| 1. |
- Bak, Søren Alex, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of four ionophores in soil, sediment and manure using pressurised liquid extraction
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Chromatography A. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 1307:September, s. 27-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A multi-residue pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) methodology has been established for the determination of the four ionophores: lasalocid, monensin, salinomycin and narasin in solid environmental matrices. The PLE methodology is combined with solid phase extraction as clean-up using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry applying electrospray ionisation for detection. The samples were freeze-dried prior to extraction. The absolute recoveries for soil and sediment ranged from 71 to 123% (relative standard deviation (RSDs) below 16%) and in the range 94–133% (RSDs 9–35%) for poultry manure. The final method allowed for the detection of four ionophores down to a few hundred ng kg−1 in natural solid matrices with limit of quantifications (LOQs) being 0.96, 0.87, 0.98, and 0.64 μg kg−1 in soil for lasalocid, monensin, salinomycin, and narasin, respectively. Corresponding LOQs in sediment were 1.28, 1.34, 1.39, and 0.78 μg kg−1 for the respective ionophores, while in manure the LOQs were 0.98, 1.01, 1.45, and 1.01 μg kg−1.
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| 2. |
- Bak, Søren Alex, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of four ionophores in soil, sediment and manure using pressurised liquid extraction
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Chromatography A. - : Elsevier. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 1307:September, s. 27-33
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A multi-residue pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) methodology has been established for the determination of the four ionophores: lasalocid, monensin, salinomycin and narasin in solid environmental matrices. The PLE methodology is combined with solid phase extraction as clean-up using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry applying electrospray ionisation for detection. The samples were freeze-dried prior to extraction. The absolute recoveries for soil and sediment ranged from 71 to 123% (relative standard deviation (RSDs) below 16%) and in the range 94–133% (RSDs 9–35%) for poultry manure. The final method allowed for the detection of four ionophores down to a few hundred ng kg−1 in natural solid matrices with limit of quantifications (LOQs) being 0.96, 0.87, 0.98, and 0.64 μg kg−1 in soil for lasalocid, monensin, salinomycin, and narasin, respectively. Corresponding LOQs in sediment were 1.28, 1.34, 1.39, and 0.78 μg kg−1 for the respective ionophores, while in manure the LOQs were 0.98,1.01, 1.45, and 1.01 μg kg−1.
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| 3. |
- Gräslund, Sara, 1971-
(författare)
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Chemical use in shrimp farming and environmental implications of antibiotic pollution
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Shrimp farming is a highly important industry in southeast Asia. A major threat to profitable shrimp farming is disease outbreaks, which has lead to a situation where a large number of chemicals are used to prevent and treat infections. The aim of this thesis was to assess the environmental risk of chemical use in shrimp farming, with emphasis on the use of certain antibiotics.A review of earlier studies on chemical use in shrimp farming in southeast Asia identified a serious lack of information regarding the types and amounts of products used. Thus, an interview survey was conducted in Thailand, gathering information from shrimp farmers on the use of chemicals and biological products. The farmers used on average 13 different products, mainly soil and water treatment compounds, disinfectants and pesticides, probiotics, vitamins, antibiotics, fertilisers and different feed additives. Seventy-four percent of the shrimp farmers used antibiotics of at least 13 different types, most commonly the fluoroquinolone norfloxacin. Many farmers were not well informed about safe and effective application practices, e.g., many farmers used antibiotics prophylactically, and several used them to treat viral infections. A study of the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and pollution of antibiotic substances in shrimp farming areas revealed a high proportion of antibiotic resistance among the bacteria isolated from shrimp farms, in particular to fluoroquinolones, non-fluorinated quinolones, sulphonamides and trimethoprim. Furthermore, the study showed widespread pollution by the fluoroquinolone norfloxacin in mussel samples from the investigated areas. To investigate the potential effects of antibiotics on microorganisms in marine benthic communities, a microcosm test method was developed and used to investigate the effects of three different antibiotics (norfloxacin, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline) on microorganisms in a Swedish marine benthic system. The results indicated that high doses of the investigated antibiotics caused a decrease in microorganism activity in the systems.In conclusion, several of the antibiotics used in shrimp farming are a potential threat to the environment, and in addition to human health and to the shrimp production itself. Increased level of inspections of chemical residues in shrimp in importing countries appeared to be an important incentive for a more restrictive use of antibiotics in shrimp farming. There were indications that promotional activities by the companies marketing chemicals for use in shrimp farming increased the level of usage, which was often unnecessary or even counterproductive from a shrimp farming perspective. Hence, there is a potential to decrease usage through raising awareness among farmers about safe and efficient use of chemicals.
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| 4. |
- Hansen, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Animal manure separation technologies diminish the environmental burden of steroid hormones
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology Letters. - 2328-8930. ; 2:4, s. 133-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Newly developed treatment technologies are capable of separating livestock manure into a liquid fraction and a solid fraction using sedimentation, mechanical, and/or chemical methods. These technologies offer a potential means of distributing nutrients to agricultural lands without the unwanted environmental risks associated with the release of steroid hormones to adjacent waterways. To assess the potential benefit of these technologies in reducing the level of release of steroid hormones to adjacent waterways, distribution profiles of nine steroid hormones (pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, 17α-estradiol, and 17β-estradiol) were determined in raw swine manure, and in solid and liquid fractions separated from ten full-scale manure separation systems. Steroid hormone concentrations, normalized for nitrogen content, were significantly higher in separated solids than in liquids. If separated liquids are applied instead of raw manure, steroid hormone loading can be reduced by a factor of 2 at a constant nitrogen fertilization level.
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| 5. |
- Hansen, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Animal manure separation technologies diminish the environmental burden of steroid hormones
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology Letters. - : American Chemical Society. - 2328-8930. ; 2:4, s. 133-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Newly developed treatment technologies are capable of separating livestock manure into a liquid fraction and a solid fraction using sedimentation, mechanical, and/or chemical methods. These technologies offer a potential means of distributing nutrients to agricultural lands without the unwanted environmental risks associated with the release of steroid hormones to adjacent waterways. To assess the potential benefit of these technologies in reducing the level of release of steroid hormones to adjacent waterways, distribution profiles of nine steroid hormones (pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, 17α-estradiol, and 17β-estradiol) were determined in raw swine manure, and in solid and liquid fractions separated from ten full-scale manure separation systems. Steroid hormone concentrations, normalized for nitrogen content, were significantly higher in separated solids than in liquids. If separated liquids are applied instead of raw manure, steroid hormone loading can be reduced by a factor of 2 at a constant nitrogen fertilization level.
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| 6. |
- Nielsen, Frederik Knud, et al.
(författare)
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Mixture effects of 3 mechanistically different steroidogenic disruptors (prochloraz, genistein, and ketoconazole) in the H295R cell assay
- 2015
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Ingår i: International journal of toxicology. - 1091-5818 .- 1092-874X. ; 34:6, s. 534-542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mixture effects of 3 model endocrine disruptors, prochloraz, ketoconazole, and genistein, on steroidogenesis were tested in the adrenocortical H295R cell line. Seven key steroid hormones (pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and 17β-estradiol) were analyzed using gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to investigate the effects throughout the steroidogenic pathway. Current modeling approaches often rely on models assuming compounds acting independently and that the individual effects in some way can be summarized to predict a mixture effect. In H295R cells with an intact steroidogenic pathway, such assumptions may not be feasible. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate whether effects of a mixture with differing modes of action followed or deviated from additivity (concentration addition) and whether the H295R cell line was suitable for evaluating mixture toxicity of endocrine disruptors with different modes of action. The compounds were chosen because they interfere with steroidogenesis in different ways. They all individually decrease the concentrations of the main sex steroids downstream but exert different effects upstream in the steroidogenic pathway. Throughout the study, we observed lowest observed effect concentrations of mixtures at levels 2 to 10 times higher than the predicted EC50, strongly indicating antagonistic effects. The results demonstrate that chemical analysis combined with the H295R cell assay is a useful tool also for studying how mixtures of endocrine disruptors with differing modes of action interfere with the steroidogenic pathway and that existing models like concentration addition are insufficient in such cases. Furthermore, for end points where compounds exert opposite effects, no relevant models are available.
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| 7. |
- Nielsen, Frederik Knud, et al.
(författare)
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Mixture effects of 3 mechanistically different steroidogenic disruptors (prochloraz, genistein, and ketoconazole) in the H295R cell assay
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Toxicology. - : SAGE Publications Inc.. - 1091-5818 .- 1092-874X. ; 34:6, s. 534-542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mixture effects of 3 model endocrine disruptors, prochloraz, ketoconazole, and genistein, on steroidogenesis were tested in the adrenocortical H295R cell line. Seven key steroid hormones (pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and 17β-estradiol) were analyzed using gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to investigate the effects throughout the steroidogenic pathway. Current modeling approaches often rely on models assuming compounds acting independently and that the individual effects in some way can be summarized to predict a mixture effect. In H295R cells with an intact steroidogenic pathway, such assumptions may not be feasible. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate whether effects of a mixture with differing modes of action followed or deviated from additivity (concentration addition) and whether the H295R cell line was suitable for evaluating mixture toxicity of endocrine disruptors with different modes of action. Thecompounds were chosen because they interfere with steroidogenesis in different ways. They all individually decrease the concentrations of the main sex steroids downstream but exert different effects upstream in the steroidogenic pathway. Throughout the study, we observed lowest observed effect concentrations of mixtures at levels 2 to 10 times higher than the predicted EC50, strongly indicating antagonistic effects. The results demonstrate that chemical analysis combined with the H295R cell assay is a useful tool also for studying how mixtures of endocrine disruptors with differing modes of action interfere with the steroidogenic pathway and that existing models like concentration addition are insufficient in such cases. Furthermore, for end points where compounds exert opposite effects, no relevant models are available.
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| 8. |
- Rodriguez-Navas, Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Biogas final digestive byproduct applied to croplands as fertilizer contains high levels of steroid hormones
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 180, s. 368-371
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we evaluate and demonstrate the occurrence of nine natural and one synthetic steroid hormone, including estrogens, androgens and progestagens in biogas final digestate byproduct (digestion liquid) commonly used as an agricultural fertilizer. We investigated two biogas sites that utilize different anaerobic digestion technologies (mesophilic and thermophilic) from swine manure and other organic wastes. Individual hormone concentration levels were observed up to 1478 ng g−1 dry weight or 22.5 mg kg−1 N with estrone and progesterone reaching highest concentration levels. Evaluation of the potential environmental burden through the application in agriculture was also assessed on the basis of predicted environmental concentrations. This study indicates that the biogas digestion process does not completely remove steroid hormones from livestock manure and use of final digestate byproduct on croplands contributes to the environmental emission of hormones.
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| 9. |
- Rodriguez-Navas, Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Biogas final digestive byproduct applied to croplands as fertilizer contains high levels of steroid hormones
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier Ltd.. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 180, s. 368-371
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we evaluate and demonstrate the occurrence of nine natural and one synthetic steroid hormone, including estrogens, androgens and progestagens in biogas final digestate byproduct (digestion liquid) commonly used as an agricultural fertilizer. We investigated two biogas sites that utilize different anaerobic digestion technologies (mesophilic and thermophilic) from swine manure and other organic wastes. Individual hormone concentration levels were observed up to 1478 ng g−1 dry weight or 22.5 mg kg−1 N with estrone and progesterone reaching highest concentration levels. Evaluation of the potential environmental burden through the application in agriculture was also assessed on the basis of predicted environmental concentrations. This study indicates that the biogas digestion process does not completely remove steroid hormones from livestock manure and use of final digestate byproduct on croplands contributes to the environmental emission of hormones.
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