| 1. |
- Budd, David A., et al.
(författare)
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Magma reservoir dynamics at Toba caldera, Indonesia, recorded by oxygen isotope zoning in quartz
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quartz is a common phase in high-silica igneous rocks and is resistant to post-eruptive alteration, thus offering a reliable record of magmatic processes in silicic magma systems. Here we employ the 75 ka Toba super-eruption as a case study to show that quartz can resolve late-stage temporal changes in magmatic δ18O values. Overall, Toba quartz crystals exhibit comparatively high δ18O values, up to 10.2‰, due to magma residence within, and assimilation of, local granite basement. However, some 40% of the analysed quartz crystals display a decrease in δ18O values in outermost growth zones compared to their cores, with values as low as 6.7‰ (maximum ∆core−rim = 1.8‰). These lower values are consistent with the limited zircon record available for Toba, and the crystallisation history of Toba quartz traces an influx of a low-δ18O component into the magma reservoir just prior to eruption. Here we argue that this late-stage low-δ18O component is derived from hydrothermally-altered roof material. Our study demonstrates that quartz isotope stratigraphy can resolve magmatic events that may remain undetected by whole-rock or zircon isotope studies, and that assimilation of altered roof material may represent a viable eruption trigger in large Toba-style magmatic systems.
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| 2. |
- Budd, David A., et al.
(författare)
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Traversing nature's danger zone: getting up close with Sumatra's volcanoes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Geology Today. - : Wiley. - 0266-6979 .- 1365-2451. ; 28:2, s. 64-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Indonesian island of Sumatra, located in one of the most active zones of the Pacific Ring of Fire, is characterized by a chain of subduction-zone volcanoes which extend the entire length of the island. As a group of volcanic geochemists, we embarked upon a five-week sampling expedition to these exotic, remote, and in part explosive volcanoes (SAGE 2010; Sumatran Arc Geochemical Expedition). We set out to collect rock and gas samples from 17 volcanic centres from the Sumatran segment of the Sunda arc system, with the aim of obtaining a regionally significant sample set that will allow quantification of the respective roles of mantle versus crustal sources to magma genesis along the strike of the arc. Here we document our geological journey through Sumatra's unpredictable terrain, including the many challenges faced when working on active volcanoes in pristine tropical climes.
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| 3. |
- Gislason, S.R., et al.
(författare)
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Environmental pressure from the 2014–15 eruption of Bárðarbunga volcano, Iceland
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geochemical Perspectives Letters. - : European Association of Geochemistry. - 2410-3403 .- 2410-339X. ; 1:2015, s. 84 - 93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effusive six months long 2014-2015 Bárðarbunga eruption (31 August-27 February) was the largest in Iceland for more than 200 years, producing 1.6 ± 0.3 km3 of lava. The total SO2 emission was 11 ± 5 Mt, more than the amount emitted from Europe in 2011. The ground level concentration of SO2 exceeded the 350 μg m−3 hourly average health limit over much of Iceland for days to weeks. Anomalously high SO2 concentrations were also measured at several locations in Europe in September. The lowest pH of fresh snowmelt at the eruption site was 3.3, and 3.2 in precipitation 105 km away from the source. Elevated dissolved H2SO4, HCl, HF, and metal concentrations were measured in snow and precipitation. Environmental pressures from the eruption and impacts on populated areas were reduced by its remoteness, timing, and the weather. The anticipated primary environmental pressure is on the surfacewaters, soils, and vegetation of Iceland.
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| 4. |
- Halldórsson, S.A., et al.
(författare)
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Resolving volatile sources along the western Sunda arc, Indonesia
- 2013
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 339:SI, s. 263-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the chemical and isotope (HeCN) characterization of active fumaroles and hydrothermal gases and waters from the summits and flanks of 19 volcanic centers along the western Sunda arc, Indonesia. Samples were collected over two field expeditions (1991 and 2010) and cover 13 volcanic centers in Sumatra, 5 in Java and one in Bali. In addition, we present data from three geothermal sites in Sumatra associated with active fault systems in-between volcanic centers (IBVC). The overall aim is to resolve volatiles associated with the sub-arc mantle (subducting slab and mantle wedge) from inputs derived from the over-riding arc crust. The western Sunda arc is a prime locality to assess controls on volatile provenance at subduction zones due to changes in composition and thickness of over-riding crust and variations in sediment input rates along the strike of the arc.The dry gas chemistry of the majority of volcanic samples is dominated by CO2 with inert gas variations (HeArN2) typical of subduction zone gases. However, there is a strong crustal control on the HeCO2 isotope and relative abundance systematics on a number of volcanic centers: this effect is most clearly observed at flank localities and in water phase samples. Filtering the entire database for modifications due to air contamination, degassing-induced fractionation (C-isotopes and CO2/3He ratios) and crustal contamination associated with volatile transport within shallow-level hydrothermal systems allows recognition of the magmatic volatile signature of individual volcanoes along the arc. Helium isotopes at all but two volcanic centers (Talang and Dempo on Sumatra) range from 5.3 RA to 8.1 RA (RA = air 3He/4He) pointing to the mantle wedge as the principal source of He but with a small input of crustal (radiogenic) He at some localities. Samples from Java and Bali span an even more limited range (6.6 to 7.9 RA) implying a relatively smaller input of crustal He. Carbon isotope and CO2/3He ratios vary from − 1.4‰ to − 6.4‰ and 4.38 to 150 (× 109), respectively, with higher and more variable values to the north of Sumatra. This latitudinal effect is not apparent in air-corrected N-isotope values (δ15NC = − 3.91 to + 5.92‰) or various elemental ratios such as N2/Ar and N2/He. The three IBVC sites, all located in Sumatra, have significantly lower 3He/4He ratios (< 3.6 RA) with CO2/3He values both higher and lower than volcanic centers. Their δ13C, δ15NC and gas ratios overlap with the volcanic centers.The elemental and isotopic characteristics of carbon and helium have been modified at IBVC sites due to crustal processes. However, based upon relationships between CH4 and 3He as well as co-variations between HeCN isotopes, the over-riding crust and associated sediments add minimal volatiles to volcanic centers throughout the western Sunda arc. In turn, subducted sediment, particularly the Nicobar Fan which supplies Himalayan-derived sediment to the slab off Sumatra, exerts a strong control on the magmatic CO2 characteristics although it is less influential for N2. In spite of large sections of incoming sedimentary material being off-scraped during subduction, our data suggest that a significant fraction must enter the trench, enhancing fluid/melt production in the mantle wedge. We propose that subduction-related source contamination plays the dominant role over thick/old crustal basement in supplying the major volatile output budget of the western Sunda arc.
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| 5. |
- Kleine, B. I., et al.
(författare)
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Silicon and oxygen isotopes unravel quartz formation processes in the Icelandic crust
- 2018
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Ingår i: Geochemical Perspectives Letters. ; 7, s. 5-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quartz formation processes in the Icelandic crust were assessed using coupled δ18O and δ30Si systematics of silica deposits formed over a wide temperature range (<150 to >550 °C). Magmatic quartz reveals δ18O (-5.6 to +6.6 ‰) and δ30Si (-0.4 ± 0.2 ‰) values representative of mantle- and crustally-derived melts in Iceland. Hydrothermal quartz and silica polymorphs display a larger range of δ18O (-9.3 to +30.1 ‰) and δ30Si (-4.6 to +0.7 ‰) values. Isotope modelling reveals that such large variations are consistent with variable water sources and equilibrium isotope fractionation between fluids and quartz associated with secondary processes occurring in the crust, including fluid-rock interaction, boiling and cooling. In context of published δ18O and δ30Si data on hydrothermal silica deposits, we demonstrate that large ranges in δ30Si values coupled to insignificant δ18O variations may result from silica precipitation in a hydrothermal fluid conduit associated with near-surface cooling. While equilibrium isotope fractionation between fluids and quartz seems to prevail at high temperatures, kinetic fractionation likely influences isotope systematics at low temperatures.
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| 6. |
- Saevarsdottir, S., et al.
(författare)
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Multiomics analysis of rheumatoid arthritis yields sequence variants that have large effects on risk of the seropositive subset
- 2022
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Ingår i: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. - : BMJ. - 0003-4967 .- 1468-2060. ; 81:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To find causal genes for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its seropositive (RF and/or ACPA positive) and seronegative subsets. Methods We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 31 313 RA cases (68% seropositive) and similar to 1 million controls from Northwestern Europe. We searched for causal genes outside the HLA-locus through effect on coding, mRNA expression in several tissues and/or levels of plasma proteins (SomaScan) and did network analysis (Qiagen). Results We found 25 sequence variants for RA overall, 33 for seropositive and 2 for seronegative RA, altogether 37 sequence variants at 34 non-HLA loci, of which 15 are novel. Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of these yielded 25 causal genes in seropositive RA and additional two overall. Most encode proteins in the network of interferon-alpha/beta and IL-12/23 that signal through the JAK/STAT-pathway. Highlighting those with largest effect on seropositive RA, a rare missense variant in STAT4 (rs140675301-A) that is independent of reported non-coding STAT4-variants, increases the risk of seropositive RA 2.27-fold (p=2.1x10(-9)), more than the rs2476601-A missense variant in PTPN22 (OR=1.59, p=1.3x10(-160)). STAT4 rs140675301-A replaces hydrophilic glutamic acid with hydrophobic valine (Glu128Val) in a conserved, surface-exposed loop. A stop-mutation (rs76428106-C) in FLT3 increases seropositive RA risk (OR=1.35, p=6.6x10(-11)). Independent missense variants in TYK2 (rs34536443-C, rs12720356-C, rs35018800-A, latter two novel) associate with decreased risk of seropositive RA (ORs=0.63-0.87, p=10(-9)-10(-27)) and decreased plasma levels of interferon-alpha/beta receptor 1 that signals through TYK2/JAK1/STAT4. Conclusion Sequence variants pointing to causal genes in the JAK/STAT pathway have largest effect on seropositive RA, while associations with seronegative RA remain scarce.
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