| 1. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Civil returns of military training : a study of young men in Sweden
- 2010
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In: Defence and Peace Economics. - : EBSCO Industries, Inc.. - 1024-2694 .- 1476-8267. ; 21:5-6, s. 547-565
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of our study was to examine the effect of military training on the earnings of young men in Sweden. The analysis is based on the cohort of males born in 1973. This cohort was conscripted during a time of rapid change in Swedish security policy and substantial cutbacks in the armed forces. As a consequence, a relatively large proportion of the cohort was assigned a service category after the enlistment test but one third of these individuals were never conscripted. We argue that these organizational changes, along with data on important background variables, make it possible to rely on selection on observables. A clear finding is that military training has a positive effect on annual earnings at the age of 30 for those men in the category 'private soldier' who do not subsequently obtain a high level of educational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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| 2. |
- Bäckström, Peter, 1985-
(author)
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Empirical essays on military service and the labour market
- 2023
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis consists of an introductory part and four self-contained papers that study empirical questions related to military service and the labour market.Paper [I] studies the relationship between civilian labour market conditions and the number of people who volunteer for military service in Sweden. I use panel data on Swedish counties for the years 2011 through 2015 and study the effect of civilian unemployment on the rate of applications from individuals aged 18 to 25 to initiate basic military training. The results indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between the unemployment rate and the application rate, and suggest that the civilian labour market environment can give rise to non-trivial fluctuations in the supply of volunteers to the Swedish military.Paper [II] studies how local labour market conditions influence the quality composition of those who volunteer for military service in Sweden. I estimate a fixed-effects regression model on a panel data set containing cognitive ability test scores for those who applied for military basic training across Swedish municipalities during the period 2010 to 2016. The main finding is that if civilian employment rates at the local level go up, the average test score of those who volunteer for military service goes down. The results suggest that, due to the way in which different types of individuals select themselves into the military, the negative impact of a strong civilian economy on recruitment volumes is reinforced by a deterioration in recruit quality.Paper [III] studies the effect of peacekeeping on post-deployment earnings for military veterans. Using Swedish administrative data, we follow a sample of more than 11,000 veterans who were deployed for the first time during the period 1993-2010 for up to nine years after returning home. To deal with selection bias, we use difference-in-differences propensity score matching based on a rich set of covariates, including measures of individual ability, health and pre-deployment labour market attachment. We find that, overall, veterans’ post-deployment earnings are largely unaffected by their service. Even though Swedish veterans in the studied period tend to outperform their birth-cohort peers who did not serve, we show that this advantage in earnings disappears once we adjust for non-random selection into service. Paper [IV] studies the relationship between military deployment to Bosnia in the 1990s and adverse outcomes on the labour market. The analysis is based on longitudinal administrative data for a sample of 2275 young Swedish veterans who served as peacekeepers in Bosnia at some point during the years 1993–1999. I follow these veterans for up to 20 years after deployment. Using propensity score matching based on a rich set of covariates, I estimate the effects of deployment on three broad measures of labour market marginalisation: long-term unemployment, work disability, and social-welfare assistance. I find no indication of long-term labour market marginalisation of the veterans. Even though the veterans experienced an increase in the risk of unemployment in the years immediately following return from service, in the long run their attachment to the labour market is not affected negatively by their service.
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| 3. |
- Bäckström, Peter, 1985-
(author)
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Essays on military labour supply in the era of voluntary recruitment
- 2020
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis consists of an introductory part and two self-contained chapters related to the supply of volunteers to the Swedish Armed Forces.Chapter [I] represents the first effort to explore the relationship between civilian labour market conditions and the supply of labour to the military in the all-volunteer environment that Sweden entered after the abolishment of the peacetime draft in 2010. The effect of civilian unemployment on the rate of applications from individuals aged 18 to 25 to initiate basic military training is investigated using panel data on Swedish counties for the years 2011 through 2015. A linear fixed-effects model is estimated to investigate the relationship, while controlling for a range of socio-demographic covariates and unobserved heterogeneity on the regional level, as well as aggregate trends on the national level. The results indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between the unemployment rate and the application rate. The results are robust to non-linear form specifications, as well as allowing the civilian unemployment rate to be endogenous. As such, the results suggest that the civilian labour market environment in Sweden can give rise to non-trivial fluctuations in the supply of applications to initiate basic military training within the Swedish Armed Forces.Chapter [II] studies how local labour market conditions influence the quality composition of those who volunteer for military service in Sweden. A fixed-effects regression model is estimated on a panel data set containing IQ scores for those who applied for military basic training across Swedish municipalities during the period 2010 to 2016. The main finding is that low civilian employment rates at the local level tend to increase the mean IQ score of those who volunteer for military service, whereas the opposite is true if employment rates in the civilian labour market move in a more favourable direction. As such, the results suggest that the negative impact of a strong civilian economy on recruitment volumes is reinforced by a deterioration in recruit quality.
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| 4. |
- Bäckström, Peter, 1985-, et al.
(author)
-
The impact of peacekeeping on post-deployment earnings for Swedish veterans
- 2023
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We study the effect of peacekeeping on post-deployment earnings for military veterans. Using Swedish administrative data, we follow a sample of more than 11,000 veterans who were deployed for the first time during the period 1993-2010 for up to nine years after returning home. To deal with selection bias, we use difference-in-differences propensity score matching based on a rich set of covariates, including measures of individual ability, health and pre-deployment labour market attachment. We find that, overall, veterans’ post-deployment earnings are largely unaffected by their service. Even though Swedish veterans in the studied period tend to outperform their birthcohort peers who did not serve, we show that this advantage in earnings disappears once we adjust for non-random selection into service.
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| 5. |
- Bäckström, Peter, 1985-, et al.
(author)
-
The impact of peacekeeping on post-deployment earnings for Swedish veterans
- 2024
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In: Defence and Peace Economics. - : Routledge. - 1024-2694 .- 1476-8267.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study the effect of peacekeeping on post-deployment earnings for military veterans. Using Swedish administrative data, we follow a sample of more than 11,000 veterans who were deployed for the first time during the period 1993-2010 for up to nine years after returning home. To deal with selection bias, we use difference-in-differences propensity score matching based on a rich set of covariates, including measures of individual ability, health and pre-deployment labour market attachment. We find that, overall, veterans’ long run post-deployment earnings are largely unaffected by their service. As such, our findings challenge the notion that Swedish veterans struggle on the labour market. At the same time, we find indications that the zero effect for the full sample hides interesting patterns in the effects from deployment, across sub-groups of veterans. Veterans deployed to Bosnia in the 1990s appear to have suffered a transitory earnings penalty, whereas veterans deployed to Afghanistan in the 2000s, as well as veterans with below average cognitive ability, and veterans with low-educated parents, appear to have earned a long run earnings premium.
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| 6. |
- Gyllenram, André, et al.
(author)
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The influence of non-cognitive and cognitive ability on individuals' stock market participation
- 2013
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Stock market participation is found to be positively related to cognitive, as well as non-cognitive ability, controlling for wealth, income, age, and other demographic and socioeconomic factors. Interestingly, the effects are of economic significant magnitudes, e.g. participation is on average 11.49% larger among those with high compared with low cognitive and non-cognitive abilities, and holds also when controlling for individuals risk preferences. The later indicates that cognitive and non-cognitive abilities have a role in affecting financial decisions also through non-preference driven effects. Limitations in non-cognitive ability do further explain non-participation among affluent individuals.
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| 7. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Amalgamation impacts on local growth : Are voluntary amalgamations more efficient than compulsory amalgamations?
- 2010
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In: Canadian journal of regional science. ; 33:1, s. 57-70
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to analyse amalgamation impacts on local population and income growth as well as whether voluntary amalgamations are more efficient compared to compulsory amalgamations. The empirical analysis is based on data for 1,005 Swedish municipalities for the period 1953-1959, i.e. a six-year period after the 1952 municipal reform. The reform was state imposed and 66 percent of the newly formed municipalities were amalgamated on a compulsory basis. The results show that amalgamations had a positive effect on population growth in small municipalities. The main finding in the paper is that municipalities formed on a voluntary basis had higher population growth compared to municipalities formed on a compulsory basis. One conclusion is that local opinions are important to consider when forming a new local government structure.
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| 8. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-
(author)
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Amalgamation impacts on local public expenditures in Sweden
- 2015
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In: Local Government Studies. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0300-3930 .- 1743-9388. ; 41:1, s. 63-77
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper concerns amalgamation impacts on local public expenditures. The empirical analysis is based on the extensive 1952 municipal reform in Sweden. The 1952 reform amalgamated municipalities in a way that they had at least 2,000–3,500 inhabitants. This was done in the belief that larger municipalities would improve administration efficiency and public services by exploiting economies of scale. The results show that the reform had a negative impact on expenditures as long as the municipalities did not exceed a critical size.
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| 9. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Assessing the effects of the child-care fee reform on public expenditures and taxation
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Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- This paper studies the effects of the Swedish child-care fee reform on public expenditures and taxation in the municipalities. The reform implied a common system of child-care fees among all the municipalities and was introduced in 2002. In order to study its effects, we employ a difference-in-difference approach, where outcomes are compared with respect to differences in the municipalities' pre-reform fee systems. It was found that pre-reform characteristics determine taxes and expenditures in the post-reform period. We then discuss the likely causes of these differences and find that the reform did change the child-care demand in municippalities that had applied time rates relative to those who applied income dependent fees prior to reform. Changes in child-care quality were not connected to the pre-reform fee systems characteristics.
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| 10. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Does the local government structure affect population and income growth? : An empirical study of the 1952 municipal reform in Sweden
- 2008
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In: Regional studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0034-3404 .- 1360-0591. ; 42:4, s. 593-604
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main purpose of the paper is to analyse if the Swedish municipal reform in 1952 affected subsequent income growth and population movements. The empirical analysis is conducted using data for the period 1953 to 1959. The main result is that the municipal amalgamations had no effect on the municipal income growth patterns. However, a positive effect on population growth is found for the municipalities that were small in size prior to the reform. It is also found that the composition of the municipalities formed affected subsequent growth.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Psychological traits and earnings differentials among men : A study of second-generation immigrants in Sweden
- 2011
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 113:2, s. 318-341
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of psychological traits on earnings differentials between second-generation immigrants and individuals with native-born parents. The study is based on a cohort of men born in 1973 and residing in Sweden in 1990. In this paper, we use an indicator of psychological ability measured in connection with the military enlistment test in Sweden. The results show that the measure of psychological traits is an important determinant of earnings at the age of 30. Using an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, we find that earnings differentials between second-generation immigrants and individuals with native-born parents are explained, to a large degree, by differences in endowments of psychological traits.
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| 13. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-
(author)
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Spatial spillover effects in the Swedish local rescue services
- 2002
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In: Regional studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0034-3404 .- 1360-0591. ; 36:5, s. 531-539
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper studies what factors determine the expenditures on rescue services by municipalities in Sweden. The main purpose is to identify spatial spillover effects between municipalities in order to analyse strategic behaviour. The analysis is based on a joint product model, where collective security is assumed to contain local and regional public good elements. In the empirical analysis we find that the reaction functions are negatively sloped, meaning that we cannot reject the hypothesis of free riding behaviour. It is also found that rescue services can be considered a normal good and that the municipalities respond positively to security policy threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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| 14. |
- Hanes, Niklas, 1969-
(author)
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Temporary grant programmes in Sweden and central government behavoiur
- 2007
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In: European Journal of Political Economy. - : Elsevier. - 0176-2680 .- 1873-5703. ; 23, s. 1160-1174
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to study whether the central government in Sweden approves applications for temporary grants from municipalities according to political objectives. We also study factors that determine the municipal decision to apply for temporary grants. Two hypotheses are tested, that the central government supports municipalities with many swing voters in order to influence voters, and that the central government provides benefits to groups that share its ideology and that provide political support. Data is used from three election years 1982, 1985, and 1988. Under the Socialist governments municipalities with a high share of Socialist voters were more likely to apply for grants. The same pattern does not apply to the 1982 Conservative government. There is evidence that Socialist governments approved temporary grants on the basis of party tactical criteria. However, there is no indication of vote purchasing behaviour by the 1982 Conservative government.
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| 15. |
- Hellström, Jörgen, 1970-, et al.
(author)
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Loved ones matter : family effects and stock market participation
- 2013
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this paper new and detailed empirical evidence on the impact of family on individuals’ stock market participation decision is provided. Since influence is likely to vary systematically over different types of individuals the heterogeneous effect of social interaction, in a setting including both community as well as within-family effects, is further examined. The main results indicate that individuals’ likelihood for subsequent participation increases (decreases) following positive (negative) parental and partner stock market experiences. The effect of social interaction is further found to be of relatively greater importance for individuals with relatively lower levels of financial literacy and for individuals with an on average higher level of interpersonal trust. In terms of gender, both male and female participation is positively affected by family influence, while community effects mainly pertain to males.
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| 16. |
- Kotyrlo, Elena, 1967-
(author)
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Fertility, childcare and labour market : dynamics in time and space
- 2021
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Paper [I] focuses on the effects of time and space dynamics on the description offertility in Sweden. Fertility is an important determinant of long-term populationgrowth and labour market conditions. The influence of time dynamics inpostponing or accelerating childbearing is assessed by considering two differenteffects of earnings. Firstly, the effect within one generation is considered bycomparing a family’s current earnings with their earnings in the recent past andexpected earnings in the future. The second effect, referred to previously as theEasterlin hypothesis, is examined through the generations by comparing ahousehold’s earnings for a younger generation with the earnings of the parentalgeneration. These effects are expected to be generated by labour mobility acrossmunicipalities. The empirical evidence for the period 1985-2008 involvedestimating space and time dynamics by using a spatial first-order and serialsecond-order panel data model. By comparing different specifications, thehypothesis about a positive spatial autocorrelation of fertility is supported. Currentearnings appeared to have a negative effect on fertility rates within municipalities,and in the long-term, across them. The study makes a theoretical contributionthrough the application of stationarity conditions and evaluation of the long-termeffects in the direct, indirect and total forms of the model.Paper [II] contributes to the study of stationarity conditions for a spatial first-orderand serial second-order model in the presence of time-lagged spatial interaction areconsidered. The stationarity conditions on serial autocorrelation parameters arefound on the basis of the structural vector auto-regression form for the model. Thestationarity in time is a function of the spatial autoregressive parameters. The value of the time-lagged spatial autoregressive parameter defines the shifting of theinterval for first-order serial parameter. However, the sizes of intervals for thevalues of both serial parameters depend only on the value of the simultaneousautoregressive parameter.Paper [III] contributes to an analytical description of the spatial diffusion offertility, in particular, influenced by labour movements of people between places ofresidence and work. It is assumed that the labour market has externality on themarriage market due to commuting, which, in turn, affects fertility. A model ofspatial diffusion of fertility is based on the assumption of global and local spillovereffects. The global spillover effect, as shifts in fertility norms, is motivated by theincreasing variance of the social interactions of an individual, when the places ofwork and residence are different. One local spillover effect is in response to flowsof earnings across space. Another mechanism is related to expected changes inprobabilities to find a partner affected by differences in day and night population.The analytical model, in which the effects on fertility of the cited spillovers aredecomposed, is constructed in the paper on the base of a model of the demand forchildren, the spatial stock-flow model of a market, and a matching model with asex imbalance or spatial mismatch as the probability of matching. Three seximbalances, namely of night-, day-time population and an adjusted to the seximbalance commuters to residents are empirically tested. Empirical evidence onmunicipal Swedish data for the period 1994–2008 does not provide any strongevidence of spatial diffusion of fertility. However, there are externalities of labourmobility on fertility due to the changes of the gender structure of population.In Paper [IV] commuting is linked to fertility through demographic, social andeconomic mechanisms. Average differences in the first-birth rates of young working women are estimated by bivariate model with endogenous commuting.Empirical evidence based on administrative data (Sweden) reveals that commutingwomen have a lower probability of first birth at the age 21-28 years old and higherprobability at the age 29-32 years old. Therefore, commuting women likelypostpone first childbearing. Additional direct and spillover effects of commutingon fertility appear in income cross-municipal flows, the diffusion of fertility normsacross space and changes in the gender structure of population of fertile age. Apositive effect of relative incomes, positive social norms effect and negative sexratio effect are found significant both for commuting women and those who workin the municipality of residence. Marginal effects for commuters are greater inmagnitude.Paper [V] studies earnings and labour force participation (LFP) of native Swedesand recent immigrants in Sweden in response to the childcare reforms of 2001 and2002 using a difference-in-differences approach and register-based data for theperiod of 1995-2009. Immigrant and native Swedish mothers are distinguished inorder to study if increased accessibility to childcare might be particularly beneficialfor groups facing obstacles in entering the labour market. The results show that thereforms had a positive effect on earnings and LFP among native mothers withpreschool children. The group of immigrant mothers studied did not experienceany gain in labour market outcomes as a response to the reform.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Sörensson, Robert, 1969-
(author)
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Marshallian sources of growth and interdependent location of Swedish firms and households
- 2010
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis consists of three papers that examine Marshallian sources of growthand interdependent location of Swedish firms and households. Paper [I] examines the impact of static and dynamic knowledge externalitiesand their impact on Swedish market operating firms growth pattern between1997 and 2005. The three types of externalities are: (i) Marshall-Arrow-Romer(MAR), (ii) Jacobs, and (iii) Porter. My empirical findings for the 40 industriescan briefly be summarized in the following points: (i) static MAR, Jacobsand/or Porter externalities are present in all but nine industries; (ii) except for five cases all industries are exposed to one or more of the MAR, Jacobs and/orPorter type of dynamic externalities; (iii) contrary to previous studies but inline with theoretical predictions, we do find positive and significant effects forstatic as well as dynamic Jacobs externalities. Paper [II] focuses on the presence of agglomeration economies in the form of labor pooling and educational matching and their impact on economic growth in Swedish manufacturing and service industries from 1997 to 2005. To accomplish this I employ a translog production function that enables me to decompose the total agglomeration elasticities into returns that accrue to: direct agglomeration effects, an indirect effect of agglomeration at given input levels, a cross agglomeration effect of matching on labor pooling and vice versa. Household services is the single industry where both the labor pooling and matching hypothesis is supported by our data. Publishing is the sole instance of betterinput usage due to matching consistent with the theoretical claim. Paper [III] studies the interdependent location choices of households and firms expressed as population and employment in Swedish municipalities. Using a model of the Carlino-Mills type to investigate the impact of various location attributes such as differences in public revenue and spending patterns, accessibility to jobs and potential workforce, quality of the labor pool, concentration ofcommercial, private and public services. The findings suggest that fiscal factors significantly alters the impact of housing and accessibility attributes compared to exiting studies on Swedish data. Another finding, in line with previous studies, indicate that there is a significant degree of inertia in household and firm location choices.
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