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Sökning: WFRF:(Hamid Abdul)

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1.
  • Qureshi, Abdul Sattar, et al. (författare)
  • Fruit waste to energy through open fermentation
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED ENERGY. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. ; 142, s. 904-909
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study aims to examine the nonsterilized fermentation conditions for coproduction of pectinases and lipase enzymes using several fruit wastes as an energy source. Thermophilic fungal strain, Penicillium expansum CM,1 39671 was used as a fermenting strain. The effect of process conditions including; nitrogen sources, pH, temperature, time and moisture contents, on the production of both enzymes were studied. The highest activities of pectinase and lipase (2817, 1870 U/g dry substrate) enzymes were found with orange peel feedstock, whereas the lowest activities of 1662 U/g and 1266 U/g were found with banana peel and papaya peel feedstocks respectively. Overall, pectinase showed higher enzymatic activities than lipase enzymes, both having similar increasing and decreasing trends, at all studied conditions. The optimum process conditions of peptone as a nitrogen source, pH 7, 40 degrees C, 5 days and 70% moisture contents, were found to show highest enzymatic activities for both enzymes. The orange peel feedstock showed no significant difference in both enzymes' activities at sterilized and nonnotarized process conditions. Pectinase and lipase enzymes showed (13791 U/g) and (8114 U/g) for sterilized and (14091 U/g) and (8324 U/g) for nonnotarized process conditions respectively. In addition, the fungal strains also produce bacteriocin-like compounds that could inhibit microbial growth. These findings will help to design and develop robust, cost-effective and less energy intensive enzyme production processes and consequently an efficient fruit waste to energy system through open fermentation. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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2.
  • Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al. (författare)
  • Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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3.
  • Danaei, Goodarz, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of diabetes definition on global surveillance of diabetes prevalence and diagnosis: a pooled analysis of 96 population-based studies with 331288 participants
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. - 2213-8595 .- 2213-8587. ; 3:8, s. 624-637
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA(1c). We assessed the effect of different diagnostic definitions on both the population prevalence of diabetes and the classification of previously undiagnosed individuals as having diabetes versus not having diabetes in a pooled analysis of data from population-based health examination surveys in different regions. Methods We used data from 96 population-based health examination surveys that had measured at least two of the biomarkers used for defining diabetes. Diabetes was defined using HbA(1c) (HbA(1c) >= 6 . 5% or history of diabetes diagnosis or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs) compared with either FPG only or FPG-or-2hOGTT definitions (FPG >= 7 . 0 mmol/L or 2hOGTT >= 11 . 1 mmol/L or history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated diabetes prevalence, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights. We compared the prevalences of diabetes using different definitions graphically and by regression analyses. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of diabetes diagnosis based on HbA1c compared with diagnosis based on glucose among previously undiagnosed individuals (ie, excluding those with history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated sensitivity and specificity in each survey, and then pooled results using a random-effects model. We assessed the sources of heterogeneity of sensitivity by meta-regressions for study characteristics selected a priori. Findings Population prevalence of diabetes based on FPG- or-2hOGTT was correlated with prevalence based on FPG alone (r= 0 . 98), but was higher by 2-6 percentage points at different prevalence levels. Prevalence based on HbA(1c) was lower than prevalence based on FPG in 42 . 8% of age-sex-survey groups and higher in another 41 . 6%; in the other 15 . 6%, the two definitions provided similar prevalence estimates. The variation across studies in the relation between glucose-based and HbA(1c)-based prevalences was partly related to participants' age, followed by natural logarithm of per person gross domestic product, the year of survey, mean BMI, and whether the survey population was national, subnational, or from specific communities. Diabetes defined as HbA(1c) 6 . 5% or more had a pooled sensitivity of 52 . 8% (95% CI 51 . 3-54 . 3%) and a pooled specificity of 99 . 74% (99 . 71-99 . 78%) compared with FPG 7 . 0 mmol/L or more for diagnosing previously undiagnosed participants; sensitivity compared with diabetes defined based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was 30 . 5% (28 . 7-32 . 3%). None of the preselected study-level characteristics explained the heterogeneity in the sensitivity of HbA(1c) versus FPG. Interpretation Different biomarkers and definitions for diabetes can provide different estimates of population prevalence of diabetes, and differentially identify people without previous diagnosis as having diabetes. Using an HbA(1c)-based definition alone in health surveys will not identify a substantial proportion of previously undiagnosed people who would be considered as having diabetes using a glucose-based test.
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4.
  • Kassebaum, Nicholas J., et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 388:10053, s. 1603-1658
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Findings Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs off set by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2.9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2.9-3.0) for men and 3.5 years (3.4-3.7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0.85 years (0.78-0.92) and 1.2 years (1.1-1.3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. Interpretation Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum.
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5.
  • Khalil, Ibrahim, et al. (författare)
  • Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013 : Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - : American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. - 1476-1645 .- 0002-9637. ; 95:6, s. 1319-1329
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0-1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245-763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520-989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540-65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden.
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6.
  • Zhou, Bin, et al. (författare)
  • Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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7.
  • Abdul Hamid, Akram, et al. (författare)
  • Determining the impact of air-side cleaning for heat exchangers in ventilation systems
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Building Services Engineering Research & Technology. - : SAGE Publications. - 0143-6244 .- 1477-0849. ; 41:1, s. 46-59
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cleaning coils can be an efficient way to reduce the need for reparations and maintain the functionality of a ventilation system. This study builds upon existing knowledge concerning the contamination of heat exchangers. Through field measurements on coils and heat-recovery units, a laboratory experiment on a coil, and a generic calculation example, this study determines the impact of sustained contamination on heat-recovery units with regards to energy use. Field measurements made before and after cleaning of heat exchangers show an average increase in the pressure drop by 12% and decrease in the thermal exchange efficiency by 8.1% due to mass deposited on the surface of the heat exchangers. Results from a laboratory test show a correlation between the mass deposited on a coil and (1) the increase in pressure drop over the coil, as well as (2) a diminishing heat exchange. Accumulating contamination on heat-recovery units in residential and commercial buildings (over time) is then linked to increasing pressure drop and diminishing thermal efficiency. With models based on these links, energy loss over time is calculated based on a generic calculation example in a realistic scenario. Practical application : The results from this study emphasize the need for maintenance of buildings with ventilation systems with coils, but more so those with heat-recovery units. The presented field measurements and laboratory study correlate energy loss with sustained accumulation of contaminants on coils and heat-recovery units. These results should serve as a recommendation to property owners considering maintenance of such units in their buildings.
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8.
  • Abdul Hamid, Akram, et al. (författare)
  • Determining the Impact of High Residential Density on Indoor Environment, Energy Use, and Moisture Loads in Swedish Apartments-and Measures for Mitigation
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 13:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recently, there has been an increase in apartments with a large number of inhabitants, i.e., high residential density. This is partly due to a housing shortage in general but also increased migration, particularly in suburbs of major cities. This paper specifies issues that might be caused by high residential density by investigating the technical parameters influenced in Swedish apartments that are likely to have high residential density. Interviews with 11 employees at housing companies were conducted to identify issues that might be caused by high residential density. Furthermore, simulations were conducted based on extreme conditions described in the interviews to determine the impact on the energy use, indoor environmental quality, and moisture loads. In addition, the impact of measures to mitigate the identified issues was determined. Measures such as demand-controlled ventilation, increase of a constant ventilation rate, and moisture buffering are shown to reduce the risk for thermal discomfort, mold growth, and diminished indoor air quality; while still achieving a lower energy use than in a normally occupied apartment. The results of this study can be used by authorities to formulate incentives and/or recommendations for housing owners to implement measures to ensure good indoor environmental quality for all, irrespective of residential density conditions.
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9.
  • Abdul Hamid, Akram, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of set points for moisture supply and volatile organic compounds as controlling parameters for demand controlled ventilation in multifamily houses
  • 2014
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The main purpose has been to evaluate existing set points (thresholds) and suggest proper set points, for the regulation of the air change rate in a demand controlled mechanical ventilation (DCV) system. The DCV is controlled by measurements in the supply and exhaust air of the vapor content and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for each dwelling in multifamily houses. Results have been achieved through a literature review and laboratory tests. The threshold for the maximum ventilation rate (0.8 ac/h) should be set at 1000 ppm (CO2-eq.). Preferably, a minimum ventilation rate of 0.5 ac/h should be set with current thresholds (800-1000 ppm CO2-eq.). With a lower minimum ventilation rate (e.g. 0.1 ac/h) the lower threshold should be set at 450 ppm (CO2-eq). In order to deal with heavy moisture production the threshold for the moisture supply is suggested to be set at 3 g/m3.
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10.
  • Abdul Hamid, Akram (författare)
  • Field Measurements for Verification of the Impact of Renovation and Maintenance Measures on Buildings : - regarding Energy Efficiency, Indoor Environment and Moisture Safety
  • 2019. - 1
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Renovating the European building stock has for almost two decades been a matter of importance to the European Union. Reduction of energy use for existing buildings can be achieved through applying energy efficiency renovation measures. Besides this, there is quite a large renovation need in Sweden due to building materials and services reaching (or having passed) the end of their service life.Incorrectly implemented, renovation measures can have negative impacts on the state of the building, and so can the lack of maintenance measures. In order to avoid negative outcomes, impacts of possible renovation and maintenance measures need to be evaluated. It is also important to be able to predict these impacts and therefore important to acquire data on them, but also more knowledge on how to isolate the impacts of such measures through field measurements.This thesis aims to assess the impact of relevant and applicable renovation or maintenance measures for buildings in temperate climates, primarily through field measurements. This thesis also aims to illuminate the process of field measurements for acquiring data for the assessment of renovation and maintenance measures. The empirical base for this has included five case studies on renovation or maintenance measures that are relevant for Swedish buildings, and a literature review. In order to illuminate the process of field measurements for the assessment of the impact that renovation and maintenance measures has on a building, this thesis has analyzed the research procedure in five case studies that have included such assessments. These case studies included measures that impacted on the energy use, the indoor environmental quality, and/or the moisture safety of a building.The thesis compares the setups of the field measurements in the case studies, discusses the details of the field measurements, the limitations in each study and the consequences thereof, and the knowledge that was gained through the analyses that were conducted. This empirical data, gained from these analyses, formed the basis for the illumination of the overall method for the assessment of renovation and maintenance measures through field measurements.The results in the included case studies show that the measures that have been evaluated have a beneficial impact on the energy use, and some also on the indoor environment. However, it is important to consider possible risks with implementing the measures in order to avoid negative outcomes. The case studies show that it is possible to determine the impact through field measurements, with accuracy. The analysis of the procedures in the case studies in this thesis shows that different measurement setups require different types of analyses in order to determine the impact of the measure. If field measurements are conducted on an object (e.g. a building) before and after the implementation of a measure, control parameters should be measured simultaneously in order to determine the impact of changes in these parameters on the object and thereby isolate the impact of the measure. If measurements are conducted solely after the implementation of the measure, simultaneous measurements should be conducted on a control object, that is comparable to the object on which the measure has been implemented (the main object) and preferably has not undergone any changes during the study. The combination of the case studies shows that the design of the field measurements is often based on a hypothesis. The design considers limitations of the case study, possible impact of control parameters, if it is possible to conduct measurements on a control object, and if it is possible to retrieve data from other sources. The combination of the case studies also shows that, most likely, a deviation (e.g. sensor failures) will occur, or a limitation will exist, which will require supplementary analyses to be conducted in order to answer the hypothesis and/ or other questions related to the determination of the impact of the measure.
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11.
  • Abdul Hamid, Akram, et al. (författare)
  • Hygrothermal assessment of internally added thermal insulation on external brick walls in Swedish multifamily buildings
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1323. ; 123, s. 351-362
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Proper and efficient renovation requires understanding the behavior of existing buildings and of different building materials. Analyzing hygrothermal measurements in two case studies, one with and the other without an internally added thermal insulation system, enabled us to identify factors of critical importance for further assessment through simulations, and to validate a hygrothermal simulation model of a solid brick masonry wall, a model used then to assess internally added thermal insulation systems of different types. A mold resistance design (MRD) model shows that, in connection with all internally added thermal insulation systems, the risk of mold growth is appreciable when brought on by solar driven vapor from the exterior. This, if biological material is present in either of two critical areas, those of the boundary between the thermal insulation and either 1) the existing masonry wall, or 2) the exterior surface of an internally added vapor barrier. Furthermore, assessments of corrosion risks are conducted for two critical placements of the bed-joint reinforcement. At a depth of 30 mm from the exterior surface, the corrosion risk was found to be less with use of capillary-active vapor-open systems than when no thermal insulation was employed, other systems increase the corrosion risk. At a depth of 90 mm, all thermal insulation systems increase the corrosion risk. Excluding precipitation uptake eliminates all risks, showing that this is the most crucial factor. Solutions that limit this uptake or increase the drying-out rate should thus be considered beneficial.
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12.
  • Abdul Hamid, Akram, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of high residential density on the building technology, HVAC systems, and indoor environment in Swedish apartments
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: E3S Web of Conferences. Volyme 172, 2020.. - : EDP Sciences. ; 172
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • During the last few years, there has been an increased number of overcrowded apartments, due to increased migration but also housing shortage in general, particularly in the suburbs to major cities. The question is how the indoor environment in these apartments is affected by the high number of persons and how the problems related to high residential density can be overcome. This paper aims to specify the problem by investigating and analysing the technical parameters influenced by residential density in Swedish apartments built between 1965-1974. To map the situation, 11 interviews with employees at housing companies were conducted. Based on extreme conditions described in the interviews, simulations of the indoor climate and moisture risks at some vulnerable parts of constructions were made. Simulations were focused on moisture loads and CO2 concentrations as functions of residential density and ventilation rate. Finally, measures to combat problems associated to overcrowding are suggested. The aim is that the results should be used by authorities to formulate incentives and/or recommendations for housing companies to take actions to ensure a good indoor environment for all, irrespective of residential density conditions. © The Authors.
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13.
  • Abdul Hamid, Akram, et al. (författare)
  • Literature review on renovation of multifamily buildings in temperate climate conditions
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 172, s. 414-431
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In Sweden, approximately 1.4 million dwellings were built 1946–1975. Today, a considerable part of these are in need of renovation for various reasons. Research results, as well as experiences and outcomes from renovation projects could facilitate in performing more efficient renovations. As an aid for further research, this paper aims to compile and review relevant literature that may support in choosing a renovation strategy as well as decisions on renovation measures. The focus of this paper is research on status determinations, renovation strategies and renovation measures. Differences and similarities within these areas are presented through the analysis of 234 relevant references. The results show that renovation of multifamily buildings in temperate climate conditions is widely researched. The included research has a strong energy focus, and while other aspects of renovation are researched as well, they are not as strongly represented. Status determinations are often based on data from national databases that include useful information that could help alleviate decision making in the renovation process. This study suggests that future research should be conducted on the effect of such databases on the renovation process. This study also shows that there are numerous renovation strategies, and while there are both in-depth and broader strategies, these are seldom connected. Finally, there are many references evaluating various effects of the application of renovation measures, but some effects and measures are more widely researched than others. This study lays a strong foundation for further in-depth research on the reviewed articles, reports, and theses.
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14.
  • Abdul Hamid, Akram, et al. (författare)
  • Measuring the impact of MVHR on the energy efficiency and the IEQ in multifamily buildings
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 195, s. 93-104
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Renovating and improving the current building stock is a matter of both need and importance. In order to know if the implemented renovation measure has had an impact on the building as a system it is important to verify the impact through measurements. The aim of this project is to isolate the impact of a measure on the energy efficiency of a building as well as the indoor environmental quality. This, through detailed measurements that enable the exclusion of the impact of other factors that might affect the energy use. For this reason a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery was installed in two apartment buildings and measurements were conducted before and after installation. Measurements were also conducted in two almost identical reference buildings, that were used as a control group for the experiment. Together with acquired data for the surrounding climate, measurements were conducted on 1)the district heat carriers to and from the buildings, 2)the temperature and relative humidity in the apartments, 3)the global horizontal radiation on site, and 4)the temperature outdoors. A survey was also conducted with the inhabitants for the assessment of the impact on the perceived indoor environmental quality. Correcting for the outdoor temperature only, a yearly reduction by 22% and 24% is achieved in the affected buildings. Changes in the global horizontal radiation clearly impact the results, however, can not be corrected for. By using the control group as a reference, further corrections can be made and the energy reduction might be determined to 15% and 34%, instead of 22% and 24% respectively.
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15.
  • Abdul Hamid, Akram (författare)
  • Method for evaluation of renovation measures with regards to moisture and emission loads : Based on risk assessments
  • 2017
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Renovating the European building stock has for almost two decades been a matter of importance. For Sweden, it is important to renovate its multifamily buildings in order to achieve a reduced energy use, but also because renovation is needed due to building materials and services reaching (or having passed) the end of their life span. In order to renovate properly, renovation measures must be implemented correctly to avoid negative impact on the building materials and the indoor environment. For this purpose, renovation measures need to be evaluated with regards to moisture and emission loads, and the risks related to these. This thesis has developed a realistically applicable method for this type of evaluation, called RememberL, and tests RememberL on two renovation measures as case studies. Through laboratory tests, in-field measurements, building performance simulations, hygrothermal simulations and surveys, the renovation measures are evaluated according to the methodology. RememberL thereby yields useful results for understanding the impact that these methods have on building materials and the indoor environment and vice versa. Furthermore, through the application of RememberL on these case studies, it is further developed to a method that proves flexible through several alternatives.
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16.
  • Abdul Hamid, A., et al. (författare)
  • Moisture supply Set Point for avoidance of moisture damage in Swedish multifamily houses
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 78, s. 901-906
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • From 1950 until 1975 approximately 1.3 million apartments were built in Sweden. Now, a considerable part of these are in need of renovation. This paper is part of an evaluation of a new DCV system developed especially for the renovation of these houses. The DCV automatically regulates the air change rate for each dwelling based on measurements of the indoor air. One of the measured parameters is the moisture supply. Simply put, the ventilation rate increases when the measured moisture supply exceeds the set point based on a PI-controller. In this paper, simulations have been carried out to determine an appropriate set point for the moisture supply for avoidance of moisture damage on biological building materials. A worst case scenario has been considered - and the general maximal set point is recommended to be 3 g/m3.
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17.
  • Abdul Hamid, Akram, et al. (författare)
  • The impact of a DCV-system on the IAQ, energy use, and moisture safety in apartments - a case study
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Ventilation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1473-3315 .- 2044-4044. ; 21:1, s. 35-52
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A novel DCV-system controls the air-change rate for each apartment in multifamily buildings based on two indoor air parameters: 1) the moisture load (supply), and 2) volatile organic compounds. With a central fan, but decentralized control boxes placed outside each apartment, the system controls the air-change rate for each apartment. This paper’s main aim is to determine the potential of this DCV-system, through a case study, to: 1) achieve good IAQ, 2) handle the moisture loads appropriately, and 3) achieve good energy efficiency in multifamily buildings. Furthermore, the paper aims to assess the possibility to achieve good IAQ by validating the DCV-system’s VOC-controls through measurements of CO2 in apartments. Field measurements show that the system responds appropriately to apartment-specific loads, and that acceptable emission and moisture loads are achieved in most apartments in the case study. The impact that the system has on the energy use was assessed through calculations based on the field measurements. The calculations show that the DCV-system saves energy used for heating the supply-air by 86% in comparison to a mechanically balanced ventilation system without heat recovery, and 22% in comparison to the same system but with heat recovery.
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18.
  • Abdul Hamid, Akram, et al. (författare)
  • Ventilation measures for heritage office buildings in temperate climate for improvement of energy performance and IEQ
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-6178 .- 0378-7788. ; 211
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Heritage buildings are usually culturally protected as well as naturally ventilated. As such, it is difficult to control the airflow, which depends on the temperature outdoors as well as the wind. This causes issues with the thermal comfort and the indoor air quality. In this study, status determinations were conducted for 12 heritage buildings with offices, across Sweden. Field measurements on temperature, relative humidity, CO2, and air change rates in the indoor climate, together with a survey with the occupants, confirmed these issues in these buildings. In addition, for two of the buildings, field measurements were used together with building energy performance simulations in order to determine the impact of two different ventilation measures on the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and the energy use. A mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery, hidden inside a chimneypot, was shown to reduce CO2 concentrations and potentially reduce the energy use by up to 39 kWh∙m-2. Dampers for the reduction of the air change rates out-of-hours, installed in the pathways for the natural airflow through chimney pots, were shown to potentially reduce the energy use by up to 11 kWh∙m-2.
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19.
  • Abozid, Hazim, et al. (författare)
  • Prevalence of chronic cough, its risk factors and population attributable risk in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study : a multinational cross-sectional study
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: eClinicalMedicine. - : Elsevier. - 2589-5370. ; 68
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Chronic cough is a common respiratory symptom with an impact on daily activities and quality of life. Global prevalence data are scarce and derive mainly from European and Asian countries and studies with outcomes other than chronic cough. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of chronic cough across a large number of study sites as well as to identify its main risk factors using a standardised protocol and definition. Methods We analysed cross-sectional data from 33,983 adults (>= 40 years), recruited between Jan 2, 2003 and Dec 26, 2016, in 41 sites (34 countries) from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study. We estimated the prevalence of chronic cough for each site accounting for sampling design. To identify risk factors, we conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis within each site and then pooled estimates using random -effects metaanalysis. We also calculated the population attributable risk (PAR) associated with each of the identifed risk factors. Findings The prevalence of chronic cough varied from 3% in India (rural Pune) to 24% in the United States of America (Lexington,KY). Chronic cough was more common among females, both current and passive smokers, those working in a dusty job, those with a history of tuberculosis, those who were obese, those with a low level of education and those with hypertension or airflow limitation. The most influential risk factors were current smoking and working in a dusty job. Interpretation Our findings suggested that the prevalence of chronic cough varies widely across sites in different world regions. Cigarette smoking and exposure to dust in the workplace are its major risk factors.
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20.
  • Adam, M., et al. (författare)
  • Antimalarial drug efficacy and resistance in malaria-endemic countries in HANMAT-PIAM_net countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region 2016-2020: Clinical and genetic studies
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Tropical Medicine & International Health. - 1360-2276. ; 28:10, s. 817-829
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction The World Health Organization recommends regular monitoring of the efficacy of nationally recommended antimalarial drugs. We present the results of studies on the efficacy of recommended antimalarials and molecular markers of artemisinin and partner resistance in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen.Methods Single-arm prospective studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (ASSP) in Afghanistan and Pakistan, artemether-lumefantrine (AL) in all countries, or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) in Sudan for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum. The efficacy of chloroquine (CQ) and AL for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax was evaluated in Afghanistan and Somalia, respectively. Patients were treated and monitored for 28 (CQ, ASSP and AL) or 42 (DP) days. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-corrected cure rate and parasite positivity rate at Day 3 were estimated. Mutations in the P. falciparum kelch 13 (Pfk13) gene and amplifications of plasmepsin (Pfpm2) and multidrug resistance-1 (Pfmdr-1) genes were also studied.Results A total of 1680 (249 for ASSP, 1079 for AL and 352 for DP) falciparum cases were successfully assessed. A PCR-adjusted ASSP cure rate of 100% was observed in Afghanistan and Pakistan. For AL, the cure rate was 100% in all but four sites in Sudan, where cure rates ranged from 92.1% to 98.8%. All but one patient were parasite-free at Day 3. For P. vivax, cure rates were 98.2% for CQ and 100% for AL. None of the samples from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen had a Pfk13 mutation known to be associated with artemisinin resistance. In Sudan, the validated Pfk13 R622I mutation accounted for 53.8% (14/26) of the detected non-synonymous Pfk13 mutations, most of which were repeatedly detected in Gadaref. A prevalence of 2.7% and 9.3% of Pfmdr1 amplification was observed in Pakistan and Yemen, respectively.Conclusion High efficacy of ASSP, AL and DP in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum infection and of CQ and AL in the treatment of P. vivax was observed in the respective countries. The repeated detection of a relatively high rate of Pfk13 R622I mutation in Sudan underscores the need for close monitoring of the efficacy of recommended ACTs, parasite clearance rates and Pfk13 mutations in Sudan and beyond. Registration numbers of the trials: ACTRN12622000944730 and ACTRN12622000873729 for Afghanistan, ACTRN12620000426987 and ACTRN12617001025325 for Pakistan, ACTRN12618001224213 for Somalia, ACTRN12617000276358, ACTRN12622000930785 and ACTRN12618001800213 for Sudan and ACTRN12617000283370 for Yemen.
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21.
  • Ahmad, Sheikh Asrar, et al. (författare)
  • Use of digital thruster to separate the cadmium and lead metals from mixture sample
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Separation and Purification Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3794 .- 1383-5866. ; 63:1, s. 101-106
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The present work deals with the use of a digital thruster (DT) for the separation of cadmium and lead metals from mixture samples. Mixtures of lead and cadmium salts with varying concentrations were injected into a free electrolytic diffusion apparatus (FEDA). The microcathodes surrounding the central anode were programmed witha DT. The DT distributed the charge over the microcathodes at time intervals of 100-900 mu s or at the frequency of 625-70 Hz. The microcathodes become electrodeposited with lead and cadmium metals, showing both separation and co-deposition. The purity of deposited metals was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) using PerkinElmer and Aldrich AAS standards. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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22.
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23.
  • Ali, Amjad, et al. (författare)
  • Promising electrochemical study of titanate based anodes in direct carbon fuel cell using walnut and almond shells biochar fuel
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : ELSEVIER. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 434
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) is an efficient device that converts the carbon fuel directly into electricity with 100% theoretical efficiency contrary to practical efficiency around 60%. In this paper four perovskite anode materials La0.4Sr0.6M0.09Ti0.91O3-delta (M = Ni, Fe, Co, Zn) have been prepared using sol-gel technique to measure the performance of the device using solid fuel. These materials have shown reasonable stability and conductivity at 700 degrees C. Further structural analysis of as-prepared anode material using XRD technique reveals a single cubic perovskite structure with average crystallite size roughly 47 nm. Walnut and almond shells biochar have also been examined as a fuel in DCFC at the temperature range 400-700 degrees C. In addition, Elemental analysis of walnut and almond shells has shown high carbon content and low nitrogen and sulfur contents in the obtained biochar. Subsequently, the superior stability of as-prepared anode materials is evident by thermogravimetric analysis in pure N-2 gas atmosphere. Conversely, the LSFT anode has shown the highest electronic conductivity of 7.53Scm(-1) at 700 degrees C. The obtained power density for LSFTO3-delta composite anode mixed in sub-bituminous coal, walnut and almond shells biochar is of 68, 55, 48 mWcm(-2) respectively. A significant improvement in performance of DCFC (78 mWcm(-2)) was achieved.
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24.
  • Bentham, James, et al. (författare)
  • A century of trends in adult human height
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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25.
  • Bentham, James, et al. (författare)
  • A century of trends in adult human height
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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26.
  • Burney, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Prevalence and Population-Attributable Risk for Chronic Airflow Obstruction in a Large Multinational Study
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. - 1073-449X .- 1535-4970. ; 203:11, s. 1353-1365
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Rationale: The Global Burden of Disease program identified smoking and ambient and household air pollution as the main drivers of death and disability from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Objectives: To estimate the attributable risk of chronic airflow obstruction (CAO), a quantifiable characteristic of COPD, due to several risk factors.Methods: The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study is a cross-sectional study of adults, aged ≥40, in a globally distributed sample of 41 urban and rural sites. Based on data from 28,459 participants, we estimated the prevalence of CAO, defined as a postbronchodilator FEV1-to-FVC ratio less than the lower limit of normal, and the relative risks associated with different risk factors. Local relative risks were estimated using a Bayesian hierarchical model borrowing information from across sites. From these relative risks and the prevalence of risk factors, we estimated local population attributable risks.Measurements and Main Results: The mean prevalence of CAO was 11.2% in men and 8.6% in women. The mean population attributable risk for smoking was 5.1% in men and 2.2% in women. The next most influential risk factors were poor education levels, working in a dusty job for ≥10 years, low body mass index, and a history of tuberculosis. The risk of CAO attributable to the different risk factors varied across sites.Conclusions: Although smoking remains the most important risk factor for CAO, in some areas, poor education, low body mass index, and passive smoking are of greater importance. Dusty occupations and tuberculosis are important risk factors at some sites.
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27.
  • Chatterjee, Pratishtha, et al. (författare)
  • Plasma neurofilament light chain and amyloid-β are associated with the kynurenine pathway metabolites in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of neuroinflammation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1742-2094. ; 16:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Blood markers indicative of neurodegeneration (neurofilament light chain; NFL), Alzheimer's disease amyloid pathology (amyloid-β; Aβ), and neuroinflammation (kynurenine pathway; KP metabolites) have been investigated independently in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the association of these markers of neurodegeneration and AD pathology with neuroinflammation has not been investigated previously. Therefore, the current study examined whether NFL and Aβ correlate with KP metabolites in elderly individuals to provide insight on the association between blood indicators of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation.Correlations between KP metabolites, measured using liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and plasma NFL and Aβ concentrations, measured using single molecule array (Simoa) assays, were investigated in elderly individuals aged 65-90years, with normal global cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination Score≥26) from the Kerr Anglican Retirement Village Initiative in Ageing Health cohort.A positive correlation between NFL and the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (K/T) reflecting indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity was observed (r=.451, p<.0001). Positive correlations were also observed between NFL and kynurenine (r=.364, p<.0005), kynurenic acid (r=.384, p<.0001), 3-hydroxykynurenine (r=.246, p=.014), anthranilic acid (r=.311, p=.002), and quinolinic acid (r=.296, p=.003). Further, significant associations were observed between plasma Aβ40 and the K/T (r=.375, p<.0005), kynurenine (r=.374, p<.0005), kynurenic acid (r=.352, p<.0005), anthranilic acid (r=.381, p<.0005), and quinolinic acid (r=.352, p<.0005). Significant associations were also observed between plasma Aβ42 and the K/T ratio (r=.215, p=.034), kynurenic acid (r=.214, p=.035), anthranilic acid (r=.278, p=.006), and quinolinic acid (r=.224, p=.027) in the cohort. On stratifying participants based on their neocortical Aβ load (NAL) status, NFL correlated with KP metabolites irrespective of NAL status; however, associations between plasma Aβ and KP metabolites were only pronounced in individuals with high NAL while associations in individuals with low NAL were nearly absent.The current study shows that KP metabolite changes are associated with biomarker evidence of neurodegeneration. Additionally, the association between KP metabolites and plasma Aβ seems to be NAL status dependent. Finally, the current study suggests that an association between neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation manifests in the periphery, suggesting that preventing cytoskeleton cytotoxicity by KP metabolites may have therapeutic potential.
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28.
  • de Erausquin, Gabriel A, et al. (författare)
  • Chronic neuropsychiatric sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: Protocol and methods from the Alzheimer's Association Global Consortium.
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.). - : Wiley. - 2352-8737. ; 8:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused >3.5 million deaths worldwide and affected >160 million people. At least twice as many have been infected but remained asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic. COVID-19 includes central nervous system manifestations mediated by inflammation and cerebrovascular, anoxic, and/or viral neurotoxicity mechanisms. More than one third of patients with COVID-19 develop neurologic problems during the acute phase of the illness, including loss of sense of smell or taste, seizures, and stroke. Damage or functional changes to the brain may result in chronic sequelae. The risk of incident cognitive and neuropsychiatric complications appears independent from the severity of the original pulmonary illness. It behooves the scientific and medical community to attempt to understand the molecular and/or systemic factors linking COVID-19 to neurologic illness, both short and long term.This article describes what is known so far in terms of links among COVID-19, the brain, neurological symptoms, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias. We focus on risk factors and possible molecular, inflammatory, and viral mechanisms underlying neurological injury. We also provide a comprehensive description of the Alzheimer's Association Consortium on Chronic Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (CNS SC2) harmonized methodology to address these questions using a worldwide network of researchers and institutions.Successful harmonization of designs and methods was achieved through a consensus process initially fragmented by specific interest groups (epidemiology, clinical assessments, cognitive evaluation, biomarkers, and neuroimaging). Conclusions from subcommittees were presented to the whole group and discussed extensively. Presently data collection is ongoing at 19 sites in 12 countries representing Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe.The Alzheimer's Association Global Consortium harmonized methodology is proposed as a model to study long-term neurocognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.The following review describes what is known so far in terms of molecular and epidemiological links among COVID-19, the brain, neurological symptoms, and AD and related dementias (ADRD)The primary objective of this large-scale collaboration is to clarify the pathogenesis of ADRD and to advance our understanding of the impact of a neurotropic virus on the long-term risk of cognitive decline and other CNS sequelae. No available evidence supports the notion that cognitive impairment after SARS-CoV-2 infection is a form of dementia (ADRD or otherwise). The longitudinal methodologies espoused by the consortium are intended to provide data to answer this question as clearly as possible controlling for possible confounders. Our specific hypothesis is that SARS-CoV-2 triggers ADRD-like pathology following the extended olfactory cortical network (EOCN) in older individuals with specific genetic susceptibility.The proposed harmonization strategies and flexible study designs offer the possibility to include large samples of under-represented racial and ethnic groups, creating a rich set of harmonized cohorts for future studies of the pathophysiology, determinants, long-term consequences, and trends in cognitive aging, ADRD, and vascular disease.We provide a framework for current and future studies to be carried out within the Consortium. and offers a "green paper" to the research community with a very broad, global base of support, on tools suitable for low- and middle-income countries aimed to compare and combine future longitudinal data on the topic.The Consortium proposes a combination of design and statistical methods as a means of approaching causal inference of the COVID-19 neuropsychiatric sequelae. We expect that deep phenotyping of neuropsychiatric sequelae may provide a series of candidate syndromes with phenomenological and biological characterization that can be further explored. By generating high-quality harmonized data across sites we aim to capture both descriptive and, where possible, causal associations.
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29.
  • Dendooven, Amélie, et al. (författare)
  • Coding practice in national and regional kidney biopsy registries
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: BMC Nephrology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2369. ; 22:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Kidney biopsy registries all over the world benefit research, teaching and health policy. Comparison, aggregation and exchange of data is however greatly dependent on how registration and coding of kidney biopsy diagnoses are performed. This paper gives an overview over kidney biopsy registries, explores how these registries code kidney disease and identifies needs for improvement of coding practice. Methods: A literature search was undertaken to identify biopsy registries for medical kidney diseases. These data were supplemented with information from personal contacts and from registry websites. A questionnaire was sent to all identified registries, investigating age of registries, scope, method of coding, possible mapping to international terminologies as well as self-reported problems and suggestions for improvement. Results: Sixteen regional or national kidney biopsy registries were identified, of which 11 were older than 10 years. Most registries were located either in Europe (10/16) or in Asia (4/16). Registries most often use a proprietary coding system (12/16). Only a few of these coding systems were mapped to SNOMED CT (1), older SNOMED versions (2) or ERA-EDTA PRD (3). Lack of maintenance and updates of the coding system was the most commonly reported problem. Conclusions: There were large gaps in the global coverage of kidney biopsy registries. Limited use of international coding systems among existing registries hampers interoperability and exchange of data. The study underlines that the use of a common and uniform coding system is necessary to fully realize the potential of kidney biopsy registries.
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30.
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31.
  • Diaz, Sandra, et al. (författare)
  • The IPBES Conceptual Framework - connecting nature and people
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-3435 .- 1877-3443. ; 14, s. 1-16
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The first public product of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is its Conceptual Framework. This conceptual and analytical tool, presented here in detail, will underpin all IPBES functions and provide structure and comparability to the syntheses that IPBES will produce at different spatial scales, on different themes, and in different regions. Salient innovative aspects of the IPBES Conceptual Framework are its transparent and participatory construction process and its explicit consideration of diverse scientific disciplines, stakeholders, and knowledge systems, including indigenous and local knowledge. Because the focus on co-construction of integrative knowledge is shared by an increasing number of initiatives worldwide, this framework should be useful beyond IPBES, for the wider research and knowledge-policy communities working on the links between nature and people, such as natural, social and engineering scientists, policy-makers at different levels, and decision-makers in different sectors of society.
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32.
  • Farsäter, Karin, et al. (författare)
  • Erfarenhetsåterföring vid renovering
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Bygg och teknik. - 0281-658X. ; :2, s. 38-39
  • Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
    • Nationellt Renoveringscentrum (NRC) bildades 2013 för att arbeta med kunskapshöjning och informationsspridning om en effektiv renoveringsprocess. Centret siktar på att samla och föra vidare kunskap om hur renovering av befintlig bebyggelse kan genomföras både effektivt för involverade aktörer såväl som socialt, ekonomiskt och miljömässigt hållbart för samhället. Kunskap från både akademi och näringsliv samlas och sprids på en bred front. Renoveringsbehovet i Sverige idag sträcker sig över hela landet och över hela det byggda beståndet (offentliga lokaler, kontorsbyggnader, villor samt inte minst flerbostadshus.)
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33.
  • Hamid, Akram Abdul, et al. (författare)
  • Assessment of the Impact of Interior Insulation on Exterior Walls in Three Swedish Buildings
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings XV International Conference. - 9781955516280 ; , s. 258-267
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Among thermal improvements of external walls in heritage buildings, interior insulation of external walls might be the only option. However, interior insulation is associated with several risks of damage due to the diminishment of the hygrothermal performance of the existing wall. This project aims to assess the impact of available solutions for interior insulation through field measurements and hygrothermal simulations on external walls in three Swedish buildings. Temperature and relative humidity were measured indoors, outdoors, and on the exterior and interior surfaces of the external walls. Measurements were used to validate models of the walls in WUFI Pro. The models were used to determine the impact of 13 different solutions for interior insulation. The solutions are either vapor-tight or open, and some are capillary active. The results were analyzed regarding risks for microbial growth using the Viitanen model. The validation regards the temperatures and relative humidity on the interior surfaces of the included walls and shows that the models can be accepted for an assessment. The validation also shows that the measured indoor climate can be replaced with an indoor climate standard yielding reliable results. The results show that the risk for damage relies on the design of the existing external wall. If the wall is already hydrophobically treated, the risks are reduced significantly. Furthermore, suppose the wall is poorly insulated. In that case, a larger relative reduction of the transmission losses might be achieved with a lower amount (thickness) of additional insulation, which also results in lower risks for moisture damage. Nonetheless, results show that all included external walls can be insulated from the interior without considerable risks of moisture damage, but that one of them should also be hydrophobically treated.
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34.
  • Hamid, Akram Abdul, et al. (författare)
  • Choice of Indoor Standard in Hygrothermal Simulations of External Walls – Three Swedish Case Studies
  • 2023. - 1
  • Ingår i: AIP Conference Proceedings. - 0094-243X. ; 2918
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • When assessing the moisture damage risks of different external wall designs using hygrothermal simulation software, the user of said software can choose between different inputs for the determination of the indoor climate. This paper aims to compare results from field measurements in three Swedish buildings using different standards available in a widely used commercial hygrothermal simulation software, WUFI Pro. In this project, field measurements on external walls were conducted before the implementation of interior insulation. Measurements were conducted indoors, outdoors, and on the exterior and interior surfaces of the external walls. Comparing measurement and simulation results shows that on-site measurements give more accurate modelling of an existing external wall. However, the results also show that, when needed, any of the current standards can be used as replacements for actual measurements regarding indoor air temperature. The comparisons show that the most accurate results regarding the relative humidity are generated when ASHRAE Standard 160 is applied with an intermediate approach and a higher air change rate than in the nominal case. However, several parameters must be known for such an approach, such as the actual air change rate and the number of bedrooms. If such parameters are not known, the standard that gives the best fit between measured and simulated relative humidity is EN15026.
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35.
  • Hamid, Akram Abdul, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of Added Thermal Insulation on Cold Attics in Apartment Buildings in Temperate Climate – A Review
  • 2023. - 1
  • Ingår i: AIP Conference Proceedings. - 0094-243X. ; 2918
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Added insulation in cold attics can be an efficient and profitable energy efficiency measure. Simultaneously, added insulation increases the risk of a decreased temperature in the attic, thereby increasing the risk of high relative humidity and moisture damage. This paper collocates and reviews previous publications that deal with the impact of added insulation on attics as a renovation measure. This is done by systematically searching for publications relevant to tempered climate, specifically Swedish climate. Furthermore, the review aims to categorize and review existing literature in order to synthesize the examined impact of additional insulation of cold attics regarding the potential for energy reduction, the impact on risks for moisture damage, and the impact on indoor environmental quality. Results from the literature review show that the measure reduces the energy use of buildings and emissions. Furthermore, the measure is shown to be a profitable measure, especially in combination with other measures. However, previous publications also show that with increased insulation, the risk for moisture damage also increases, but that supplemental measures can be taken in order to reduce such a risk.
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36.
  • Hamid, Akram Abdul, et al. (författare)
  • Strategies and Combinations of Measures for Renovations of Swedish Heritage Buildings – A Review
  • 2023. - 1
  • Ingår i: AIP Conference Proceedings. - 0094-243X. ; 2918
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In order to achieve environmental goals, the impact of the European building stock on the environment needs to be reduced through renovation measures. However, regarding heritage buildings, the choice of measure(s) must simultaneously consider the preservation of cultural and historical values. Besides the impact on such values, energy-efficiency measures can result in increased risks for moisture damage and the diminishment of indoor environmental quality. Furthermore, a measure's impact on a building's environmental print is not self-evident, adding further to the difficulty of choice. This paper synthesizes and reviews existing literature on choosing renovation measures for heritage buildings and literature dealing with choosing the combination of renovation measures. The paper shows that several publications present strategies/ methodologies for the choice of renovation measures for heritage buildings. However, none are holistic, and none detail the choice from a holistic perspective. Furthermore, several publications have investigated the impact of different combinations of measures on older buildings. However, few consider cultural values. Through this literature review, this paper states the need for a holistic approach to choosing renovation measures for heritage buildings.
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37.
  • Hamid, Umar Zakir Abdul, et al. (författare)
  • Introductory Chapter: Service Design for Emerging Technologies Product Development
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Springer Series in Design and Innovation. - 2661-8184 .- 2661-8192. ; , s. 3-7
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This book was born from the idea of taking a comprehensive look at the current state of service design for product development in relation to emerging technologies. Such work requires holistic, multidisciplinary collaboration, particularly between service designers, marketers, businesspeople, managers, and engineers. New technologies trigger innovation and they have and will continue to shape our daily lives.
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38.
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39.
  • Hamid, Umar Zakir Abdul, et al. (författare)
  • Product Development Challenges for Emerging Technologies and Service Design Roles in Addressing the Issues
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Springer Series in Design and Innovation. - 2661-8184 .- 2661-8192. ; , s. 9-22
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Sustainable and consistent profitability of the organizations is among the main concerns for product development. In recent years, the arrival of emerging technologies has disrupted the value-adding activity in firms across different sectors due to the need to develop and industrialize the new technology. These alter not only the productization process but also the whole end-to-end development structures. Service design is identified as one of the areas with the potential to address these challenges. However, there is still a lack of awareness of the said topic in different industries. In this publication, the overview of emerging technologies and product development challenges are written, with the perspectives of service design. The authors provide a summary of the emerging technologies and service design, and the correlation between the two items to output a good emerging technologies-related product while facilitating feasible and scalable profitability for the companies. The aim is to bridge the knowledge gap between cross-disciplinary practitioners in different fields about the importance of service design for emerging technologies and product development. The authors believe the work will provide a good overview of the topic for cross-disciplinary book readers.
  •  
40.
  • Hilliaho, Kimmo, et al. (författare)
  • Energy saving and indoor climate effects of an added glazed facade to a brick wall building : Case study
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Journal of Building Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-7102. ; 7, s. 246-262
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study is focused on the energy saving and indoor climate analysis of the renovation of a 1930's brick-walled building in the moderately cold climatic conditions of Malmö in southern Sweden. Three facades of the building were glassed in and the ventilation system was renewed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect the added glazing would have on the building's energy demand and indoor climate. Measurements were taken on site and were used as the input for computational studies performed with the help of IDA Indoor Climate and Energy software (IDA-ICE). The study showed that the heating energy demand was reduced after the glazing installation by between 5.6% and 25.3%. In addition, the mean annual temperature difference between the cavity space and the outside air was from 5.2 °C to 11.4 °C higher, depending on the design. A number of different design options were explored for the winter and also summer case-studies, as it was apparent that adding glazing decreased the level of comfort in the building's indoor environment in summer time. This problem could be solved by increasing the cavity air flow or adding new solar shading to the front or back of the glazing.
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41.
  • Johansson, D., et al. (författare)
  • Prioritize the right energy measures in historic buildings - Approach and measure selection
  • 2021. - 1
  • Ingår i: IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science - Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing. - 1755-1307 .- 1755-1315. ; 863
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The overall energy goals mean that more and more extensive measures need to be applied on buildings with varying degrees of heritage value. Previous studies show that there are a number of measures that have a beneficial impact on different parts of the energy system in historic buildings. What is now needed is a holistic approach that provides an opportunity to prioritize which measures are most important and should be combined. An ongoing research project is working on a method that will enable the reduction of energy and power needs for historic buildings on a larger scale by allowing different actors to choose optimal combinations of measures out of a number of important parameters. This paper identifies such parameters, as well as five cases for a future case study on combined measures. The effect of the implementation of various measures regarding both energy and power will be reviewed and interviews will be conducted with owners and managers of buildings to gather their quantitative and qualitative experiences regarding such measures. Finally, the most relevant energy measures are listed for further analysis in future simulation studies.
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42.
  • Kahangi shahreza, S, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of different water penetration criteria and cavity ventilation rates on the risk of mold growth in timber frame walls with brick veneer cladding
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - 1742-6596. ; 2654
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The present paper investigates the impact of different water penetration criteria on the risk for damage in a common type of building envelope in Nordic countries, timber frame walls with brick masonry veneer. The studied walls are evaluated based on one damage criterion, the risk of mold growth. The study investigates several parameters: water penetration criterion, type of moisture source (uniformly distributed or point source) and its position in the wall assembly, air change rate (ACR) (representing different workmanship scenarios), wind-driven rain (WDR) coefficient, and locations (Gothenburg and Rensjön, with different average annual rainfall and temperature). Two criteria on how to implement water penetration are compared: a) a commonly accepted reference model that assumes one percent of all wind-driven rain deposited on the façade to penetrate the clay brick cladding, and b) a new criterion stating that 3.8% of WDR penetrates when the water content of the brick veneer cladding is above 90% of its saturation capacity. The simulation is done for a thirteen-year period with WUFI Pro and WUFI 2D. The results indicate the greater importance of implementing water penetration compared to ventilation in cavities. Further, the findings suggest that the moisture source's location significantly impacts the mold growth risk. The results also show that the choice of the WDR coefficient affects the risks, which suggests that this factor needs accurate quantification for hygrothermal analyses. The results in this study suggest that an effective measure for the design/maintenance of such walls should incorporate: a) limiting the amount of water penetrating through the cladding, particularly stopping water from reaching the sensitive elements, i.e., timber studs, b) removing extruded mortar stemming from poor workmanship, if any, which may act as a capillary bridge.
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43.
  • Kahangi Shahreza, Seyedmohammad, et al. (författare)
  • Towards rational decision-making on repointing to mitigate moisture damage in building envelopes: A probabilistic study
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Developments in the Built Environment. ; 19
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Repointing is a prevalent maintenance practice in Northern Europe aimed at mitigating moisture-related damage in brick masonry buildings. Although commonly used, evidence of its effectiveness is limited. This study assesses repointing’s role in reducing damage risks by conducting a probabilistic hygrothermal analysis of two wall types: timber frame walls and masonry cavity walls. Results indicate that repointing could reduce the mold index in timber frame walls and moisture content in the autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) layer of masonry cavity walls, particularly in walls with visible defects. However, its impact is minimal on walls without significant deficiencies. Moreover, the study suggests that repointing, given its labor-intensive and costly nature, may not always be the most judicious maintenance strategy. It recommends a selective repointing approach, suiting the specific conditions and needs of the wall based on its location, orientation, and existing state, rather than a blanket application across all façade sections.
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44.
  • Knox-Brown, Ben, et al. (författare)
  • Small airways obstruction and its risk factors in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study : a multinational cross-sectional study
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: The Lancet Global Health. - : Elsevier. - 2214-109X. ; 11:1, s. E69-E82
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Small airways obstruction is a common feature of obstructive lung diseases. Research is scarce on small airways obstruction, its global prevalence, and risk factors. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of small airways obstruction, examine the associated risk factors, and compare the findings for two different spirometry parameters.Methods: The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study is a multinational cross-sectional study of 41 municipalities in 34 countries across all WHO regions. Adults aged 40 years or older who were not living in an institution were eligible to participate. To ensure a representative sample, participants were selected from a random sample of the population according to a predefined site-specific sampling strategy. We included participants' data in this study if they completed the core study questionnaire and had acceptable spirometry according to predefined quality criteria. We excluded participants with a contraindication for lung function testing. We defined small airways obstruction as either mean forced expiratory flow rate between 25% and 75% of the forced vital capacity (FEF25-75) less than the lower limit of normal or forced expiratory volume in 3 s to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV3/FVC ratio) less than the lower limit of normal. We estimated the prevalence of pre-bronchodilator (ie, before administration of 200 mu g salbutamol) and post-bronchodilator (ie, after administration of 200 mu g salbutamol) small airways obstruction for each site. To identify risk factors for small airways obstruction, we performed multivariable regression analyses within each site and pooled estimates using random-effects meta-analysis.Findings: 36 618 participants were recruited between Jan 2, 2003, and Dec 26, 2016. Data were collected from participants at recruitment. Of the recruited participants, 28 604 participants had acceptable spirometry and completed the core study questionnaire. Data were available for 26 443 participants for FEV3/FVC ratio and 25 961 participants for FEF25-75. Of the 26 443 participants included, 12 490 were men and 13 953 were women. Prevalence of pre-bronchodilator small airways obstruction ranged from 5% (34 of 624 participants) in Tartu, Estonia, to 34% (189 of 555 participants) in Mysore, India, for FEF25-75, and for FEV 3/FVC ratio it ranged from 5% (31 of 684) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to 31% (287 of 924) in Salzburg, Austria. Prevalence of post-bronchodilator small airways obstruction was universally lower. Risk factors significantly associated with FEV 3/FVC ratio less than the lower limit of normal included increasing age, low BMI, active and passive smoking, low level of education, working in a dusty job for more than 10 years, previous tuberculosis, and family history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Results were similar for FEF25-75, except for increasing age, which was associated with reduced odds of small airways obstruction.Interpretation: Despite the wide geographical variation, small airways obstruction is common and more prevalent than chronic airflow obstruction worldwide. Small airways obstruction shows the same risk factors as chronic airflow obstruction. However, further research is required to investigate whether small airways obstruction is also associated with respiratory symptoms and lung function decline.
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45.
  • Knox-Brown, Ben, et al. (författare)
  • The association of spirometric small airways obstruction with respiratory symptoms, cardiometabolic diseases, and quality of life : results from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Respiratory Research. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1465-9921 .- 1465-993X. ; 24:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BackgroundSpirometric small airways obstruction (SAO) is common in the general population. Whether spirometric SAO is associated with respiratory symptoms, cardiometabolic diseases, and quality of life (QoL) is unknown.MethodsUsing data from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study (N = 21,594), we defined spirometric SAO as the mean forced expiratory flow rate between 25 and 75% of the FVC (FEF25-75) less than the lower limit of normal (LLN) or the forced expiratory volume in 3 s to FVC ratio (FEV3/FVC) less than the LLN. We analysed data on respiratory symptoms, cardiometabolic diseases, and QoL collected using standardised questionnaires. We assessed the associations with spirometric SAO using multivariable regression models, and pooled site estimates using random effects meta-analysis. We conducted identical analyses for isolated spirometric SAO (i.e. with FEV1/FVC ≥ LLN).ResultsAlmost a fifth of the participants had spirometric SAO (19% for FEF25-75; 17% for FEV3/FVC). Using FEF25-75, spirometric SAO was associated with dyspnoea (OR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.77–2.70), chronic cough (OR = 2.56, 95% CI 2.08–3.15), chronic phlegm (OR = 2.29, 95% CI 1.77–4.05), wheeze (OR = 2.87, 95% CI 2.50–3.40) and cardiovascular disease (OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.11–1.52), but not hypertension or diabetes. Spirometric SAO was associated with worse physical and mental QoL. These associations were similar for FEV3/FVC. Isolated spirometric SAO (10% for FEF25-75; 6% for FEV3/FVC), was also associated with respiratory symptoms and cardiovascular disease.ConclusionSpirometric SAO is associated with respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and QoL. Consideration should be given to the measurement of FEF25-75 and FEV3/FVC, in addition to traditional spirometry parameters.
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46.
  • Lay, Makara, et al. (författare)
  • Comparison of physical and mechanical properties of PLA, ABS and nylon 6 fabricated using fused deposition modeling and injection molding
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Composites Part B. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 1359-8368 .- 1879-1069. ; 176
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The objective of this study was to compare the physical and mechanical performance of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and nylon 6 fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) and conventional injection molding. It is found that different processing methods did not affect the viscosity of the samples, and the percentage difference for the density measurement is less than 4%. Water absorption of FDM samples is approximately 108% higher compared to those fabricated using the injection molding. The results also revealed that the FDM method did not strongly affect the degree of crystallinity of ABS, but it increased the degree of crystallinity of PLA and nylon 6. The tensile strength, Youngs modulus, elongation at break, and impact strength of FDM samples were approximately 48%, 50%, 48%, and 78%, lower compared with the injection molded samples. The results presented can provide a guide to manufacturing the final products using FDM with the desired performance.
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47.
  • Lay, Makara, et al. (författare)
  • Converting dead leaf biomass into activated carbon as a potential replacement for carbon black filler in rubber composites
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Composites Part B. - : Elsevier. - 1359-8368 .- 1879-1069. ; 201
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this work, the feasibility of converting dead leaf biomass into green activated carbon for use as a reinforcement filler in natural rubber composites was assessed. The dead leaf activated carbon (DLAC) was prepared by pyrolysis at 550, 700, 900, and 1000 degrees C at a heating rate of 10 degrees C min(-1) under nitrogen gas flow of 100 cm(3) min(-1) and was activated by CO2 gas at the same flow rate when the pyrolysis temperature was reached. The properties of DLACs were characterized by particle size analysis, density, scanning electron microscopy, elemental energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that the DLAC obtained by pyrolysis at 1000 degrees C had a small particle size of 28.86 tint; a highly porous structure; high carbon purity, at 82.58%; and a low density, at 1.588 g cm(-3). The effect of different DLAC contents (5, 10, and 15 phr) on the curing properties and the physical and mechanical performance of the rubber composites was investigated and compared with rubber composites containing carbon black (CB). The results showed that the addition of DLAC increased the maximum torque and reduced the scorch and cure times. The tensile strength for rubber composites containing 15 phr of DLAC increased by 8%, the M100 and M300 improved 40%, and the elongation at break and crosslink density decreased by approximately 5% and 24%, respectively. The studied DLAC is a promising, cost-effective alternative to commercial carbon black for improving the performance of rubber composites.
  •  
48.
  • Ninyio, Nathaniel, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Chimeric Virus-Like Particles of Prawn Nodavirus Displaying Hepatitis B Virus Immunodominant Region : Biophysical Properties and Cytokine Response
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - Basel, Switzerland : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 22:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Hepatitis B is a major global health challenge. In the absence of an effective treatment for the disease, hepatitis B vaccines provide protection against the viral infection. However, some individuals do not have positive immune responses after being vaccinated with the hepatitis B vaccines available in the market. Thus, it is important to develop a more protective vaccine. Previously, we showed that hepatitis B virus (HBV) ‘a’ determinant (aD) displayed on the prawn nodavirus capsid (Nc) and expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells (namely, Nc-aD-Sf9) self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). Immunisation of BALB/c mice with the Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs showed significant induction of humoral, cellular and memory B-cell immunity. In the present study, the biophysical properties of the Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs were studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the antigenicity of the Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs, and multiplex ELISA was employed to quantify the cytokine response induced by the VLPs administered intramuscularly into BALB/c mice (n = 8). CD spectroscopy of Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs showed that the secondary structure of the VLPs predominantly consisted of beta (β)-sheets (44.8%), and they were thermally stable up to ~52 °C. ELISA revealed that the aD epitope of the VLPs was significantly antigenic to anti-HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) antibodies. In addition, multiplex ELISA of serum samples from the vaccinated mice showed a significant induction (p < 0.001) of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12p70. This cytokine profile is indicative of natural killer cell, macrophage, dendritic cell and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activities, which suggests a prophylactic innate and adaptive cellular immune response mediated by Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs. Interestingly, Nc-aD-Sf9 induced a more robust release of the aforementioned cytokines than that of Nc-aD VLPs produced in Escherichia coli and a commercially used hepatitis B vaccine. Overall, Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs are thermally stable and significantly antigenic, demonstrating their potential as an HBV vaccine candidate
  •  
49.
  • Paleti, Sri Harish Kumar, et al. (författare)
  • Correlating Acceptor Structure and Blend Nanostructure with the Photostability of Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Solar RRL. - : Wiley. - 2367-198X. ; 6:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The formation of photoinduced traps resulting in the loss of electron mobility deteriorates the performance of organic solar cells under continuous light soaking. The genesis of these loss mechanisms is elucidated by examining the structural stability of halogenated ITIC derivative films and the phase behavior of the respective binary systems by blending with the donor polymer PBDBT-2F. Under constant illumination, ITIC-4Cl is found to maintain its structural integrity, whereas fluorine on the peripheral moieties of ITIC-4F undergoes chemical substitution to form a mixture of ITIC and ITIC-4F. Thermal analysis of the light-soaked binary films reveals that ITIC-4Cl loses its crystalline phase while the crystallinity of ITIC-4F does not undergo changes. Further, it is shown that the addition of a small amount of ITIC-4F as a third component hinders the loss of ITIC-4Cl crystalline phase in bulk heterojunction blends through the formation of cocrystals. These results suggest that long-range ordering of NFAs does not necessarily improve the photostability of organic solar cells and that the addition of a third component, irrespective of the crystalline nature, can prevent changes in bulk heterojunction blend nanostructure.
  •  
50.
  • Ratanachina, Jate, et al. (författare)
  • Association of respiratory symptoms and lung function with occupation in the multinational Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal. - : European Respiratory Society. - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 61:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been associated with exposures in the workplace. We aimed to assess the association of respiratory symptoms and lung function with occupation in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study.Methods We analysed cross-sectional data from 28 823 adults (≥40 years) in 34 countries. We considered 11 occupations and grouped them by likelihood of exposure to organic dusts, inorganic dusts and fumes. The association of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, wheeze, dyspnoea, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/FVC with occupation was assessed, per study site, using multivariable regression. These estimates were then meta-analysed. Sensitivity analyses explored differences between sexes and gross national income.Results Overall, working in settings with potentially high exposure to dusts or fumes was associated with respiratory symptoms but not lung function differences. The most common occupation was farming. Compared to people not working in any of the 11 considered occupations, those who were farmers for ≥20 years were more likely to have chronic cough (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.19–1.94), wheeze (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.16–1.63) and dyspnoea (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.53–2.20), but not lower FVC (β=0.02 L, 95% CI −0.02–0.06 L) or lower FEV1/FVC (β=0.04%, 95% CI −0.49–0.58%). Some findings differed by sex and gross national income.Conclusion At a population level, the occupational exposures considered in this study do not appear to be major determinants of differences in lung function, although they are associated with more respiratory symptoms. Because not all work settings were included in this study, respiratory surveillance should still be encouraged among high-risk dusty and fume job workers, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
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