| 1. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Are gay men and lesbians discriminated against in the hiring process?
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Southern Economic Journal. - : Southern Economic Association (SEA). - 0038-4038 .- 2325-8012. ; 79:3, s. 565-585
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents the first field experiment on sexual orientation discrimination in the hiring process in the Swedish labor market. Job applications were sent to about 4000 employers in 10 different occupations in Sweden. Gender and sexual orientation were randomly assigned to applications. The results show that sexual orientation discrimination exists in the Swedish labor market. The discrimination against the gay male applicant and the lesbian applicant varied across different occupations and appears to be concentrated in the private sector. The results also show that the gay male applicant was discriminated against in typical male-dominated occupations, whereas the lesbian applicant was discriminated against in typical female-dominated occupations. Theoretical implications are discussed
|
|
| 2. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(författare)
-
Are homosexuals discriminated against in the hiring process?
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents the first field experiment on sexual orientation discrimination in the hiring process in the Swedish labor market. Job applications were sent to about 4,000 employers in 10 different occupations in Sweden. Gender and sexual orientation were randomly assigned to applications. The results show that sexual orientation discrimination exists in the Swedish labor market. The discrimination against gays and lesbian varies across different occupations and appears only in the private sector. The results also seem to suggest a new dimension of traditional gender roles; the gay applicant was discriminated against in typical male-dominated occupations whereas the lesbian applicant was discriminated against in typical female-dominated occupations. Thus, the results suggest that gays to some extent face the same obstacles on the labor market as heterosexual women.
|
|
| 3. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(författare)
-
Customer and Worker Discrimination against Gay and Lesbian Business Owners : A Web-Based Experiment among Students in Sweden
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Homosexuality. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0091-8369 .- 1540-3602. ; 69:9, s. 1621-1630
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined customer and worker discrimination against gay and lesbian business owners using a web-based experiment conducted at a Swedish university campus. Participants (N = 1,406) were presented with a prospective restaurant establishment on the campus. They then stated whether they would be positive to such an establishment, whether they would be interested in working at the restaurant, and what their reservation wage would be if they were interested in the job. Owners’ sexual orientation was randomized across participants. Results showed that participants were less positive to a restaurant opening if the owners were lesbians, and they were less interested in an available job if the owners were gay. The participants had higher reservation wages if the owners were lesbians. In fact, the participants increased their wage demands when the number of women among the owners increased. Our study underlines that gay and lesbian people face various inequalities in society.
|
|
| 4. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Customer discrimination in the fast food market? : experimental evidence from a Swedish university campus
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper studies customer discrimination against fictive male and female food truck owners with Arabic names on a Swedish University campus using a web-based experiment. Students at a Swedish university campus were asked to participate in a market survey and state if they think it is a good idea to have a food truck establishment on the campus. Further, they were also asked about their own beliefs, and their beliefs about others’ willingness to pay for a baguette and a kebab sold by the food truck on the campus. Four names—one male Swede, one female Swede, one male Arab, and one female Arab—were randomly assigned to the food truck. We found no evidence of customer discrimination against food truck owners with Arabic names. In fact, the respondents were slightly more positive to a food truck establishment run by an Arabic male than by a Swedish male. We conclude that our results are representative in an environment with relatively young and highly educated customers and that customer discrimination may vary across different markets. More research in this area is needed.
|
|
| 5. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Customer discrimination in the fast food market? : Experimental evidence from a Swedish University campus
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Migration Letters. - : Transnational Press London. - 1741-8984 .- 1741-8992. ; 17:6, s. 813-824
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the results of a study that examined customer discrimination against fictitious male and female food truck owners with Arabic-sounding names on a Swedish university campus. In a web-based experiment, students (N = 1,406) were asked, in a market survey setting, whether they thought it was a good idea that a food truck was establishing on their campus and of their willingness to pay for a typical food truck meal. Four names-male and female Swedish-sounding names and male and female Arabic-sounding names-were randomly assigned to food trucks. We found no evidence of customer discrimination against food truck owners with Arabic-sounding names. Participants were slightly more positive to a food truck establishment run by a male with an Arabic-sounding name than a male with a Swedish-sounding name.Keywords
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(författare)
-
Do schools discriminate against children with disabilities? A field experiment in Sweden
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Education Economics. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0964-5292 .- 1469-5782. ; 29:1, s. 3-16
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents the results of a field experiment in which fictitious parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) sent inquiries to schools in Sweden about admission of their children to the mandatory preschool class. Results show that inquiries concerning a child with no medical condition were more likely to receive an invitation for a visit and more likely to receive a promising placement response than inquiries concerning a child with ADHD and T1DM. Discrimination was more prominent in the private sector and when the child was a boy or had ADHD.
|
|
| 8. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Do Swedish schools discriminate against children with disabilities?
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Med hjälp av ett fältexperiment studeras diskriminering mot barn med ADHD och diabetes typ-1 vars föräldrar undersöker möjligheten för dem att få plats i den obligatoriska förskoleklassen för 6-åringar. Resultaten visar att framför allt privata utförare väljer bort barn med funktionsnedsättning och att det främst är barn med ADHD som drabbas.
|
|
| 9. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Do Swedish schools discriminate against children with disabilities?
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We present results from a field experiment in which fictitious parents to children with certain types of disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), make inquires to Swedish schools about admission for their children to the compulsory preschool class. Our results reveal that Swedish schools discriminated against children with these disabilities and that discrimination is most prevalent in private schools. Private schools discriminated against boys with ADHD and T1DM and against girls with ADHD. Furthermore, public schools discriminated against girls with ADHD. One potential effect of our results is that children with disabilities are referred to less attractive schools than children with no such medical conditions. These results may have implications for the possibilities for individuals with ADHD and T1DM to succeed in the labor market in the long run.
|
|
| 10. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(författare)
-
Earnings differentials due to sexual orientation : A look at some possible explanations
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Previous research has documented earnings differentials due to sexual orientation. In this paper we take a closer look at such differentials and the explanations for them. By studying yearly earnings as well as full-time monthly earnings, we are able to observe the extent to which the earnings disadvantage that is often observed for homosexual males and the earnings advantage often observed for homosexual females remain when we control for factors such as their number of hours worked. Our results suggest that male homosexuals are also at an earnings disadvantage compared to male heterosexuals after controlling for number of hours worked. This disadvantage is larger at the top than at the bottom of the earnings distribution. However, for females the earnings differential is considerably smaller when we study full-time monthly earnings than when we study yearly earnings. Thus, the results indicate that male homosexuals face obstacles on the labour market that hinder them from reaching top-level positions and high earnings levels; the earnings advantage often observed for homosexual females in previous research is more likely to stem from the fact that female homosexuals devote more time to market labour than heterosexual females do.
|
|
| 11. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Ethnic discrimination in contacts with public authorities : a correspondence test among Swedish municipalities
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We present a field experiment conducted in order to explore the existence of ethnic discrimination in contact with public authorities. Two fictitious parents, one with a Swedish-sounding name and one with an Arabic-sounding name, sent email inquiries to all Swedish municipalities asking for information about preschool admission for their children. Results show that the parents were treated differently by the municipalities since the individual with the Swedish-sounding name received significantly more responses that answered the question in the inquiry than the individual with the Arabic-sounding name. Also, the individual with the Swedish-sounding name received more warm answers than the individual with the Arabic soundingname in the sense that the answer from the municipality started with a personal salutation. We conclude that ethnic discrimination is prevalent in public sector contacts and that this discrimination has implications for the integration of immigrants and their children.
|
|
| 12. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(författare)
-
Ethnic discrimination in contacts with public authorities : a correspondence test among Swedish municipalities
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Applied Economics Letters. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1350-4851 .- 1466-4291. ; 27:17, s. 1391-1394
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a field experiment conducted in order to explore the existence of ethnic discrimination in contact with public authorities. Two fictitious parents, one with a Swedish-sounding name and one with an Arabic-sounding name, sent email inquiries to all Swedish municipalities asking for information about preschool admission for their children. Results show that the parents were treated differently by the municipalities since the individual with the Swedish-sounding name received significantly more responses that answered the question in the inquiry than the individual with the Arabic-sounding name. Also, the individual with the Swedish-sounding name received more warm answers than the individual with the Arabic-sounding name in the sense that the answer from the municipality started with a personal salutation. We conclude that ethnic discrimination is prevalent in public sector contacts and that this discrimination has implications for the integration of immigrants and their children.
|
|
| 13. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Inter- and intra-household earnings differentials among homosexual and heterosexual couples
- 2011
-
Ingår i: British Journal of Industrial Relations. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/London School of Economics. - 0007-1080 .- 1467-8543. ; 49:s2, s. s258-s278
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present earnings differentials between homosexuals and heterosexuals. In line with previous research, we find that gay males earn less than heterosexual males, and that lesbians earn more than heterosexual females. However, when combining the individuals into households, our results are strikingly different: very small earnings differentials between gay households and heterosexual households are found. Lesbian households earn considerably less. The largest earnings inequalities between spouses are found among gay males followed by heterosexuals. Studying sexual orientation and earnings is complex, and household earnings have to be taken into consideration when conclusions are drawn.
|
|
| 14. |
- Ahmed, Ali, Professor, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Labor Market Discrimination : Method and Measurement
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Elgar Encyclopedia of Labour Studies. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781800377530 - 9781800377547 ; , s. 106-109
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of methods for detecting labour market discrimination is characterized by a shift from observational data to different forms of experimental data. At the same time, there has been a shift from examining differences in treatment of groups of employees to differences in hiring.Observational data are associated with omitted variable problems. Field experiments in the form of audit and correspondence studies give better control of what is observed by both employers and the researcher. A limitation is that they can typically be employed only for certain types of (low-skill, early career) jobs and the initial (call-back) stage of the hiring process. Another is that employers’ beliefs cannot be controlled for. Natural and lab experiments can address some of these concerns. Most studies are not able to distinguish theories of between taste-based and statistical discrimination.
|
|
| 15. |
- Ahmed, Ali M., Professor, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Are people fuzzy about who they work with? : An experimental test of Becker’s coworker discrimination hypothesis
- 2021
-
Ingår i: The Social Science Journal. - Amsterdam : Taylor & Francis. - 0362-3319 .- 1873-5355. ; 58:4, s. 477-483
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We used an experiment to investigate whether people’s decisions over employment opportunities are affected by the ethnicity and sex of their potential future coworkers. University students (N = 1,406) were asked to state the lowest hourly wage rate at which they would be willing to accept a job on a campus food truck, where they would work alongside the food truck owner. The ethnicity and sex of the food truck owners were randomized across participants. Results showed no signs of coworker prejudice in terms of the probability of being interested in the job and reservation wage.
|
|
| 16. |
- Ahmed, Ali M., Professor, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Diskriminerar kunder utrikes födda företagare? Resultat från ett webb-baserat experiment
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Stockholm, Sweden : Research Institute of Industrial Economics. - 0345-2646. ; 46:7, s. 25-32
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi presenterar resultat från ett experiment utfört på ett universitetscampus.Deltagarna fick se bilder av olika food-trucks och svara på om de tyckte det varen god idé att en food-truck etablerade sig på campusområdet samt ange sinbetalningsvilja för olika varor. Deltagarna i experimentet var mer positivatill en etablering av en food-truck ägd av en man med arabiskt namn än till enetablering av en food-truck ägd av en man med svenskt namn. Resultaten är avintresse för integrationspolitiken, då de visar att egenföretagare med ursprung iMellanöstern inte diskrimineras i en bransch där de ofta är verksamma.
|
|
| 17. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Perceptions of gay, lesbian, and heterosexual domestic violence among undergraduates in Sweden
- 2013
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Conflict and Violence. - 1864-1385. ; 7:2, s. 249-260
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experimental study of perceptions about gay, lesbian, and heterosexual domestic violence in Sweden. Undergraduate students (N = 1009) read one of eight fictitious scenarios of domestic violence in married couple relationships, where sexual orientation, sex of victim and batterer, and severity of violence were varied. Perceptions of seriousness of the described incident and attitudes toward women, gays and lesbians were measured. Domestic violence was perceived as more serious in cases where: the respondent was a woman, the batterer was a man, the victim was a woman, or the battering was severe. Wife-battering in a heterosexual relationship was considered the most serious case in both the less and more severe battering scenario. Where battering was less severe, domestic violence in gay and lesbian relationships was perceived as more serious than heterosexual husband-battering; this difference disappeared in the severe battering scenario. Negative attitudes toward gays, lesbians, and women were associated with less concern about domestic violence in all types of relationships. The findings suggest that stereotypes about gays, lesbians, and women affect perceptions of domestic violence, but mainly when violence is less severe.
|
|
| 18. |
- Ahmed, Ali, et al.
(författare)
-
Perceptions of gay, lesbian, and heterosexual domestic violence among undergraduates in Sweden
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents an experimental study of perceptions about gay, lesbian, and heterosexual domestic violence in Sweden. More than 1,000 participants were asked to read one out of eight possible fictitious scenarios of domestic violence in married couple relationships and subsequently respond to a questionnaire. Sexual orientation, victims’ and batterers’ gender, and severity of the violence varied across the different scenarios. The clearest result of this study was that participants perceived domestic violence to be significantly more serious when a man battered his wife than in any other case (i.e., when a woman battered her husband, when a gay man battered his husband, or when a lesbian woman battered her wife). In all types of relationships, participants matched their perceptions of domestic violence to the level of severity of the violence and participants with more negative attitudes toward women perceived domestic violence as less serious. Female participants were more concerned about lesbian domestic violence than male participants. Attitudes toward gays and lesbians mattered little for the perceptions of domestic violence.
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Sexual orientation and full-time monthly earnings, by public and private sector : Evidence from Swedish register data
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Review of Economics of the Household. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1569-5239 .- 1573-7152. ; 11:1, s. 83-108
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we explore annual earnings as well as full-time monthlyearnings differentials resulting from sexual orientation. We observe that gay malesare at an earnings disadvantage compared to male heterosexuals regardless of whichearnings measure we use. This earnings disadvantage is found to be larger when wecompare gay and heterosexual males who are working full-time. In addition, thedisadvantage is larger in the private than in the public sector. Lesbians, however,earn more than heterosexual females. This earnings advantage is considerablysmaller when we study full-time monthly rather than annual earnings but an earningsadvantage for lesbians at the top of the earnings distribution is documentedregardless of which earnings measure we use. In addition, lesbians are doing betterthan female heterosexuals in the public sector. To sum up, the results indicate thatgay males face obstacles on the labor market that hinder them from reaching toplevelpositions and high earnings. The earnings advantage observed for lesbians islikely to stem from the fact that lesbians devote more time to market work thanheterosexual females.
|
|
| 21. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Sexual orientation and occupational rank
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Economics Bulletin. - 1545-2921. ; 31:3, s. 2422-2433
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a study of differences in occupational rank between gay and heterosexual males as well as between lesbian and heterosexual females. We estimate different specifications of an ordered probit model on register data from Sweden. Our data consist of married heterosexual men and women and homosexual men and women living in civil unions. We find that homosexual men have a lower probability of working in a profession demanding a longer university education or a management profession than heterosexual men. In contrast, we find that homosexual women are more likely than heterosexual women to work in such professions.
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
"Skolor ratar barn med adhd och diabetes"
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Svenska Dagbladet. - 1101-2412. ; :2020-04-26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Barn med adhd och diabetes typ 1 väljs bort när föräldrar kontaktar svenska skolor och frågar om möjligheterna att få plats i den obligatoriska förskolan för sexåriga barn. Det skriver tre forskare.
|
|
| 24. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Två av tre klubbar välkomnade barn med typ-1 diabetes
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Altinget. - : Altinget. ; :2023-12-13
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Vi vet sedan tidigare att exempelvis barn med typ-1 diabetes och ADHD-diagnos har sämre möjlighet än andra barn att välja skola. Hur ser situationen ut för dessa barn på andra områden? Det frågar sig professorerna Ali Ahmed och Mats Hammarstedt som presenterar en ny fältstudie.
|
|
| 25. |
- Ahmed, Ali, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Type 1 Diabetes and Youth Sports in Sweden : A Field Experiment on Discrimination
- 2023
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study evaluated discrimination against children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) in Swedish sports clubs through a field experiment. Two fictitious fathers sent emails to 193 top-division clubs in football, floorball, ice hockey, and handball, one disclosing his son’s T1DM condition. The investigation focused on disparities in clubs’ responses and information provided. Results indicated no significant difference in positive or comprehensive responses between emails mentioning T1DM and those that did not, suggesting minimal bias at initial contact and an inclusive approach by the clubs towards children with T1DM.
|
|
| 26. |
|
|
| 27. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
All about balance? : a test of the Jack-of-all-trades theory among the self-employed in Sweden
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Researchers as well as policymakers often view self-employment as an important factor behind innovation and economic growth and policies that foster self-employment has been on the agenda in several European countries during the last decades. The Jack-of-all-trades theory argues that individuals with a balanced set of skills are more suitable for self-employment than others. In this paper we test this theory using Swedish Military Enlistment data. This data enables us to construct a measure of balance in endowed abilities that, incomparison to measures used in previous research, is less contaminated by endogeneity problems. Specifically, we measure balance in skills using the result from the tests of cognitive and non-cognitive ability taken at military enlistment. We find clear support for the Jack-of-all-trades theory, in the sense that the likelihood of being self-employed or switching into self-employment is higher for individuals who are more balanced in their in abilities. In addition, earnings from self-employment tend to be higher among individuals with a more balanced set of skills.
|
|
| 28. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
All about balance? : A test of the jack-of-all-trades theory using military enlistment data
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0927-5371 .- 1879-1034. ; 49, s. 1-13
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to the Jack-of-all-trades theory, people with a balanced set of skills are more suitable for self-employment than are those without. In this paper we test this theory using Swedish Military Enlistment data. This data enables us to construct a measure of balance in abilities that, in comparison to measures used in previous research, is less contaminated by endogeneity problems. We find clear support for the Jack-of-all-trades theory, in the sense that the likelihood of being self-employed is higher for individuals whose skills are balanced. In addition, their earnings from self-employment tend to be higher.
|
|
| 29. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Boende med konsekvens : en ESO-rapport om etnisk bostadssegregation och arbetsmarknad
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Konstaterar att även om segregationen i stort sett har varit oförändrad under 2000-talet är skillnaderna mellan olika etniska grupper stora.Visar att bostadssegregationen samvarierar med utrikes föddas sannolikhet att ha arbete. Det finns också en koppling till arbetsinkomsten – individer bosatta i områden med många utrikesfödda har sällan höga inkomster och individer med riktigt höga inkomster har få utrikesfödda grannar.För att underlätta utrikes föddas integration behövs åtgärder både på bostads- och arbetsmarknaden. Särskilt viktiga är insatser som förbättrar chanserna till egen försörjning. Med arbete och tryggad inkomst ökar möjligheterna för individerna att själva välja boende. Integrationen kan också förbättras genom att det byggs bostäder med olika upplåtelseformer i samma område. Köp rapporten så får du ta del av de kompletta analyserna och förslagen!Rapport till expertgruppen för studier i offentlig ekonomi (ESO). ESO ligger under Finansdepartementet.
|
|
| 30. |
|
|
| 31. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Debatt: varför får afrikanska kvinnor inga jobb?
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Dagens Industri. - 0346-640X.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- En nyligen publicerad rapport visar på stora skillnader på arbetsmarknaden. Sannolikheten att stå utanför arbetskraften är 2,5 gånger högre för högutbildade kvinnor från Afrika eller Asien än för andra grupper, skriver Lina Aldén och Mats Hammarstedt vid Linnéuniversitetet.
|
|
| 32. |
|
|
| 33. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Discrimination in the credit market? : Access to financial capital among self-employed immigrants
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Kyklos (Basel). - : Wiley. - 0023-5962 .- 1467-6435. ; 69:1, s. 3-31
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present results from a unique combination of survey and register data regarding access to financial capital conducted among immigrants who are self-employed in private firms in Sweden's retail, trade, and service sectors. This study is the first to examine discrimination against self-employed immigrants in the credit market of a developed economy outside the US. The results demonstrate that non-European immigrants consider access to financial capital a more serious impediment to their self-employment activities than do native Swedes and European immigrants. Self-employed non-European immigrants report more discrimination by banks, suppliers, and customers than do natives and immigrants from European countries. Immigrant-owned firms apply for bank loans to a larger extent than do firms owned by natives. Non-European immigrants especially are more likely than natives to have a loan denied, and they are also charged higher interest rates on their bank loans than natives. The results are robust to various different robustness checks. The occurrence of ethnic discrimination in the market for bank loans is put forward as an explanation for these results. Limited or lack of access to financial capital is a major obstacle to self-employment among certain immigrant groups. This obstacle may be one explanation for the high exit rates from self-employment among immigrants, a finding that has been documented in several countries including Sweden.
|
|
| 34. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Diskriminering på kreditmarknaden? : en enkätundersökning bland utrikes födda egenföretagare
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 42:6, s. 50-59
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi presenterar resultaten från en enkätundersökning riktad till utrikes födda företagare. Företagare födda i länder utanför Europa upplever sig diskriminerade av kunder, leverantörer och banker i högre grad än andra företagare. De har en högre sannolikhet att få avslag på låneansökningar i banker och betalar högre ränta på beviljade banklån. Resultaten är i linje med vad som framkommit i studier från andra länder. Vi drar slutsatsen att diskriminering, åtminstone delvis, förklarar resultaten. Då en allt större andel utrikes födda i Sverige är aktiva som egenföretagare belyser våra resultat en problematik som är central för integrationen av utrikes födda på arbetsmarknaden.
|
|
| 35. |
|
|
| 36. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Early health and school outcomes for children with lesbian parents : evidence from Sweden
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden was early to legalize same-sex partnership (1995), to allow same-sex couples to adopt children (2003), and to offer same-sex couples fertility treatment through the national health system (2005). Using population data, we identify children of lesbian parents as those whose biological mother was a registered same-sex partner no later than six months after the child's birth. The number of such children increased markedly from 1995 to 2010 with a total of 750 children for the whole period. We find that boys and girls with lesbian parents had 2.4 percent lower birth weight than other children, a difference that is statistically significant from zero at the 5 percent level. Girls, but not boys, also have a higher probability of having a low birth weight. We follow these children until age ten and observe diseases of the respiratory system. Boys with lesbian parents have a significantly lower probability of such diseases (-3.4 percentage points), and girls with lesbian parents an insignificantly higher probability (+2.4 percentage points). Our analysis of school outcomes at age ten uses a small sample so precision is low. The point estimates show that boys with lesbian parents outperform other children by around 10 percentiles higher test scores in Math and Swedish. These differences are barely significant, while estimates for girls are lower and not significant. For all outcomes, we find that children with lesbian parents benefit from their mother's socio-economic status, whereas they suffer in terms of birth weight from having been exposed to fertility treatment.
|
|
| 37. |
|
|
| 38. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Effect of Registered Partnership on Labor Earnings and Fertility for Same-Sex Couples : Evidence From Swedish Register Data
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Demography. - : Springer. - 0070-3370 .- 1533-7790. ; 52:4, s. 1243-1268
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expansion of legal rights to same-sex couples is afoot in a number of Western countries. The effects of this rollout are not only important in their own right but can also provide a window on the institution of marriage and the rights bundled therein. In this article, using Swedish longitudinal register data covering 1994–2007, we study the impact of the extension of rights to same-sex couples on labor earnings and fertility. In 1994, registered partnership for same-sex couples was introduced, which conferred almost all rights and obligations of marriage—a notable exception being joint legal parenting, by default or election. The latter was added in the 2002 adoption act. We find registered partnership to be important to both gays and lesbians but for different reasons. For gays, resource pooling emerges as the main function of registered partnerships. For lesbians, registered partnership appears to be an important vehicle for family formation, especially after the 2002 adoption act. In contrast to heterosexual couples (included for comparison), we find no evidence of household specialization among lesbians. The lack of specialization is noteworthy given similar fertility effects of registered partnership (after 2002) and the fact that lesbian couples were less assortatively matched (on education) than heterosexual couples—children and unequal earnings power being two factors commonly believed to promote specialization.
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Ethnic background and the value of self- employment experience : evidence from a randomized field experiment
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Med hjälp av ett fältexperiment finner vi att erfarenhet från egenföretagande värderas negativt vid övergång till löneanställning. Jobbsökande med företagarerfarenhet har lägre sannolikhet att bli kallade till anställningsintervju än personer som varit löneanställda. Resultaten gäller oberoende av de sökandes etniska bakgrund och kön. Det är välkänt att människor med bakgrund i länder utanför Europa har problem att etablera sig på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Inte sällan framförs förhoppningen att arbetslösheten bland vissa grupper av utrikes födda ska minska genom att människor väljer att starta eget företag.Det finns idag en relativt omfattande forskning som visar att andelen egenföretagare är hög i framförallt vissa grupper av utrikes födda från länder utanför Europa, samt att utrikes födda i högre grad än inrikes födda upphör med sina företagarverksamheter. Outforskad frågeställningEn fråga som däremot är relativt outforskad är hur företagarerfarenhet värderas vid övergång till löneanställning, och i vilken utsträckning det i detta avseende finns skillnader mellan inrikes födda personer och personer med utländsk bakgrund.I denna uppsats har vi genomfört ett fältexperiment i vilket mer än 1 300 utannonserade anställningar söktes av fiktiva personer med erfarenhet från att ha varit egenföretagare och/eller löneanställd som programmerare eller redovisningsekonom. Samtliga sökande var 29 år gamla och skilde sig åt beträffande kön och etnisk bakgrund. Sökande hade antingen ett typiskt arabiskt/muslimskt namn eller ett typiskt svenskt namn. Vidare skilde sig de sökande åt genom att de hade erfarenhet från antingen egenföretagande eller löneanställning eller från både och.Företagarerfarenhet värderas lågt oavsett etnisk bakgrundVi finner att sökande med arabisk/muslimska namn väljs bort när de söker jobb, då de erhåller färre svar och får färre inbjudningar till anställningsintervjuer än personer med typiskt svenska namn. Vidare framkommer att erfarenhet från företagande värderas negativt av arbetsgivare. Såväl de sökande som enbart hade erfarenhet från företagande som de sökande som hade erfarenhet från både företagande och löneanställning fick färre svar och färre inbjudningar till intervju än de sökande som enbart hade erfarenhet från löneanställning.Resultaten gäller oberoende av etnisk bakgrund och kön, men vissa skillnader i hur företagarerfarenhet värderas kan observeras mellan framförallt män och kvinnor med utländsk bakgrund. I det senare fallet pekar resultaten mot att företagarerfarenhet värderas högre för kvinnor än för män.Hög policyrelevansResultaten har hög policyrelevans då de visar att personer som i relativt ung ålder väljer att starta företag kan försämra sina möjligheter på arbetsmarknaden senare i livet jämfört med om de varit löneanställda. Vidare är resultaten av betydelse för integrationspolitiken då förhoppningar ofta knyts till att arbetslösheten i vissa grupper av utrikes födda ska minska genom att dessa startar eget företag. I uppsatsen studerar vi inte hur företagarerfarenhet belönas jämfört med att istället ha varit arbetslös, men våra resultat visar att även personer med utländsk bakgrund försämrar sina framtida möjligheter på arbetsmarknaden genom att vara egenföretagare jämfört med att vara löneanställda.
|
|
| 41. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Ethnic Background and the Value of Self-Employment Experience : Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0305-9049 .- 1468-0084. ; 83:6, s. 1287-1310
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use a randomized field experiment in Sweden to investigate how self-employment experience is valued in the labour market. Our results show that self-employment experience negatively impacts the likelihood of receiving a positive response from employers. For male applicants, this holds regardless of ethnic background, and independently of whether we consider applicants with experience solely from self-employment, or applicants with combined experience from wage employment and self-employment. For female applicants, the results are less clear-cut. Our findings provide input into the discussion about the impact of self-employment on the chances for individuals with different ethnic background to obtain wage employment.
|
|
| 42. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Ethnic differences in long-term self-employment
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns skillnader i ekonomiska utfall mellan utrikes och inrikes födda personer som driver företag, t.ex. lägre inkomster för utrikes födda. Denna uppsats finner att dylika skillnader även existerar mellan utrikes och inrikes födda personer som driver företag under en längre period. Tidigare forskning har belagt att det finns skillnader i sannolikheten att starta och driva eget företag mellan utrikes och inrikes födda personer i Sverige. Det är exempelvis välkänt att egenföretagandet är högt i grupper av utrikes födda som har svårt att få löneanställning. Egenföretagare från sådana grupper har ofta låga företagarinkomster och upphör oftare än andra med sitt företagande. Denna uppsats studerar ekonomiska utfall – arbetsinkomster och kapitalinkomster – bland personer som invandrat till Sverige och som varit egenföretagare i tio år eller längre.Data från register och enkäterVår studie bygger på registerdata från Statistiska centralbyrån och enkätdata. Med data från de offentliga registren studerar vi hur arbetsinkomster och kapitalinkomster förändras över tiden för utrikes och inrikes födda företagare. I enkäten ställer vi frågor till företagarna om deras erfarenheter av att driva eget företag. Det finns skillnader mellan framförallt utrikes födda företagare från länder utanför Europa och inrikes födda företagare för såväl arbets- som kapitalinkomster. Dock minskar skillnaderna i arbetsinkomster mellan olika grupper över tid efter det att företaget startats, medan de etniska skillnaderna i kapitalinkomster tenderar att öka över tid.Enkäten ger oss en inblick i förklaringarna till de resultat som vi observerar. Företagare från länder utanför Europa upplever fler problem i sitt företagande än inrikes födda företagare och företagare från länder i Europa. Problemen avser exempelvis svårigheter att få tillgång till finansiellt kapital samt relationer till kunder och leverantörer. Vi finner också att företagare från länder utanför Europa har ett svagare socialt nätverk än andra företagare.Skillnader på kort sikt kvarstår på längre siktDe problem som framförallt personer från länder utanför Europa möter i sina verksamheter, och som dokumenterats i tidigare forskning om utrikes födda personers företagande, existerar även när vi studerar personer som driver företag under lång tid. En slutsats är därför att det finns skillnader mellan etniska grupper och deras förutsättningar för att driva företag som är bestående även på längre sikt.
|
|
| 43. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Etnic origin, local labour markets and self-employment in Sweden : A multilevel approach
- 2013
-
Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 50:3, s. 885-910
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the importance of ethnic origin and local labour markets conditions for self-employment propensities in Sweden. In line with previous research, we find differences in the self-employment rate between different immigrant groups as well as between different immigrant cohorts. We use a multilevel regression approach in order to quantify the role of ethnic background, point of time for immigration and local market conditions in order to further understand differences in self-employment rates between different ethnic groups. We arrive at the following: The self-employment decision is to a major extent guided by factors unobservable in register data. Such factors might be, that is, individual entrepreneurial ability and access to financial capital. The individual’s ethnic background and point of time for immigration play a smaller role for the self-employment decision but are more important than local labour market conditions.
|
|
| 44. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Exits from immigrant self-employment : when, why and where to?
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper is a study of exit rates from self-employment among immigrants in Sweden. A survey was administered to all immigrants who became self-employed during the period 2001–2005 and to the members of a native comparison group. The respondents were then followed up to the year 2010. Immigrants were found to have a lower propensity than natives of exiting self-employment for wage-employment but a higher propensity than natives of exiting self-employment for unemployment or for economic inactivity. Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions are conducted to study the extent to which different background characteristics affect differences in exit rates between immigrants and natives. In line with previous research, we find that labour market and self-employment experience prior to self-employment as well as access to financial capital are important explanations for the difference between non-European immigrants and natives in exit rates from self-employment to unemployment and to being economically inactive.
|
|
| 45. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Financial capital and immigrant self-employment : evidence from a Swedish reform
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We study the role of capital requirement in immigrants’ self-employment decision with the help of a reform implemented in Sweden in 2010 which reduced capital requirements for limited liability companies. For both men and women, the reform increased both the probability of starting a limited liability firm and the probability of changing corporate form for those self-employed prior to the reform.We found that the reform affected immigrants and natives differently. Natives primarily responded to the reform by changing corporate form whereas immigrant men, especially those originating from the Middle East, responded to the reform by starting limited liability firms. Small differences emerge when we compare native women with immigrant women.Finally, it is the wage employed who start a limited liability business in the post-reform period, underlining the fact that access to financial capital is an obstacle for wage-employed individuals who opt for self-employment. This is true for both immigrants and natives. In contrast, more marginalised groups (i.e. unemployed immigrants), do not respond to the reform by starting limited liability firms.
|
|
| 46. |
|
|
| 47. |
|
|
| 48. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Hur påverkar flyktinginvandring de offentliga finanserna?
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Stockholm : Nationalekonomiska föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 45:2, s. 5-16
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi studerar sysselsättning bland och påverkan på offentliga finanser av flyktingar från Afrika, Mellanöstern och övriga Asien. Det framkommer att omkring 50 procent av flyktingarna var sysselsatta sju år efter folkbokföring i Sverige. Den offentliga sektorns totala nettokostnad per flykting uppgår till ca 190 000 kr första året efter folkbokföring. Sju år efter folkbokföring uppgår denna kostnad till ca 95 000 kr per flykting. När den offentliga konsumtion som på kort sikt kan antas vara oförändrad vid en ökad flyktinginvandring exkluderas uppgår den offentliga sektorns totala nettokostnad per flykting till ca 125 000 kr första året efter folkbokföring.
|
|
| 49. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
(I can’t get no) job satisfaction? : Differences by sexual orientation in Sweden
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We present results from a unique nationwide survey conducted in Sweden on sexual orientation and job satisfaction. Our results show that gay men, on average, seem more satisfied with their job than heterosexual men; lesbians appear less satisfied with their job than heterosexual women. However, the issue of sexual orientation and job satisfaction is complex since gay men, despite their high degree of job satisfaction, like lesbians find their job more mentally straining than heterosexuals. We conclude that gay men and lesbians are facing other stressers at work than heterosexuals do. We also conclude that discrimination and prejudice may lead gay men to have low expectations about their job; these low expectations may translate into high job satisfaction. In contrast, prejudice and discrimination may hinder lesbians from realizing their career plans, resulting in low job satisfaction.
|
|
| 50. |
- Aldén, Lina, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Immigrant-native differences in long-term self-employment
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 58:3, s. 1661-1697
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study immigrant-native differences in long-term self-employment in Sweden combining population-wide register data and a unique survey targeting a large representative sample of the total population of long-term self-employment. Using the registers, we analyze the evolution of labor and capital incomes during the first 10 years following self-employment entry. We find that immigrant-native differences in labor income become smaller, whereas immigrant-native differences in capital income grow stronger, over the course of self-employment. These findings are robust to controlling for factors such as organizational form and type of industry. We use the survey data to gain further insights into immigrant-native differences among the long-term self-employed, and show that immigrant self-employed experience more problems and earn less, but work harder than native self-employed. They also have a less personal relation to their customers, do not enjoy their work as much as natives, and appear to have different perspectives on self-employment in general.
|
|
