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- Bannatyne, B A, et al.
(författare)
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Excitatory and inhibitory intermediate zone interneurons in pathways from feline group I and II afferents: differences in axonal projections and input.
- 2009
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Ingår i: The Journal of physiology. - : Wiley. - 1469-7793 .- 0022-3751. ; 587:Pt 2, s. 379-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to compare properties of excitatory and inhibitory spinal intermediate zone interneurons in pathways from group I and II muscle afferents in the cat. Interneurons were labelled intracellularly and their transmitter phenotypes were defined by using immunocytochemistry. In total 14 glutamatergic, 22 glycinergic and 2 GABAergic/glycinergic interneurons were retrieved. All interneurons were located in laminae V-VII of the L3-L7 segments. No consistent differences were found in the location, the soma sizes or the extent of the dendritic trees of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. However, major differences were found in their axonal projections; excitatory interneurons projected either ipsilaterally, bilaterally or contralaterally, while inhibitory interneurons projected exclusively ipsilaterally. Terminal projections of glycinergic and glutamatergic cells were found within motor nuclei as well as other regions of the grey matter which include the intermediate region, laminae VII and VIII. Cells containing GABA/glycine had more restricted projections, principally within the intermediate zone where they formed appositions with glutamatergic axon terminals and unidentified cells and therefore are likely to be involved in presynaptic as well as postsynaptic inhibition. The majority of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons were found to be coexcited by group I and II afferents (monosynaptically) and by reticulospinal neurons (mono- or disynaptically) and to integrate information from several muscles. Taken together the morphological and electrophysiological data show that individual excitatory and inhibitory intermediate zone interneurons may operate in a highly differentiated way and thereby contribute to a variety of motor synergies.
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- Ning, F., et al.
(författare)
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Does abnormal insulin action or insulin secretion explain the increase in prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism with age in populations of different ethnicities?
- 2010
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Ingår i: DIABETES-METABOLISM RESEARCH AND REVIEWS. - 1520-7552. ; 26:4, s. 245-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Age is associated with both impaired glucose and insulin metabolism. To what extent the age-related changes in insulin resistance (IR) and β-cell function contribute to the increase in prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is less known, and this is investigated in this study. Methods This study included 6610 men and 7664 women of different ethnic groups aged 30-69 years. IR and β-cell function were examined by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using logistic regression analysis adjusting for body mass index and study. Results In Chinese men, the ORs (95% CIs) for IFG were 2.69 (1.70, 4.26), 2.51 (1.49, 4.21) and 2.89 (1.68, 4.97), respectively, in age groups of 40–49, 50–59 and 60–69 years compared with 30–39 years (p < 0.001 for trend); the corresponding figures for IGT were 1.73 (1.25, 2.38), 2.54 (1.78, 3.63) and 3.57 (2.46, 5.19) (p < 0.001 for trend). Similar trends for IGT were observed also in Chinese women and other ethnic groups, but not for IFG in Mauritius Indian and Creole men. Adjustment for HOMA-IR and HOMA-B reduced the ORs in all age groups of all ethnicities for both IFG and IGT, but the risk gradient between age groups remained particularly for the IGT. Conclusions The age-related increase in glucose intolerance may not be fully explained by the defect in HOMA-IR and HOMA-B. As HOMA-IR and HOMA-B are only surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, the results need to be further investigated
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- Nyamdorj, R, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic comparison of the association of undiagnosed diabetes with obesity.
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Obesity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0307-0565 .- 1476-5497. ; 34:2, s. 332-339
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the crude prevalence and estimated probability of undiagnosed diabetes in different ethnic groups, given the same level of obesity. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Cross-sectional data from 24 515 men and 29 952 women, aged >or=30 years, and free of previously diagnosed diabetes were included. Baseline body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured. Diabetes was defined according to both fasting and 2-h 75-g glucose criteria. RESULTS: Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was the highest in Asian Indians, the lowest in Europeans and intermediate in others, given the same BMI or waist circumference category across the BMI or waist circumference ranges (P<0.001 for all BMI or waist categories). beta-Coefficients corresponding to a 1 s.d. increase in BMI were 0.34/0.28, 0.41/0.43, 0.42/0.61, 0.36/0.59 and 0.33/0.49 for the Asian Indians, Chinese, Japanese, Mauritian Indians and European men/women (homogeneity test: P>0.05 in men and P<0.001 in women), and in waist: 0.31/0.31, 0.30/0.46, 0.22/0.57 and 0.38/0.58 for the Asian Indians, Chinese, Mauritian Indians and Europeans, respectively (homogeneity test: P>0.05 in men and P<0.001 in women). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes increased with an increasing BMI or waist circumference to a similar degree in men in all ethnic groups but to a lesser degree in Asian Indian women than in others, regardless of the higher prevalence in Asian Indians than in others at the same BMI (or) waist circumference levels.
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| 24. |
- Sirevåg, K, et al.
(författare)
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Physical EXercise Augmented COGnitive Behaviour Therapy for Older Adults with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (PEXACOG)
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most prevalent severe anxiety disorder among older adults. The disorder has a pervasive influence on the lives of those affected, and is a risk factor for other severe disorders such as depression, dementia and coronary heart disease. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is the treatment of choice for this disorder, but older adults have shown reduced effect of treatment compared to working age adults. Physical exercise has been suggested as intervention to improve the effects of treatment for GAD, via its demonstrated positive effect on cognitive functioning, increased plasticity in the brain, and increased availability of neurotrophins important for extinction of fear associations. The aim of the current research project is to investigate whether augmenting CBT with physical exercise will lead to improved effects of CBT on GAD in older adults in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Participants between 60-75 years of age with a primary diagnosis of GAD will be randomised to one of two treatment conditions. The effects of treatment will be assessed on outcome measures, biological, physiological and cognitive measures at pre- interim-, and post-treatment, and follow-up assessments at 6- and 12-months post intervention. Participants in both groups will receive five weeks of pre-treatment intervention consisting of either physical exercise or weekly telephone contact. Participants thereafter receive either ten weeks of manualised CBT for GAD combined with manualised physical exercise or ten weeks of manualised CBT for GAD combined with weekly telephone contact. We expect that the treatment effect of the physical exercise augmented CBT will be greater than that of CBT combined with weekly telephone contact, as measured by a reduction in GAD symptoms on the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and in the proportion of remitted patients. The study also aims to determining the possible beneficial and augmenting properties of physical exercise in combination with CBT, and our understanding of clinical characteristics of GAD and mechanisms involved in treatment effect. Treatment rationale, procedures and protocols will be presented in detail together with preliminary results from the initial feasibility study comprises eight participants
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| 25. |
- Sirevåg, Kristine, et al.
(författare)
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Physical exercise augmented cognitive behaviour therapy for older adults with generalised anxiety disorder (PEXACOG) : a feasibility study for a randomized controlled trial.
- 2023
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Ingår i: BioPsychoSocial Medicine. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1751-0759. ; 17:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is a frequent and severe disorder among older adults. For older adults with GAD the effect of the recommended treatment, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), is reduced. Physical exercise (PE) may enhance the effect of CBT by improving cognitive function and increasing levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a predictor of the effect of CBT in patients with anxiety. The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating treatment effect of the combination of CBT and PE for GAD in a sample of older adults, including procedures for assessment and treatment.METHODS: Four participants aged 62-70 years (M = 65.5, SD = 3.2) with a primary diagnosis of GAD were included. Participants received 15 weeks of PE in combination with 10 weeks of CBT. Participants completed self-report measures, and clinical, biological, physiological and neuropsychological tests at pre-, interim- and post-treatment.RESULTS: Procedures, protocols, and results are presented. One participant dropped out during treatment. For the three participants completing, the total adherence to PE and CBT was 80% and 100%, respectively. An independent assessor concluded that the completers no longer fulfilled the criteria for GAD after treatment. Changes in self-report measures suggest symptom reduction related to anxiety and worry. The sample is considered representative for the target population.CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that combining CBT and PE for older adults with GAD is feasible, and that the procedures and tests are suitable and manageable for the current sample.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02690441. Registered on 24 February 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02690441 .
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| 27. |
- Sirivåg, K, et al.
(författare)
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Physical exercise augmented cognitive behaviour therapy for older adults with generalised anxiety disorder (PEXACOG) : Study protocol and feasibility results from a randomised controlled trial
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is prevalent among older adults. These patients exhibit impaired response to cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), and physical exercise has been recommended as a potential add-on intervention to improve efficacy. The current study is a randomised clinical trial that will compare CBT augmented with physical exercise, or CBT combined with attention placebo, and the current study assessing the feasibility of testing procedures and the experimental combined treatment measures.Methods. 4 participants were included in the feasibility study, and feasibility was assessed trough completion and attendance rates of testing and treatment sessions. Primary outcome measures were remission as assessed by an independent clinical rater using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, and by symptom reduction on Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Manipulation check was assessed by physical tests of change in aerobic capacity and strength. Participants were measured on clinical, biological, physiological and neuropsychological tests at pre-, interim and post-treatment.Results. Completed treatment protocol for the RCT will be presented. 3 of 4 participants completed the full protocol including testing and the experimental augmented treatment. Participants completed 100% and 80% of CBT and physical exercise content, respectively. The three completers had large improvements on primary outcome and on manipulation checks.Conclusion. The testing procedures and experimental augmented treatment appear to be feasible. The preliminary findings indicate that this combined intervention can be efficacious.
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| 28. |
- Sirivåg, K, et al.
(författare)
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Physical EXercise Augmented COGnitive Behaviour Therapy for Older Adults with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (PEXACOG)
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most prevalent severe anxiety disorder among older adults. The disorder has a pervasive influence on the lives of those affected, and is a risk factor for other severe disorders such as depression, dementia and coronary heart disease. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is the treatment of choice for this disorder, but older adults have shown reduced effect of treatment compared to working age adults. Physical exercise has been suggested as intervention to improve the effects of treatment for GAD, via its demonstrated positive effect on cognitive functioning, increased plasticity in the brain, and increased availability of neurotrophins important for extinction of fear associations. The aim of the current research project is to investigate whether augmenting CBT with physical exercise will lead to improved effects of CBT on GAD in older adults in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Participants between 60-75 years of age with a primary diagnosis of GAD will be randomised to one of two treatment conditions. The effects of treatment will be assessed on outcome measures, biological, physiological and cognitive measures at pre- interim-, and post-treatment, and follow-up assessments at 6- and 12-months post intervention. Participants in both groups will receive five weeks of pre-treatment intervention consisting of either physical exercise or weekly telephone contact. Participants thereafter receive either ten weeks of manualised CBT for GAD combined with manualised physical exercise or ten weeks of manualised CBT for GAD combined with weekly telephone contact. We expect that the treatment effect of the physical exercise augmented CBT will be greater than that of CBT combined with weekly telephone contact, as measured by a reduction in GAD symptoms on the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and in the proportion of remitted patients. The study also aims to determining the possible beneficial and augmenting properties of physical exercise in combination with CBT, and our understanding of clinical characteristics of GAD and mechanisms involved in treatment effect. Treatment rationale, procedures and protocols will be presented in detail together with preliminary results from the initial feasibility study comprises eight participants.
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| 39. |
- Filiou, A, et al.
(författare)
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Development of Sensitization to Multiple Allergen Molecules from Preschool to School Age Is Related to Asthma
- 2022
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Ingår i: International archives of allergy and immunology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1423-0097 .- 1018-2438. ; 183:6, s. 628-639
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Allergic sensitization in early life has been identified as a strong risk factor for subsequent asthma in childhood. It is still unclear why only a part of sensitized children develop asthma, and the role of specific allergen molecules in asthma pathogenesis is ambiguous [<i>Pharmacol Ther</i>. 2009 Feb;121(2):174–84]. We assessed the sensitization to multiple allergen molecules longitudinally and explored its relation to persistent asthma at 7 years. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Seventy-two children included during an acute wheezing episode (cases) were followed prospectively from early preschool age (EPA) to age 7, and compared to 43 healthy controls at EPA. Allergen molecules were analyzed at EPA and age 7 using ImmunoCAP Solid-phase Allergen Chip (ISAC). Asthma diagnosis at 7 years was based on symptoms, medication, and spirometry. <b><i>Results:</i></b> At EPA, cases compared to controls showed a tendency toward having a higher prevalence of allergic sensitization (23.6% vs. 9.3%, <i>p</i> = 0.055). The prevalence of sensitization increased in cases from EPA to 7 years (23.6% vs. 38.9%; <i>p</i> = 0.048) as well as the median number (range) of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-reactive molecules 3 (3–14) versus 6.5 (1–21); <i>p</i> = 0.024. Sensitization to each additional molecule from EPA to the age of 7 was significantly related to asthma at 7 (OR = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [1.01, 1.54]). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Polysensitization, assessed by allergen molecules, had a significant impact on persistent asthma at school age. The extent of sensitization, illustrated by molecular spreading from preschool to school age, was related to asthma diagnosis at 7 years in children with a history of wheezing at early life.
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| 41. |
- Frisk, J., et al.
(författare)
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Exercise and smoking habits among Swedish postmenopausal women
- 1997
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Ingår i: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 31:3, s. 217-223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To assess exercise habits and their relation to smoking habits and social and medical factors in postmenopausal women.Methods: A cross-sectional study with a questionnaire to all 1324 55-56 year old women in Linkoping, Sweden.Results: Response rate was 85%. About a third of the women took part in some kind of quite strenuous exercise for at least one hour a week. About a quarter worked out once a week; fewer did swimming and jogging. One in four women smoked. Women who used hormone replacement therapy, who were not smoking and who had a physically light occupation more often took part in strenuous sports. Women who had been treated for malignancies or with back problems exercised to the same extent as women in the general population.Conclusion: About a third of the post-menopausal women exercised on a regular basis, if exercise involved in getting to and ti om work was not counted. Since regular physical exercise has many health benefits, more women should be encouraged to take part in regular physical exercise. Factors probably associated with level of education and general awareness of the importance of a healthy Lifestyle positively influenced the likelihood of these women to be physically active on a regular basis. A previous malignant disease or current back problems did not prevent women from taking part in exercise on a regular basis.
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| 42. |
- Göthelid, M., et al.
(författare)
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Adatom and rest-atom contributions in Ge(111)c(2×8) and Ge(111)-Sn(7×7) core-level spectra
- 1993
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. - 0163-1829. ; 48:3, s. 2012-2015
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have identified the adatom contribution in the Ge 3d core-level spectra from the clean Ge(111)c(2×8) surface, shifted 0.17 eV to higher binding energy compared to the bulk. This adatom component vanishes in the Ge(111)-Sn(7×7) surface core-level spectra where Sn occupies the adatom site. Moreover we report the observation of an earlier proposed difference between the rest atoms in the c(2×8) structure, and also a shift to lower binding energy for the rest atoms in both structures studied. © 1993 The American Physical Society.
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| 43. |
- Hammar, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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A Novel Type of Autosomal Dominant Episodic Nystagmus Segregating with a Variant in the FRMD5 Gene
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Ingår i: Neuro-Ophthalmology. - 0165-8107.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To describe the phenotype of a novel form of autosomal dominant episodic nystagmus and to identify the potential genetic aetiology. We identified several individuals in a large Swedish family affected by episodic nystagmus. In total, 39 family members from five generations were invited to participate in the study, of which 17 were included (12 affected and 5 unaffected). The phenotype of the nystagmus was described based on data collected from family members through questionnaires, interviews, clinical examinations and from video recordings of ongoing episodes of nystagmus. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and further Sanger sequencing for segregation of the identified candidate variants was performed in eight participants (six affected and two unaffected). The 12 affected participants showed a phenotype with episodic nystagmus of early onset. A vertical jerk nystagmus with variable amplitude and frequency was characterized in the analysed video material. No other eye pathology or other disease that could explain the episodic nystagmus was identified among the family participants. Genetic analysis identified a missense variant (p.Ser375Phe) in the gene FRMD5, which segregated with the disease in the eight individuals analysed, from three generations. We describe a novel autosomal dominant form of early onset episodic nystagmus and suggest the FRMD5 gene as a strong candidate gene for this disorder.
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| 44. |
- Hammar, L, et al.
(författare)
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Lewis phenotype of erythrocytes and Leb-active glycolipid in serum of pregnant women
- 1981
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Ingår i: Vox Sanguinis. - 1423-0410. ; 40:1, s. 27-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an attempt to provide an explanation for the previously reported effect of pregnancy on the Lewis phenotype of erythrocytes, the level of Leb-active glycolipid in serum was compared with the reactions of erythrocytes, using samples obtained from 73 nonpregnant women, 74 women at the time of delivery, and 2 women at weekly intervals during their pregnancy. In this Swedish population, the frequency of the Le(a--b-) blood group increased from 11% in nonpregnant women to 36% in women at the time of delivery. Among Le(a--b+) women of all ABO groups, those who were A1 most often became (Leb-) during pregnancy. The change in phenotype occurred as early as the 24th week of gestation; the Leb antigen was again detectable within 6 weeks after delivery. The concentration of Leb glycolipid in serum, as measured by radioimmunoassay, decreased only slightly during pregnancy. The repartition of glycolipids, secondary to the increased ratio of lipoprotein to red cell mass that occurs during pregnancy, may account for the relative lack of Lewis glycolipid on erythrocytes.
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| 45. |
- Hammar, M., et al.
(författare)
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1300-nm GaAs-based vertical-cavity lasers
- 2002
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Ingår i: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. - Brugge : SPIE. ; , s. 137-149
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compare GaInNAs and highly strained InGaAs quantum-wells (QWs) for applications in metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE)-grown GaAs-based 1300-nm vertical-cavity lasers (VCLs). While the peak wavelength of InGaAs QWs can be extended by a small fraction of N, the luminescence efficiency degrades strongly with wavelength. On the other hand, using highly strained InGaAs QWs in combination with a large VCL detuning it is also possible to push the emission wavelength towards 1.3 ÎŒm. The optimized MOVPE growth conditions for such QW and VCL structures are discussed in some detail. It is noted that GaInNAs and InGaAs QWs preferably are grown at low temperature, but with quite different V/III ratios and growth rates. We also point out the importance of reduced doping concentration and growth temperature of the n-doped bottom distributed Bragg reflector to minimize optical loss and for compatibility with GaInNAs QWs. InGaAs VCLs with emission wavelengths beyond 1260 nm are demonstrated. This includes mW-range output power, mA-range threshold current and 10 Gb/s data transmission.
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| 46. |
- Hammar, Mattias, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Impact-collision ion-scattering spectrometry studies of the VC0.8(111)-(8 × 1) surface
- 1994
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Ingår i: Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, B. - 0168-583X. ; 85:1-4, s. 429-434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use impact-collision ion-scattering spectrometry (ICISS) to verify that the (8 × 1) reconstructed surface of VC0.8(111) arises from the superposition of a rectangular surface vanadium layer on top of the hexagonal bulk, in agreement with a surface structure proposed earlier in a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study. However, a major discrepancy with the STM results is the absence of any pronounced buckling within the surface unit cell. The ICISS results suggest that the vanadium layer on the surface is perfectly planar. © 1994.
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| 47. |
- Hammar, M., et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of chemically vapour deposited tungsten and tungsten silicide as contacts to n+ and p+ silicon areas
- 1990
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 185:1, s. 9-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tungsten and WSi2 have been examined as contact barriers between aluminium and n+ - or p+ -Si. The specific contact resistivity and diode leakage current were evaluated after heat treatment at different temperatures. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry measurements, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and sheet resistance measurements were performed to study the thermal stabilities of the Al/W/Si and Al/WSi2/Si systems. The contact resistivities of chemically vapour deposited tungsten and WSi2 to n+ -Si with a surface concentration of 7.5 × 1019 cm-3 were 8 × 10-7 Ωcm2 and 9 × 10-7 Ωcm2 respectively. To p+ -Si with a surface concentration of 2.6 × 1019 cm-3, they were 5 × 10-6 and 1 × 10-6 Ωcm2. Diffusion of aluminium was revealed to occur above 475°C in the case of tungsten and at 475°C in the case of WSi2. The void formation in silicon substrates was observed after heat treatment at 500°C for the Al/WSi2/Si system. The increase in leakage current for the Al/W/Si and Al/WSi2/Si structures is related to the onset of Si-Al interpenetration. Alloy formation was observed at 500°C for tungsten contacts whereas W-Al or other alloys were not detected up to 600°C for the WSi2 contact.
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| 50. |
- Hammar, N., et al.
(författare)
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Migration and differences in dietary habits : a cross sectional study of Finnish twins in Sweden
- 2009
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; Oct 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To compare dietary habits between Finnish twin migrants to Sweden and their co-twins always living in Finland, and to analyse how migration influenced food consumption patterns in the migrants. Subjects/Methods: Same-sexed twin pairs born in Finland below 75 years of age, with at least one twin migrating to Sweden(n=1083 pairs). Dietary habits were assessed by a food frequency questionnaire included in a comprehensive mailed questionnaire (response rate 71%). For 76 male twin pairs, information was also collected by a dietary history interview inquiring the habitual diet during the previous year. Results: Migrant twins in Sweden had a lower intake of typical Finnish foods like dark bread and berries, and an increased consumption of fresh fruit compared with co-twins living in Finland. The migrants consumed less potatoes and more rice and pasta. Sweet pastries were consumed less often by the migrants and they also tended to more often cut out visible fat of meat and on the other hand add salt to dishes. Among men the migrants had a lower alcohol intake than their co-twins living in Finland. Conclusions: Migration from Finland to Sweden is associated with differences in the food pattern that reflect population differences in eating habits between the two countries. The differences include a reduced consumption of typical Finnish foods like dark bread and berries and are of bidirectional nature from the point of view of cardiovascular health.
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