| 1. |
- Krozer, Anatol, et al.
(författare)
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Clean development and demonstration — Sustainable domestic washing - s'wash
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- S´wash är ett idestödsprojekt finansierat av MISTRA, ett finansieringsstöd för att skapa innovativa forskningsprojekt med stor potential att förbättra miljön. S´wash har minskat vattenförbrukningen ned till endast 10,3 liter för en tvätt med tre kilos smutstvätt, en minskning med 79 procent jämfört med standardtvättmaskiner som används i de europeiska hushållen idag. Under projektets gång har ett stort antal tekniker och lösningar utvärderats för att finna lämpliga sätt att implementera dessa i en tvättmaskin. Två stycken prototyper byggdes av Asko och Electrolux för att utvärdera framtagna lösningar och idéer. Prototyperna baserades på standardtvättmaskiner men lösningarna är ännu inte redo för att tas in i produktion.
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| 2. |
- Brodin, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Filters for washing machines : Mitigation of microplastic pollution
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report describes filters for washing machines designed to remove either microplastic fibres or lint from laundry water and investigates possibilities and challenges with such filters from a practical and environmental perspective. The report includes results from a literature study and a laboratory study. Other studies on microplastics from laundry water are summarized briefly. It can be concluded that filtering solutions for washing machines which claim to remove lint and microplastic fibres can be purchased and installed. Three of the filtering solutions were tested in laboratory washing trials and were found to retain some of the microplastic, hence decreasing the amount of microplastic released with the laundry water. The retention was most profound the first time the new fabric was washed. To judge exactly how well the filters remove microplastics during realistic domestic washing conditions would require more comprehensive laboratory work. It is also necessary to further investigate how efficient the filters should be to present an alternative that is technologically, economically feasible as well as environmentally beneficial. Although the filters may retain microplastic fibres it may be necessary to design filtering solutions that are sufficiently user-friendly so that the filters are not by-passed by the user, and that there are good options for emptying or replacing the filters.
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| 3. |
- Brodin, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Microplastics from industrial laundries - A laboratory study of laundry effluents
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is little knowledge about the release of microplastics from industrial laundries. This study was carried out to provide information about microplastics released in waste water from laundries. Six Swedish industrial laundries participated in the study. Of these two mainly washed hospital laundry, two mainly work wear, one mainly hotel laundry and one mainly mats. Small particles between 5-15 μm were dominant in this study, regardless of types of textiles washed or whether the laundry had a waste water treatment facility. From the microscopic, FTIR and SEM analyses it could be concluded that microplastics were not dominant in this size range. Most of the particles (in the 5 to 15 μm range) were of other materials (for example minerals, metal fragments, silica, aluminium silicate, yeast, starch). From the results from the measurements, calculations were made to estimate the number of released microplastic particles. The release varied significantly between the different laundries. If the calculations were based on an assumed best-case scenario, between 5 000 and 4 550 000 of microplastic particles were released per kg of washed textile. If a worst-case scenario was assumed, between 15 000 and 5 375 000 microplastic particles were released per kg of washed textile. Three laundries with either chemical or biological waste water treatment adjacent to the production facilities were involved in the study. The water treatment had a significant impact on reducing the numbers of particles. The numbers of fibre-shaped particles released were reduced by 65, 96 and 97% for the different facilities. This shows that waste water treatment at the laundry can be an efficient way of reducing the levels of particles released to the WWTP.
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| 4. |
- Hammar, Torun, et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment of textile fibre-to-fibre recycling by cellulose carbamate technology
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 426
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fashion industry faces major challenges in reducing its environmental impacts along the textile value chain, from fibre production, via various processing steps, use phase and to the end-of-life stage. A major challenge is how to shift from the current linear industry to a circular one, where textiles are both sustainably produced, and after the full life length, recycled into new fibres with high value applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental impacts of post-consumer textile fibre-to-fibre recycling by cellulose carbamate technology, in terms of climate impact, water scarcity impact, cumulative energy demand and land use impact. By performing life cycle assessment, it was shown that the chemically recycled cellulose carbamate fibre has a climate impact of about 2.2 kg CO2-eq per kg fibre, water scarcity impact of 1.6 m3 H2O-eq per kg fibre, cumulative energy demand of 90 MJ-eq per kg fibre and land use impact of about 92 Pt per kg fibre (when applying mass allocation of co-products). Hotspots identified during the fibre production technology were electricity use and production of sodium hydroxide. In a sensitivity analysis, it was shown that the choice of electricity has a major influence on the results, and by using a renewable electricity mix over an average Finnish electricity mix, the impact could be decreased for all impact categories, except when using bioenergy, which would increase the land use impact. Compared to primary fibres like viscose and conventional cotton, these impacts are in the lower to middle range, showing potential to lower environmental impacts when moving towards an increased amounts of recycled post-consumer textile fibre with high value applications, that can replace primary fibres.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Jönsson, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Microplastics shedding from textiles-developing analytical method for measurement of shed material representing release during domestic washing
- 2018
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 10:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The topic of shedding of micro-sized polymeric particles, so called microplastics, from textiles has been covered by an increasing number of studies over the past years. However, the methods with which the shedding of microplastics from textiles has been measured so far has shown a large variation. Consequently, the results regarding the amount of shed particles also vary, from 120 to 728,289 particles from similar garments in recent studies. This article presents research enabling for identification of whether the shedding of microplastics from different types of fabric was dependent on construction parameters. As none of the methods in the existing literature could be used for evaluating shedding of microplastics from textiles, a method was developed for this purpose. The resulting final method is described in this paper as well as the work with minimizing the error sources and consequently the standard deviation of the results through selection of material samples, equipment and procedure for sample preparation, washing, filtering the washing water and analyzing the shed microplastics. Comparing the environmental load of different garments, or identifying improvement possibilities in garment construction are two examples of how the method can be utilized.
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| 7. |
- Lövestam, Elin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Use of the Nutrition Care Process and Nutrition Care Process Terminology in an International Cohort Reported by an Online Survey Tool
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-2672 .- 2212-2680. ; 119:2, s. 225-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Dietitians in countries across the world have been implementing the Nutrition Care Process (NCP) and Terminology (NCPT) during the past decade. The implementation process has been evaluated in specific countries and in smaller international studies; however, no large international study comparing implementation between countries has been completed.Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and compare the level of NCP/NCPT implementation across 10 countries.Methods: A previously tested web-based survey was completed in 2017 by 6,719 dietitians across 10 countries. Participants were recruited through e-mail lists, e-newsletters, and social media groups for dietitians. Nondietitians were excluded through screening questions and targeted dissemination channels.Main outcome measures and statistical analysis: The main outcome of interest was the level of implementation of each of the four NCP steps. Differences in implementation between the NCP (process) and NCPT (terminology) were also measured. Differences between groups were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. Multiple linear regression was used to assess relationships between the main outcomes and respondent demographic information.Results: Australia, New Zealand, and the United States had higher implementation rates compared with other countries surveyed. Awareness of the NCP was high in most countries (>90%) but lower in Greece (50%). All countries had a higher implementation level of the NCP (process) compared with the NCPT (terminology). Dietitians working with inpatients reported the highest implementation levels while those working in public health reported the lowest.Conclusions: Dietitians in countries with more experience in NCP/NCPT implementation and a clear implementation strategy had higher levels of implementation. To achieve a successful NCP/NCPT implementation among dietitians, there is a need to promote the value of a standardized dietetic language together with the more easily implemented process. There is also a need to promote NCP/NCPT for all areas of practice, and develop strategic plans for implementation of the NCP and NCPT.
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| 8. |
- Roos, Sandra, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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A Function‐Based Approach for Life Cycle Management of Chemicals in the Textile Industry
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:1273, s. 1-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consumer products such as clothes and footwear sometimes contain chemical substances with properties that pose a risk to human health and the environment. These substances, restricted by law or company policy, are in focus for chemicals management processes by textile retailers. However, complex and non‐transparent supply chains, and limited chemical knowledge, makes chemicals management challenging. Therefore, a function‐based approach for life cycle management (LCM) of chemicals was developed, based on results of previous projects and evaluated using a two‐step Delphi process. The resulting approach aims to help retailers identify and substitute hazardous substances in products, and consists of three parts: (i) a function‐based chemicals management concept model for different levels of chemical information within the supply chain, (ii) tools for non‐chemists which explain chemical information, and (iii) a continuous provision of knowledge to stakeholders (e.g., retailers) in a network. This approach is successfully implemented by over 100 retailers in the Nordic countries, providing the textile industry with practical and robust tools to manage and substitute hazardous chemicals in products and production processes. We conclude that the developed approach provides an explicit link, communication, and knowledge sharing between actors in the supply chain, which has proven important in chemicals LCM.
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| 9. |
- Schellenberger, Steffen, et al.
(författare)
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Facing the rain after the phase out : Performance evaluation of alternative fluorinated and non-fluorinated durable water repellents for outdoor fabrics
- 2018
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 193, s. 675-684
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluorinated durable water repellent (DWR) agents are used to obtain water and stain repellent textiles. Due to the on-going phase-out of DWRs based on side-chain fluorinated polymers (SFP) with long perfluoroalkyl chains, the textile industry lacks suitable alternatives with comparable material characteristics. The constant development and optimization of SFPs for textile applications initiated more than half a century ago has resulted in a robust and very efficient DWR technology and textiles with exceptional hydro- and oleophobic properties. The industry is now in the predicament that the long-chain SFPs with the best technical performance have undesirable toxicological and environmental behavior. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the technical performance of presently available fluorinated and non-fluorinated DWRs as part of a chemical alternatives assessment (CAA). The results are based on a study with synthetic outdoor fabrics treated with alternative DWRs and tested for repellency using industrial standard and complementary methods. Using this approach, the complex structure-property relationships of DWR polymers could be explained on a molecular level. Both short chain SFPs and non-fluorinated DWRs showed excellent water repellency and durability in some cases while short-chain SFPs were more robust of the alternatives to long-chain SFPs. A strong decline in oil repellency and durability with perfluoroalkyl chain length was shown for SFP DWRs. Non-fluorinated alternatives
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| 10. |
- Schellenberger, Steffen, et al.
(författare)
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Release of Side-Chain Fluorinated Polymer-Containing Microplastic Fibers from Functional Textiles During Washing and First Estimates of Perfluoroalkyl Acid Emissions.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 53:24, s. 14329-14338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The quantity and composition of fibers released from functional textiles during accelerated washing were investigated using the GyroWash method. Two fabrics [polyamide (PA) and polyester/cotton (PES/CO)] were selected and coated with perfluorohexane-based side-chain fluorinated polymers. Fibers released during washing ranged from ∼10 to 500 μ with a similar distribution for the two textile types. The PA-based fabric released considerably more fibers >20 μm in length compared to the PES/CO-based fabric (>1000/GyroWash for PA vs ∼200/GyroWash fibers for PES/CO). After one GyroWash (2-15 domestic washes), fibers that contained approximately 240 and 1300 μg total fluorine per square meter (μg F/m2) were released from the PA and PES/CO fabrics, respectively. Current understanding of the fate of microplastic fibers suggests that a large fraction of these fibers reach the environment either in effluent wastewater or sewage sludge applied to land. In the environment, the fluorinated side chains will be slowly cleaved from the backbone of the side-chain fluorinated polymers coated on the fibers and then transformed into short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids. On the European scale, emissions of up to ∼0.7 t of fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) per year were estimated for outdoor rain jackets treated with fluorotelomer-based side-chain fluorinated polymers.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- van der Veen, Ike, et al.
(författare)
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Development and validation of a method for the quantification of extractable perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) in textiles
- 2016
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Ingår i: Talanta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0039-9140 .- 1873-3573. ; 147, s. 8-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In textiles, like outdoor clothing, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are often used for durable water repellency (DWR) of the final products. The analytical performance to determine the concentration of these chemicals available for exposure to humans and to the environment need to be established. Here a method for the extraction and analysis of one class of PFASs, namely perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), in outdoor clothing was developed and validated. The PFAAs which were validated, included perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) (C4-C14), and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) (C4, C6, C7, C8). In addition, perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) was included in this study. The method was based on an organic solvent extraction and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). No further cleaning was needed. Two commonly used organic solvent compositions were evaluated for the optimal extraction, i.e. methanol and acetone/acetonitrile (80:20, v/v), and the number and duration of the sequential extractions were optimized. Results showed that two sequential extractions with 5 mL methanol and an extraction time of 30 min gave an optimal performance with an extraction efficiency of >90%. The influence of matrix on the quantification of PFAAs was studied. This indicated ion suppression due to different matrix effects or sorption behavior to specific textile samples. Validation of the entire method showed overall recoveries of>80% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of<9% (n=3) for repeatability and <20% (n=3) for reproducibility. This is the first validation of an analytical method for the analysis of extractable PFCAs, PFSAs and FOSA associated to textiles, which is of high importance due to the regulation of PFAAs in textile.
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| 13. |
- Van Der Veen, Ike, et al.
(författare)
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Fate of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Durable Water-Repellent Clothing during Use
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 56:9, s. 5886-5897
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To make outdoor clothing water- or dirt-repellent, durable water-repellent (DWR) coatings based on side-chain fluorinated polymers (SFPs) are used. During use of outdoor clothing, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) can be emitted from the DWR to the environment. In this study, the effects of aging, washing, and tumble drying on the concentration of extractable PFASs in the DWR of perfluorohexane-based short-chain SFPs (FC-6 chemistry) and of perfluorooctane-based long-chain SFPs (FC-8 chemistry) were assessed. For this purpose, polyamide (PA) and polyester (PES) fabrics were coated with FC-6- and FC-8-based DWRs. Results show that aging of the coated fabrics causes an increase in concentration and formation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). The effect of aging on the volatile PFASs depends on the type of fabric. Washing causes a decrease in PFAA concentrations, and in general, volatile PFASs are partly washed out of the textiles. However, washing can also increase the extractable concentration of volatile PFASs in the fabrics. This effect becomes stronger by a combination of aging and washing. Tumble drying does not affect the PFAS concentrations in textiles. In conclusion, aging and washing of fabrics coated with the DWR based on SFPs release PFASs to the environment.
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| 14. |
- van der Veen, Ike, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of weathering on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from durable water repellent (DWR) clothing
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To assess the effects of weathering on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from durable water repellent (DWR) clothing, thirteen commercial textile samples were exposed to elevated ultra violet (UV) radiation, humidity, and temperature in an aging device for 300 h, which mimics the lifespan of outdoor clothing. Before and after aging, the textile samples were extracted and analysed for the ionic PFASs (perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA)) and volatile PFASs (fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), acrylates (FTACs) and methacrylates (FTMACs)). Results showed that weathering can have an effect on PFASs used in DWR of outdoor clothing, both on the PFAS profile and on the measured concentrations. In most weathered samples the PFAA concentrations increased by 5- to more than 100-fold, while PFAAs not detected in the original textiles were detected in the weathered samples. DWR chemistries are based on side-chain fluorinated polymers. A possible explanation for the increase in concentration of the PFAAs is hydrolysis of the fluorotelomer based polymers (FTPs), or degradation of the FTOHs, which are used in the manufacturing of the FTPs. The concentrations of volatile PFASs also increased, by a factor up to 20. Suggested explanations are the degradation of the DWR polymers, making non-extractable fluorines extractable, or the transformation or degradation of unknown precursors. Further research is needed to unravel the details of these processes and to determine the transformation routes. This study shows that setting maximum tolerance limits only for a few individual PFASs is not sufficient to control these harmful substances in outdoor clothing.
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