated with GDM. © 2019 Romain Barrès.
|
|
| 4. |
- Chorell, Elin, et al.
(författare)
-
Pregnancy to postpartum transition of serum metabolites in women with gestational diabetes
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental. - : Elsevier BV. - 0026-0495 .- 1532-8600. ; 72, s. 27-36
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. Gestational diabetes is commonly linked to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is a need to characterize metabolic changes associated with gestational diabetes in order to find novel biomarkers for T2DM. Objective. To find potential pathophysiological mechanisms and markers for progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to T2DM by studying the metabolic transition from pregnancy to postpartum. Design. The metabolic transition profile from pregnancy to postpartum was characterized in 56 women by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics; 11 women had gestational diabetes mellitus, 24 had normal glucose tolerance, and 21 were normoglycaemic but at increased risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Fasting serum samples collected during trimester 3 (gestational week 32 +/- 0.6) and postpartum (10.5 +/- 0.4 months) were compared in diagnosis-specific multivariate models (orthogonal partial least squares analysis). Clinical measurements (e.g., insulin, glucose, lipid levels) were compared and models of insulin sensitivity and resistance were calculated for the same time period. Results. Women with gestational diabetes had significantly increased postpartum levels of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine, and their circulating lipids did not return to normal levels after pregnancy. The increase in BCAAs occurred postpartum since the BCAAs did not differ during pregnancy, as compared to normoglycemic women. Conclusions. Postpartum levels of specific BCAAs, notably valine, are related to gestational diabetes during pregnancy. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 5. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
-
Central and Peripheral Leptin and Agouti-Related Protein during and after Pregnancy in Relation to Weight Change.
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Clinical endocrinology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2265 .- 0300-0664. ; 88:2, s. 263-271
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To study changes of neuropeptides and adipokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from pregnancy to post-pregnancy in relation to weight changes, fat mass and glucose metabolism.With high postpartum weight retention being a risk factor in future pregnancies and of life-long obesity we evaluated neuropeptide and adipokine changes in women who either gained weight or were weight stable.Women were followed for 5±1 years after pregnancy and divided into two groups, Weight-Stable and Weight-Gain, by weight change from start of pregnancy.Twenty-five women (BMI 27±5kg/m2 ) recruited at admission for elective caesarean section.CSF and serum levels of agouti-related protein (AgRP), leptin, and insulin, and serum levels of adiponectin and soluble leptin receptor were measured during and after pregnancy. These measurements were further related to fat mass and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR).S-AgRP levels during pregnancy were lower in the Weight-Stable group and a 1 unit increase in s-AgRP was associated with 24% higher odds of pertaining to the Weight-Gain group. After pregnancy, s-AgRP increased in the Weight-Stable group but decreased in the Weight-Gain group. Decreased transport of leptin into CSF during pregnancy was reversed by an increased CSF:serum leptin ratio after pregnancy. In women who returned to their pre-pregnancy weight, serum adiponectin increased after pregnancy and correlated negatively with HOMA-IR.S-AgRP concentration in late pregnancy may be one factor predicting weight change after pregnancy, and circulating AgRP may be physiologically important in the long-term regulation of body weight. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 6. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
-
Circulating Linoleic Acid is Associated with Improved Glucose Tolerance in Women after Gestational Diabetes
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-6643 .- 2072-6643. ; 10:11, s. 1629-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract: Women with previously diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at increased risk of type-2-diabetes mellitus (T2D).We aimed to establish links between glucose tolerance (GT) and serum fatty acid (FA) profile in the transition from GDM to T2D. Six years after GDM, 221 women were grouped as having normal GT (NGT), impaired GT (IGT), or T2D based on oral GT test results. Fasting serum FAs were profiled, anthropometric measures taken, and dietary intake determined. Linoleic acid (LA) was significantly higher in NGT women (p < 0.001) compared with IGT and T2D, and emerged as a strong predictor of low glucose and insulin levels, independently of BMI. Self-reported vegetable oil consumption correlated with LA serum levels and glucose levels. Delta-6-, delta-9-, and stearoyl-CoA-desaturase activities were associated with decreased GT, and delta-5-desaturase activities with increased GT. In a subgroup of women at high risk of diabetes, low LA and high palmitic acid levels were seen in those that developed T2D, with no differences in other FAs or metabolic measurements. Results suggest that proportions of LA and palmitic acid are of particular interest in the transition from GDM to T2D. Interconversions between individual FAs regulated by desaturases appear to be relevant to glucose metabolism
|
|
| 7. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
-
Exercise, aerobic fitness, and muscle strength in relation to glucose tolerance 6 to 10 years after gestational diabetes
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-8227. ; 191
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: We sought to identify self-reported exercise and objectively measured fitness variables associated with glucose tolerance and metabolic health 6–10 years after gestational diabetes (GDM) Methods: Women (n = 84) underwent oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), body composition measurements, and lifestyle questionnaires 6 and 10 years after GDM. In a subset (n = 45), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak fat oxidation, and maximal isometric strength of five muscle groups were tested. Results: At 10 years, 41 women (49%) had impaired glucose metabolism or type 2 diabetes (T2D). VO2peak and muscle strength were lowest in the T2D group. In a regression analysis, VO2peak and all strength measurements were associated negatively with HbA1c and waist-hip ratio and positively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, only muscle strength was associated with fasting and area-under-the-curve glucose. For changes between the 6- and 10-year follow-ups, only muscle strength was associated with HbA1c change, whereas both VO2peak and strength were associated with high-density lipoprotein level and changes in waist-hip ratio. Peak fat oxidation and self-reported physical activity showed no or weak relationships with glycemic variables. Conclusion: Objectively measured fitness variables, particularly muscle strength, were strongly associated with glycemic and other metabolic outcomes in a high-risk group after GDM.
|
|
| 8. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
-
Higher Concentrations of BCAAs and 3-HIB Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in the Transition from Gestational Diabetes to Type 2 Diabetes
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Diabetes Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2314-6745 .- 2314-6753.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim. Determine the metabolic profile and identify risk factors of women transitioning from gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods. 237 women diagnosed with GDM underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), anthropometrics assessment, and completed lifestyle questionnaires six years after pregnancy. Blood was analysed for clinical variables (e.g., insulin, glucose, HbA1c, adiponectin, leptin, and lipid levels) and NMR metabolomics. Based on the OGTT, women were divided into three groups: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and T2DM. Results. Six years after GDM, 19% of subjects had T2DM and 19% IGT. After BMI adjustment, the IGT group had lower HDL, higher leptin, and higher free fatty acid (FFA) levels, and the T2DM group higher triglyceride, FFA, and C-reactive protein levels than the NGT group. IGT and T2DM groups reported lower physical activity. NMR measurements revealed that levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and the valine metabolite 3-hydroxyisobyturate were higher in T2DM and IGT groups and correlated with measures of insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. Conclusion. In addition to well-known clinical risk factors, BCAAs and 3-hydroxyisobyturate are potential markers to be evaluated as predictors of metabolic risk after pregnancy complicated by GDM.
|
|
| 9. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
-
Infant body composition relationship to maternal adipokines and fat mass: the PONCH study
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Pediatric Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-3998 .- 1530-0447. ; 89, s. 1756-1764
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Infant adiposity is linked to both high maternal fat mass (FM) and excessive gestational FM gain, whereas the association with maternal adipokines is less clear. The aim was to determine how levels of maternal leptin, the soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), adiponectin, and FM during pregnancy were linked to infant FM in normal-weight (NW) women and women with obesity (OB). Methods Body composition and serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, and sOB-R were determined three times during pregnancy in 80 NW and 46 OB women. For infants, body composition was measured at 1 and 12 weeks of age. Results Maternal leptin and sOB-R levels increased during pregnancy. For NW women, infant FM at 1 week was inversely associated with changes in maternal leptin and at 12 weeks inversely associated with absolute maternal sOB-R levels throughout pregnancy, as well as changes in sOB-R levels in early pregnancy. For OB women, infant FM at both 1 and 12 weeks were best explained by maternal FM. Conclusions Leptin and sOB-R, thought to regulate leptin bioavailability, are associated with fat accumulation in infants born to NW women. In OB women, maternal FM in early pregnancy is more important than leptin in determining infant fat accumulation. Impact In normal-weight women, the regulation of maternal leptin bioavailability during pregnancy has a role in infant fat mass accumulation. In women with obesity, however, pre-pregnancy maternal fat mass seems more important for infant fat mass. This is the first study of maternal adipokines and fat mass including longitudinal measurements in both mothers and their children. Understanding the relationship between maternal factors and infant fat mass is of great importance as obesity is programmed over the generations, and it is important to learn what regulates this programming.
|
|
| 10. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
-
Longitudinal changes in adipokines and free leptin index during and after pregnancy in women with obesity.
- 2020
-
Ingår i: International journal of obesity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-5497 .- 0307-0565. ; 44, s. 675-683
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Detailed data on adipokines and body composition during and after pregnancy in women of different BMI categories are lacking. Furthermore, adipokine regulation during pregnancy and the factors contributing to gestational insulin resistance are not completely understood. The objective was to longitudinally determine adipokine levels, body composition, and insulin sensitivity during and after pregnancy in women of healthy weight (HW) and with obesity (OB), and identify factors associated with insulin resistance.Women (30 HW, 19 OB) underwent blood sampling and body composition examination, by air-displacement plethysmography, longitudinally during pregnancy (trimesters 1, 2, 3) and after pregnancy (6, 12, 18 months postpartum). Serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), and adiponectin levels were measured and free leptin index (FLI) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) determined.Fat mass and leptin increased during pregnancy in the HW (p<0.01) but not in the OB group. sOB-R increased during pregnancy in both groups (p<0.001). Thus, FLI was unchanged in HW throughout pregnancy but reduced in OB (p=0.001), although consistently higher in OB. Adiponectin decreased in both groups during pregnancy (p<0.001 for HW, p=0.01 for OB). After pregnancy, adiponectin increased in both groups, but more markedly in OB where it reached trimester 1 levels. Multivariable regression identified FLI as the variable most strongly associated with HOMA-IR in all trimesters, but not after pregnancy.Leptin, sOB-R, adiponectin, and FLI undergo marked changes during and after pregnancy with differences in women of different BMI. We suggest that leptin activity is regulated by its soluble receptor and that this is an important factor for optimizing fat mass and insulin sensitivity during pregnancy.
|
|
| 11. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
-
Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus affect body composition through infancy: the PONCH study
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Pediatric Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-3998 .- 1530-0447. ; 85:3, s. 369-377
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: To determine how maternal obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affect infant body size and body composition during the first year of life. METHODS: Eighty three normal-weight (NW) women, 26 obese (OB) women, and 26 women with GDM were recruited during pregnancy. Infant body composition was determined by air-displacement plethysmography at 1 and 12 weeks, and anthropometric measurements made until 1 year of age. RESULTS: Girl infants born to OB women and women with GDM had a higher body-fat percentage (BF%) at 1 and 12 weeks of age than girls born to NW women. Girls had higher BF% than boys in OB and GDM groups only. Maternal HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose correlated with girl infant BF% at 1 week of age. Maternal weight at start of pregnancy correlated with birthweight in NW and OB groups, but not the GDM group. OB group infants showed greater BMI increases from 1 week to 1 year than both NW and GDM group infants. CONCLUSION: Results show that both maternal glycaemia and obesity are determinants of increased early life adiposity, especially in girls, with glycaemic levels being more influential than maternal weight for infants born to women with GDM.
|
|
| 12. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
-
Metabolism and Whole-Body Fat Oxidation Following Post-Exercise Carbohydrate or Protein Intake.
- 2018
-
Ingår i: International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. - : Human Kinetics. - 1543-2742 .- 1526-484X. ; 28:1, s. 37-45
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated how post-exercise intake of placebo (PLA), protein (PRO) or carbohydrate (CHO) affected fat oxidation (FO) and metabolic parameters during recovery and subsequent exercise.In a cross-over design, 12 moderately trained women (VO2max 45 ± 6 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1)) performed three days of testing. A 23 min control (CON) incremental FO bike test (30-80% VO2max) was followed by 60 min exercise at 75% VO2max. Immediately post-exercise, subjects ingested PLA, 20 g PRO or 40 g CHO followed by a second FO bike test 2h later.Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity at which MFO occurs (Fatmax) increased at the second FO test compared to the first following all three post-exercise drinks (MFO for CON=0.28±0.08, PLA=0.57±0.13, PRO=0.52±0.08, CHO=0.44±0.12 g fat·min(-1); Fatmax for CON=41±7, PLA=54±4, PRO=55±6, CHO=50±8 %VO2max, P<0.01 for all values compared to CON). Resting FO, MFO and Fatmax were not significantly different between PLA and PRO, but lower for CHO. PRO and CHO increased insulin levels at 1h post-exercise, though both glucose and insulin were equal with PLA at 2h. Increased post-exercise ketone levels only occurred with PLA.Protein supplementation immediately post-exercise did not affect the doubling in whole body fat oxidation seen during a subsequent exercise trial 2 hours later. Neither did it affect resting fat oxidation during the post-exercise period despite increased insulin levels and attenuated ketosis. Carbohydrate intake dampened the increase in fat oxidation during the second test, though a significant increase was still observed compared to the first test.
|
|
| 13. |
- Hall, Ulrika Andersson, et al.
(författare)
-
Whole-body fat oxidation increases more by prior exercise than overnight fasting in elite endurance athletes.
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquée, nutrition et métabolisme. - : Canadian Science Publishing. - 1715-5320. ; 41:4, s. 430-7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to compare whole-body fat oxidation kinetics after prior exercise with overnight fasting in elite endurance athletes. Thirteen highly trained athletes (9 men and 4 women; maximal oxygen uptake: 66 ± 1 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)) performed 3 identical submaximal incremental tests on a cycle ergometer using a cross-over design. A control test (CON) was performed 3 h after a standardized breakfast, a fasting test (FAST) 12 h after a standardized evening meal, and a postexercise test (EXER) after standardized breakfast, endurance exercise, and 2 h fasting recovery. The test consisted of 3 min each at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of maximal oxygen uptake and fat oxidation rates were measured through indirect calorimetry. During CON, maximal fat oxidation rate was 0.51 ± 0.04 g·min(-1) compared with 0.69 ± 0.04 g·min(-1) in FAST (P < 0.01), and 0.89 ± 0.05 g·min(-1) in EXER (P < 0.01). Across all intensities, EXER was significantly higher than FAST and FAST was higher than CON (P < 0.01). Blood insulin levels were lower and free fatty acid and cortisol levels were higher at the start of EXER compared with CON and FAST (P < 0.05). Plasma nuclear magnetic resonance-metabolomics showed similar changes in both EXER and FAST, including increased levels of fatty acids and succinate. In conclusion, prior exercise significantly increases whole-body fat oxidation during submaximal exercise compared with overnight fasting. Already high rates of maximal fat oxidation in elite endurance athletes were increased by approximately 75% after prior exercise and fasting recovery.
|
|
| 14. |
- Hansen, M., et al.
(författare)
-
Protein intake during training sessions has no effect on performance and recovery during a strenuous training camp for elite cyclists
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1550-2783. ; 13:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Training camps for top-class endurance athletes place high physiological demands on the body. Focus on optimizing recovery between training sessions is necessary to minimize the risk of injuries and improve adaptations to the training stimuli. Carbohydrate supplementation during sessions is generally accepted as being beneficial to aid performance and recovery, whereas the effect of protein supplementation and timing is less well understood. We studied the effects of protein ingestion during training sessions on performance and recovery of elite cyclists during a strenuous training camp. Methods: In a randomized, double-blinded study, 18 elite cyclists consumed either a whey protein hydrolysate-carbohydrate beverage (PRO-CHO, 14 g protein/h and 69 g CHO/h) or an isocaloric carbohydrate beverage (CHO, 84 g/h) during each training session for six days (25-29 h cycling in total). Diet and training were standardized and supervised. The diet was energy balanced and contained 1.7 g protein/kg/day. A 10-s peak power test and a 5-min all-out performance test were conducted before and after the first training session and repeated at day 6 of the camp. Blood and saliva samples were collected in the morning after overnight fasting during the week and analyzed for biochemical markers of muscle damage, stress, and immune function. Results: In both groups, 5-min all-out performance was reduced after the first training session and at day 6 compared to before the first training session, with no difference between groups. Peak power in the sprint test did not change significantly between tests or between groups. In addition, changes in markers for muscle damage, stress, and immune function were not significantly influenced by treatment. Conclusions: Intake of protein combined with carbohydrate during cycling at a training camp for top cyclists did not result in marked performance benefits compared to intake of carbohydrates when a recovery drink containing adequate protein and carbohydrate was ingested immediately after each training session in both groups. These findings suggest that the addition of protein to a carbohydrate supplement consumed during exercise does not improve recovery or performance in elite cyclists despite high demands of daily exhaustive sessions during a one-week training camp.
|
|
| 15. |
- Lundby, Carsten, et al.
(författare)
-
Physiological, biochemical, anthropometric, and biomechanical influences on exercise economy in humans
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. - : Wiley. - 0905-7188. ; 27:12, s. 1627-1637
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interindividual variation in running and cycling exercise economy (EE) remains unexplained although studied for more than a century. This study is the first to comprehensively evaluate the importance of biochemical, structural, physiological, anthropometric, and biomechanical influences on running and cycling EE within a single study. In 22 healthy males (VO(2)max range 45.5-72.1mLmin-1kg-1), no factor related to skeletal muscle structure (% slow-twitch fiber content, number of capillaries per fiber), mitochondrial properties (volume density, oxidative capacity, or mitochondrial efficiency), or protein content (UCP3 and MFN2 expression) explained variation in cycling and running EE among subjects. In contrast, biomechanical variables related to vertical displacement correlated well with running EE, but were not significant when taking body weight into account. Thus, running EE and body weight were correlated (R-2=.94; P<.001), but was lower for cycling EE (R-2=.23; P<.023). To separate biomechanical determinants of running EE, we contrasted individual running and cycling EE considering that during cycle ergometer exercise, the biomechanical influence on EE would be small because of the fixed movement pattern. Differences in cycling and running exercise protocols, for example, related to biomechanics, play however only a secondary role in determining EE. There was no evidence for an impact of structural or functional skeletal muscle variables on EE. Body weight was the main determinant of EE explaining 94% of variance in running EE, although more than 50% of the variability of cycling EE remains unexplained.
|
|
| 16. |
- Nielsen, Christel, et al.
(författare)
-
Pregnancy-induced changes in serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and the influence of kidney function
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-069X. ; 19:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Epidemiological associations between maternal concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and birth weight are inconsistent. There is concern that studies based on samples collected in late pregnancy may be confounded by kidney function but studies of the relation between pregnancy-induced changes in PFAS and kidney function are lacking. Our aims were to investigate changes in serum concentrations of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) from early to late pregnancy and to explore relations to changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and glomerular pore size. Methods: We conducted the study in a cohort of 73 pregnancies of normal-weight Swedish women without gestational diabetes and preeclampsia, enrolled 2009-2014. Blood was collected in median weeks 11 and 36, respectively, and analysed PFAS using liquid chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry. We estimated GFR based on creatinine and cystatin C and used the ratio eGFRcystatin C/eGFRcreatinine to indicate glomerular pore size. We used Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare early and late measures and partial Spearman rank correlations to explore relations between changes in PFAS and kidney function. Results: Median concentrations of PFNA, PFOA and PFOS decreased by 15-21% but changes were uncorrelated to changes in kidney function (partial R = - 0.06-0.11). The observed increase in median PFHxS concentration of 69% was likely an artefact of systematic measurement error caused by coeluting endogenous inferences. Conclusions: Serum concentrations of PFNA, PFOA and PFOS decrease during pregnancy but the magnitudes of change are unrelated to parallel changes in eGFR and glomerular pore size, suggesting that changes in these indicators of kidney function are not important confounders in studies of PFAS and birth weight in pregnancies without gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. © 2020 The Author(s).
|
|
| 17. |
- Pettersson, Stefan, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
A Hydrogel Drink With High Fructose Content Generates Higher Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation and Lower Dental Biofilm pH Compared to Two Other, Commercially Available, Carbohydrate Sports Drinks
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Nutrition. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-861X. ; 7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to evaluate the substrate oxidation of three commercially available, 14%-carbohydrate sports drinks with different compositions, osmolality, and pH for their impact on dental exposure to low pH. In a cross-over, randomized double-blinded design, 12 endurance athletes (age 31. 2 +/- 7.7 years, (V) over dotO(2max) 65.6 +/- 5.0 mL.kg(-1)) completed 180 min of cycling at 55% W-max. During the first 100 min of cycling, athletes consumed amylopectin starch (AP), maltodextrin+sucrose (MD+SUC), or maltodextrin+fructose hydrogel (MD+FRU) drinks providing 95 g carbohydrate.h(-1), followed by water intake only at 120 and 160 min. Fuel use was determined using indirect calorimetry and stable-isotope techniques. Additionally, dental biofilm pH was measured using the microtouch method in a subsample of participants (n= 6) during resting conditions before, and at different time intervals up to 45 min following a single bolus of drink. Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation (CHOEXO) during the 2nd hour of exercise was significantly (P< 0.05) different between all three drinks: MD+FRU (1.17 +/- 0.17 g.min(-1)), MD+SUC (1.01 +/- 0.13 g.min(-1)), and AP (0.84 +/- 0.11 g.min(-1)). At the end of exercise, CHO(EXO)and blood glucose concentrations (3.54 +/- 0.50, 4.07 +/- 0.67, and 4.28 +/- 0.47 mmol.L-1, respectively) were significantly lower post MD+FRU consumption than post MD+SUC and AP consumption (P< 0.05). Biofilm acidogenicity at rest demonstrated a less pronounced pH fall for MD+FRU compared to the acidulant-containing MD+SUC and AP (P< 0.05). In conclusion, while total intake of MD+FRU showed signs of completed uptake before end of monitoring, this was less so for MD+SUC, and not at all the case for AP. Thus, this study showed that despite carbohydrates being encapsulated in a hydrogel, a higher CHO(EXO)was observed following MD+FRU drink ingestion compared to AP and MD+SUC consumption upon exposure to the acidic environment of the stomach. This finding may be related to the higher fructose content of the MD+FRU drink compared with the MD+SUC and AP drinks. Furthermore, a carbohydrate solution without added acidulants, which are commonly included in commercial sport drinks, may have less deleterious effects on oral health.
|
|
| 18. |
- Svensson, Henrik, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Adipose tissue and body composition in women six years after gestational diabetes: factors associated with development of type 2 diabetes.
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Adipocyte. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2162-397X .- 2162-3945. ; 7:4, s. 229-237
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Factors differentiating women at highest risk of progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are incompletely known. Our aim was to characterize adipose tissue and body composition in relation to glucose metabolism in women with a history of GDM and to identify factors associated with development of T2DM. We examined glucose tolerance (OGTT), insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), body composition (anthropometry, air displacement plethysmography), and blood chemistry in 39 women 6years after GDM. An adipose tissue biopsy was obtained to assess the size, number, and lipolytic activity of adipocytes, and adipokine release and density of immune cells and blood vessels in adipose tissue. Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) was identified in 31 women and impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) in 8. Women with IGM had higher BMI/fat mass, and related expected adipose tissue features, than women with NGT. Ethnicity was similar in the groups, but numerically there was a higher proportion of European women in the NGT group and a higher proportion of non-European women in the IGM group. BMI was the best discriminator of NGT versus IGM (multivariable logistic regression: OR=1.34, P<0.01). Waist-to-height ratio and adipocyte volume were most strongly associated with HOMA-IR (multivariable linear regression: R2=0.656, P<0.001). After adjustment for BMI/ethnicity, women with IGM had increased serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, weight gain after index pregnancy, and a lower proportion of fat-free mass. These factors, together with high BMI, abdominal fat distribution, and enlarged adipocytes, may increase the risk of progression to T2DM after GDM.
|
|
