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| 8. |
- Ahlbom, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Forskning om elöverkänslighet och andra effekter av elektromagnetiska fält; Åttonde årsrapporten
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Årets rapport diskuterar några forskningsområden där resultaten är av stor betydelse och som kan förväntas tilldra sig stor uppmärksamhet. Det första avser möjligheterna att skatta exponering och den relativa betydelsen av olika exponeringskällor. Viktigt arbete har där gjorts inom det Schweiziska nationella forskningsprogrammet. Vi har inkluderat en figur som på ett enkelt sätt sammanfattar viktiga och relevanta resultat avseende exponering i den allmänna miljön. Det framgår att basstationer, egen mobiltelefonanvändning och trådlösa hemtelefoner är de viktigaste källorna till exponering (om man bortser från lokal exponering till huvudet under samtal). Nästa område avser sömn och EEG-undersökningar. Det har där visat sig i ett antal undersökningar att elektromagnetiska fält tycks ha effekt på EEG under sömn. Effekterna är måttliga och kan storleksmässigt jämföras med vad som kan erhållas till exempel vid kaffe- eller alkoholintag. De tycks inte vara kopplade till subjektiv sömnkvalitet. Hur dessa effekter uppstår och vad de kan tänkas ha för betydelse är okänt. Men det är klart att det är angeläget att forskningen inom detta område fortsätter så att vi kan få denna effekt bekräftad om den är reell och ytterligare belyst och förstådd. Vi har också beskrivit en del ytterligare epidemiologisk forskning och framför allt slutrapporten från den så kallade Interphone-studien. Det har funnits förhoppningar om att denna studie skulle kunna ge definitivt besked i frågan om mobiltelefonanvändning och hjärntumörrisk. Men det stod redan efter publiceringen av de nationella rapporterna klart att så knappast skulle bli fallet. Rapporten har gett upphov till omfattande metodologiska diskussioner, vilka också varit orsaken till rapportens stora försening. Vår bedömning är att denna rapport inte ändrar våra tidigare bedömningar av risken för hjärntumör vid mobiltelefonanvändning, baserade bland annat på vad som framkommit i de nationella rapporterna. Däremot har denna rapport och andra rapporter från Interphone bidragit med viktiga metodologiska insikter. Vi diskuterar några ytterligare epidemiologiska undersökningar men inte heller de ändrar någonting i våra bedömningar. Slutligen presenterar vi nya riktlinjer för exponering från ”kraftfrekventa elektromagnetiska fält” från ICNIRP. De är baserade på en uppdaterad kunskapsgenomgång och på omfattande principdiskussioner. Bland annat har man nu bedömt att också fotofosfener (ljusblixtar) ska ingå bland kritiska effekter vilket i viss mån har påverkat gränsvärdena numeriskt. Detta har dock ingen praktisk betydelse för allmänhetens exponering därför att nivåerna ändå ligger flera storleksordningar över vad allmänheten normalt exponeras för. Det finns dock arbetsmiljöer där detta kan ha betydelse. En viktiga händelse under 2011 som redan nu kan förutses är att IARC (WHOs cancerforskningsinstitut) i maj ska ha ett så kallat monografimöte och ta ställning till hur sannolikt det är att radiofrekventa elektromagnetiska fält är cancerframkallande.
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| 9. |
- Ahlbom, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and risk of disease and ill health - Research during the last ten years
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The focus of this report is electromagnetic fields of the type that occur in connection with mobile telephony, so called radio frequency (RF) fields and the possibility that exposure to such fields poses a risk of disease or ill health. The purpose is to describe what was known ten years ago, what we have learned during the past decade, and where we stand today. TEN YEARS AGOThe mechanism of interaction between RF fields and the human body was established long ago and is increased temperature of exposed tissue (compare microwave ovens). Methods for measurements of the fields in the air were developed early but the data on distribution of the absorbed energy in the human body was still restricted. Data regarding sources and levels of exposure to the population was limited because systematic measurements had not been conducted. A considerable number of provocation studies on exposure to fields of lower frequencies (related to electric power and computer screens) had already been conducted and had not found any evidence of an association to symptoms (headache, vertigo, dizziness, concentration difficulties, insomnia) but the corresponding information about RF fields and occurrence of symptoms was scarce. Few and methodologically limited epidemiological studies had been conducted on RF field exposure and cancer.WHAT WAS LEARNED DURING THE PAST TEN YEARSExtensive research on various aspects of RF fields has been conducted during the last ten years and the knowledge database has increased considerably. Simulation models have improved our knowledge about how the fields and the energy are distributed in the body. Mobile, so called, exposimeters have been developed for use in epidemiological studies. Many more measurements have been conducted to increase our knowledge about sources and level of exposure to the population. More than 15 provocation studies (single or double blind) have been conducted on symptoms attributed to exposure to RF fields. These studies have not been able to demonstrate that people experience symptoms or sensations more often when the fields are turned on than when they are turned off. One longitudinal study has looked at frequency of symptoms in relation to environmental exposure and this study found no association between exposure and symptoms. A considerable number of studies on cancer, and in particular brain tumor, were presented. As a consequence there exist now very useful data including methodological results that can be used in the interpretation of this research. With a small number of exceptions the available results are all negative and taken together with new methodological understandings the overall interpretation is that these do not provide support for an association between mobile telephony and brain tumor risk. In addition, national cancer statistics are very useful sources of information because mobile phone usage has increased so quickly. Had mobile phone use and brain cancer risk been associated it would have been visible as an increasing trend in national cancer statistics. But brain cancer rates are not increasing. WHERE WE STAND TODAYWe now know much more about measurements and absorption of RF fields and also about sources of exposure to the population and levels of exposure. A considerable number of provocation studies on RF exposure and symptoms have been unable to show any association. Overall, the data on brain tumor and mobile telephony do not support an effect of mobile phone use on tumor risk, in particular when taken together with national cancer trend statistics throughout the world. Research on mobile telephony and health started without a biologically or epidemiologically based hypothesis about possible health risks. Instead the inducement was an unspecific concern related to a new and rapidly spreading technology. Extensive research for more than a decade has not detected anything new regarding interaction mechanisms between radiofrequency fields and the human body and has found no evidence for health risks below current exposure guidelines. While absolute certainty can never be achieved, nothing has appeared to suggest that the since long established interaction mechanism of heating would not suffice as basis for health protection.
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| 11. |
- Bergqvist, Björn, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of microwave radiation on permeability of liposomes. Evidence against non-thermal leakage
- 1994
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-8006 .- 0304-4165. ; 1201:1, s. 51-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the permeability of unilamellar phosphatidylcholine liposomes has been studied. Leakage of 5(6)-calboxyfluorescein from the liposomes was measured using spectrofluorimetry after exposure to either microwaves or thermal heating for 5-20 min intervals. The exposure temperature, 37.6 +/- 0.5 degrees C, was well above the phase transition temperature of the lipid membrane. The microwave exposure did not result in any non-thermal increase in permeability above that produced by thermal heating. This study refutes the results reported by Saalman et al. [1] in which an increased liposome permeability due to microwave exposure was reported. The refined analysis in the present study shows that this increased liposome permeability was not a non-thermal microwave effect.
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| 12. |
- Galt, Sheila, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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EXPERIMENTAL SEARCH FOR COMBINED AC AND DC MAGNETIC-FIELD EFFECTS ON ION CHANNELS
- 1993
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Ingår i: Bioelectromagnetics. - : Wiley. - 1521-186X .- 0197-8462. ; 14:4, s. 315-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hypothesis that specific combinations of DC and low frequency AC magnetic fields at so-called cyclotron-resonance conditions could affect the transport of ions through ion channels, or alter the kinetics of ion channels (opening and closing rates), has been tested. As a model system, the ion channels formed by gramicidin A incorporated in lipid bilayer membranes were studied. No significant changes in channel conductance, average lifetime, or formation rate as a function of applied fields could be detected over a wide range of frequencies and field strengths. Experiments were carried out to measure the time-resolved single-channel events and the average conductances of many-channel events in the presence of K+ and H+ ions. The channel blocking effect of Ca++ was also studied. (C) 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 13. |
- Hamnerius, Yngve, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing complex low frequency magnetic fields against the EU directive for worker protection
- 2014
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Ingår i: IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. - 1077-4076 .- 2158-1118. - 9781479932252 ; , s. 364-368
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU Directive 2013/35/EU requires that companies carry out a risk assessment for workers exposure to Electromagnetic fields (EMF). This paper describes how low frequency magnetic fields can be assessed against the directive. The exposure limit values are expressed as the induced electric field strength in the human body. The induced electric field cannot be measured, only calculated in computer simulations. Therefore the directive also gives action levels expressed in the magnetic field strength The magnetic fields in work places, such as welding, are often not sinusoidal. Complex signals can be assessed using weighting filters. If the action levels are exceeded, an assessment against the exposure limit values has to be done. This can be done by using computer simulations of the induced electric field strength in the body, which can be used to define a coupling factor between the source current and the induced electric field in the body. By using weighting filters and coupling factors the time and geometrical dependences can be treated separately, which considerably simplifies the assessment and makes it cost effective.
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| 14. |
- Hamnerius, Yngve, 1950
(författare)
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Assessment of Radio Frequency Exposure from WLAN
- 2005
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Ingår i: XXVIIIth General Assembly of International Union Radio Science (URSI) Proceedings, New Dehli, India, Oct 23-29, 2005. ; :KAE.3(01302).pdf, s. 4-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 16. |
- Hamnerius, Yngve, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Design of Safe Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Electric Vehicles
- 2018
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Ingår i: 2018 2nd URSI Atlantic Radio Science Meeting, AT-RASC 2018. - 9789082598735
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wireless charging of electric vehicles is convenient but in order to make it safe the exposure of humans to electromagnetic fields must be below acceptable limits. We have designed a prototype system that transmits 3 kW with an efficiency of 85% where the magnetic fields around and inside the vehicle are below the EU council recommendation of 6.25μT at 85 kHz.
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| 17. |
- Hamnerius, Yngve, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of ELF magnetic fields in Swedish dwellings
- 2011
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Ingår i: 30th URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, URSIGASS 2011, Istanbul, 13-20 August 2011. - 9781424451173
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to assess the distribution of magnetic fields in the frequency range 10 Hz - 2000 Hz in randomly selected Swedish dwellings. The fields were measured in up to 3 rooms in each residence. In the master bedroom a 24 h logging of the fields was performed. The results show that 89 % of the measured houses have average magnetic fields below 0.2 μT with mean value of 0.11 μT and median value 0.05 μT. The comparison of magnetic fields in urban and rural area show that the lowest fields were found in rural areas with 97% of the residences have average magnetic fields below 0.2 μT with median value 0.04 μT. Comparing villas and apartments show that the median magnetic fields value for apartments is 0.07 μT compared to 0.04 μT for villas. The dominating frequency of the magnetic field was 50 Hz. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the magnetic field was measured; the median value of THD was 10.3 %.
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| 18. |
- Hamnerius, Yngve, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating exposure from electric fields in a high voltage switchyard according to the EU directive
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Radiological Protection. - : IOP Publishing. - 1361-6498 .- 0952-4746. ; 39:1, s. 150-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An assessment according to Directive 2013/35/EU of exposure in a 400 kV switchyard has been performed. Part of the body was exposed to electric field strength above the high action level. We therefore performed simulations of the electric fields induced in the body to assess these accoding to the exposure limit values (ELVs). The simulations show that as long as the body is not grounded nor touching any grounded metallic objects, worker exposure is compliant with the directive. When grounded metallic objects are touched with hand or foot the ELV are exceeded. The ELV is exceeded already at very low contact currents (2-3 mu A) in the finger. If not appropriate measures are taken, this would lead to a severe limitation of the work tasks that can be performed in switchyards.
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| 19. |
- Hamnerius, Yngve, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure from mobile phone systems in large crowds
- 2007
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Ingår i: Abstract BEMS 2007, BioElectromagnetics Society Annual meeting, Kanazawa, Japan, June 2007.. ; , s. 101-103
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 27. |
- Hamnerius, Yngve, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Method to Assess Magnetic Fields From Welding Against the EU-Directive on Electromagnetic Fields
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of The 8th International Seminar on Advances in Resistance Welding. ; , s. 178 - 187
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU Directive 2013/35/EU, which will be enforced in all member states July 1st 2016, requires that companies carry out a risk assessment for workers exposure to Electromagnetic fields (EMF). EMF:s are created by electric voltages and currents.Large current are used in welding, which gives rise to high magnetic fields, this means that the worker exposure has to be assessed against the limits.The exposure limit values are expressed as the induced electric field strength in the human body. The induced electric field cannot be measured, only calculated in computer simulations. Therefore the directive also gives action levels expressed in the magnetic field strength, which can be measured.The magnetic fields in welding are often not sinusoidal and for that reason, the waveform of the welding current has to be assessed; this can be done using a technique called weighting filters. If the action levels are exceeded, an assessment against the exposure limit values has to be done.An assessment of welding exposure to EMF can be quite complex and costly. To facilitate this assessment, software has been developed in the EU EMFWELD project.
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| 28. |
- Hamnerius, Yngve, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Mitigation of Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields in Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings 2013 CIGRE 3rd International Colloquium on Electric and Magnetic Fields at Extremely Low Frequencies (EMF-ELF 2013). ; , s. 35-41
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper describes action to protect the general public and workers. Swedish authorities launched a precautionary principle to protect the general public against EMF in 1995, due to the research on childhood cancer and magnetic field exposure. This has led to actions to mitigate magnetic fields from new power lines and new train tracks.In 2016 all EU countries will have implemented the EU directive on minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields). Only activities using very high currents will be affected by the low frequency magnetic field limits, such as welding.In a research project EMFWELD we have developed a method to assess the limits for magnetic fields in the directive. Complex magnetic field can be assessed against the EU directive limits using weighting filters. The evaluation is performed in the time domain, which allows for arbitrary signal waveforms and can be applied for both action levels and exposure limit values. The strength of the induced electric field strength in the body induced by the source current can be described as a coupling factor. By using weighting filters and coupling factors the time and geometrical dependences can be treated separately, which considerably simplifies the assessment and makes it cost effective.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Hamnerius, Yngve, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Using weighting filters to assess complex fields against the EU directive for worker protection
- 2015
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Ingår i: 1st URSI Atlantic Radio Science Conference, URSI AT-RASC 2015, Gran Canaria, Spain, 16-24 May 2015. - 9789090086286
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU Directive 2013/35/EU requires that employers perform risk assessments for workers exposure to Electromagnetic fields. The exposure limit values are expressed as the induced electric field strength in the human body. The induced electric field cannot be measured, only calculated in computer simulations. In order to facilitate assessments, the directive also gives action levels expressed in electric and magnetic field strength. The action levels have been set so that the exposure limits shall not be exceeded.
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| 33. |
- Johansson, Markus, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Work exposure to electromagnetic fields
- 2009
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Ingår i: Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, 2009. ICEAA '09. International Conference on. - 9781424433865 ; , s. 548-551
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to investigate whether safety guidelines for workers exposure to electromagnetic fields are complied with, it is important to be able to model the field distribution. A method of determining the phase of the field, when only field amplitudes have been measured on a set of planes in the near field of an electromagnetic source, have been tested with good result, for a test case with measured magnetic flux density in front of a transformer. When the magnetic fields are known in the body of the worker the induced current density can be calculated. Induced body current calculated with an impedance method, is also presented.
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| 39. |
- Nadeem, Mohammad, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Dosimetry of a typical anti theft device
- 2003
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Ingår i: Abstract book, BEMS 25th Annual Meeting, 2003, Wailea, Maui, Hawaii. ; , s. 210-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 40. |
- Nadeem, Mohammad, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Magnetic Field From Spot Welding Equipment - Is the Basic Restriction Exceeded?
- 2004
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Ingår i: Bioelectromagnetics. - : Wiley. - 1521-186X .- 0197-8462. ; 25:4, s. 278-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A point measurement of the magnetic field (MF) near a typical spot welding machine showed that the magnetic flux density was above the ICNIRP reference level. To investigate if the basic restrictions were exceeded, the induced body currents in a full 3D human model were calculated. It was found that at an operator position of 34 cm away from the machine the maximum induced current density was below the ICNIRP basic restriction. But if the operator was closer to the machine, the basic restriction was exceeded. An important finding of the present article is that the basic restriction can be exceeded although the MF spatially averaged over the whole body is well below the reference level.
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| 41. |
- Neubauer, G, et al.
(författare)
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Feasibility of Future Epidemiological Studies on Possible Health Effects of Mobile Phone Base Stations
- 2007
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Ingår i: Bioelectromagnetics. - : Wiley. - 1521-186X .- 0197-8462. ; 28:3, s. 224 - 230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increasing deployment of mobile communication base stations led to an increasing demand for epidemiological studies on possible health effects of radio frequency emissions. The methodological challenges of such studies have been critically evaluated by a panel of scientists in the fields of radiofrequency engineering/dosimetry and epidemiology. Strengths and weaknesses of previous studies have been identified. Dosimetric concepts and crucial aspects in exposure assessment were evaluated in terms of epidemiological studies on different types of outcomes. We conclude that in principle base station epidemiological studies are feasible. However, the exposure contributions from all relevant radio frequency sources have to be taken into account. The applied exposure assessment method should be piloted and validated. Short to medium term effects on physiology or health related quality of life are best investigated by cohort studies. For long term effects, groups with a potential for high exposure need to first be identified; for immediate effect, human laboratory studies are the preferred approach. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 48. |
- Raaholt, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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Continuous tubular microwave heating of homogeneous foods: evaluation of heating uniformity
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Journal of microwave power and electromagnetic energy. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0832-7823. ; 50:1, s. 43-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A pilot-scale process for continuous in-flow microwave processing of foods, designed and implemented at SP Food and Bioscience, was evaluated for heat treatment of a homogeneous model food for high-temperature short-time (HTST) conditions, at constant total input microwave power, at 2450 MHz. The microwave system has three consecutive cavities, one excited by the TM020 microwave mode that heats primarily in the tube centre, and two TM120 mode cavities that heat primarily in the tube periphery. The temperature uniformity of the homogeneous model food after microwave heating is here evaluated in terms of spatial distribution, for different set-ups of input microwave power in each cavity and for different order of the placement of the cavities, while maintaining the total input microwave power. The microwave heating uniformity is evaluated, based on measured and calculated radial temperature profiles. Combined TM020 and TM120 heating was found to result in more uniform heating by means of spatial temperature uniformity over the tube cross section. Furthermore, appropriately selected microwave power distribution between the centre and periphery heating cavities results in a stable heating profile in the studied food, that differs only about 10 °C or less between highest and lowest average values directly after microwave heating.
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