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Sökning: WFRF:(Hashemi Hossein)

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1.
  • Boroughani, Mahdi, et al. (författare)
  • Application of remote sensing techniques and machine learning algorithms in dust source detection and dust source susceptibility mapping
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Ecological Informatics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1574-9541. ; 56
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this research was to develop a method to produce a Dust Source Susceptibility Map (DSSM). For this purpose, we applied remote sensing and statistical-based machine learning algorithms for experimental dust storm studies in the Khorasan Razavi Province, in north-eastern Iran. We identified dust sources in the study area using MODIS satellite images during the 2005–2016 period. For dust source identification, four indices encompassing BTD3132, BTD2931, NDDI, and D variable for 23 MODIS satellite images were calculated. As a result, 65 dust source points were identified, which were categorized into dust source data points for training and validation of the machine learning algorithms. Three statistical-based machine learning algorithms were used including Weights of Evidence (WOE), Frequency Ratio (FR), and Random Forest (RF) to produce DSSM for the study region. We used land use, lithology, slope, soil, geomorphology, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and distance from river as conditioning variables in the modelling. To check the performance of the models, we applied the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). As for the AUC success rate (training), the FR and WOE algorithms resulted in 82 and 83% accuracy, respectively, while the RF algorithm resulted in 91% accuracy. As for the AUC predictive rate (validation), the accuracy of all three models, FR, WOE, and RF, were 80, 81, and 88%, respectively. Although all three algorithms produced acceptable susceptibility maps of dust sources, the results indicated better performance of the RF algorithm.
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2.
  • Caesar, Robert, 1973, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative proteomics of industrial lager yeast reveals differential expression of the cerevisiae and non-cerevisiae parts of their genomes
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Proteomics. - : Wiley. - 1615-9853 .- 1615-9861. ; 7:22, s. 4135-4147
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The proteomes of three industrial lager beer strains, CMBS33, OG2252 and A15, were analysed under standardised laboratory growth conditions. Protein spots in the 2-DE pattern of the lager strains were subjected to MS/MS to identify protein variants. We found the protein composition of the three lager strains to be qualitatively rather similar, while being substantially different from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BY4742. Database searches using several fully sequenced genomes from the Saccharomyces genera indicated that the non-cerevisiae proteins in the 2-D pattern of lager strains were most closely related to S. bayanus. For many proteins the regulation of the bayanus-like protein and its cerevisiae counterpart varied in a strain-dependent manner, e.g. the bayanus-like form of Tdh3p was roughly eight-fold more abundant than the cerevisiae form in the OG2252 strain. We also found differential regulation of cerevisiae- and bayanus-like proteins during various stress conditions like low temperature growth, and adaptation to high temperatures or high salinity, e.g. for Arg1p, Sti1p and Pdc1p. Our data on the differential regulation of the two genomes in these hybrid strains may have important industrial implications for strain improvement and strain protection. © 2007 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
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4.
  • Ghaderi Bafti, Alireza, et al. (författare)
  • Automated actual evapotranspiration estimation : Hybrid model of a novel attention based U-Net and metaheuristic optimization algorithms
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Atmospheric Research. - 0169-8095. ; 297
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) plays a crucial role in the water and energy cycles of the earth. An accurate estimate of the ETa is essential for management of the water resources, agriculture, and irrigation, as well as research on atmospheric variations. Despite the importance of accurate ETa values, estimating and mapping them remains challenging due to the physical and biological complexity of the ET process. As a novel approach for rapid and reliable estimation of ETa, the present study develops automated deep learning (AutoDL) models that incorporate a metaheuristic optimization algorithm for image processing, architectural design, and hyperparameter tuning. The proposed AutoDL models integrate three different spatial and channel attention mechanisms, including a novel activated spatial attention mechanism (ASPAM), with the U-Net architecture. Bypassing the need for meteorological inputs, the proposed framework uses Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) products and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data as inputs. To evaluate the performance of the models, they are applied to three study areas in the United States with various climatic characteristics. According to the results, during the spring and summer, when the target values have higher certainty, the estimations are highly promising, with R2 as high as 0.91 and MAPE as low as 6.40%. Furthermore, the proposed ASPAM module improves the accuracy of ETa estimations compared to attention gate (AG) and squeeze and excitation (SE) attention modules. The results also indicate that the MODIS raw products and derived vegetation and water indices can predict ETa within a reliable range of accuracy, with the addition of DEM data marginally enhancing the models' performance. The automatic workflow of this model makes it significantly easy to use, contributing to its applicability and generalizability for enhancing atmospheric research.
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5.
  • Ghahari, Gholamreza, et al. (författare)
  • Spate irrigation of barley through floodwater harvesting in the Gareh-Bygone Plain, Iran
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Irrigation and Drainage. - : Wiley. - 1531-0361 .- 1531-0353. ; 63:5, s. 599-611
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Utilizing passive floodwater for spate irrigation in arid areas is an opportunity to use marginal water for production of crops. These techniques have only partially been studied in an extensive way. This paper describes a floodwater harvesting and spreading system for spate irrigation and field experiments for cultivation of barley. The field experiments were carried out during a three-year period. The area is noteworthy for its erratic and scarce rainfall. Due to the scarce and late rainfall, only in the second year experiment barley yield was achieved. On December 5, 2009, barley was planted in one trial plot and subsequently received spate irrigation on December 8. On December 16, 2009, barley was planted in a second trial plot and in a control plot outside the system. During the growth period, the second trial plot and the control plot only received moisture from rainfall. The total weight of barley seed and straw in the trial plots was about 1616 and 2052 kg ha-1, respectively. The total weight of barley seed and straw in the control plot, however, was only about 821 kg ha-1. The results consequently displayed a significant increase in yield for the trial plots as compared with the control plot.
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6.
  • Ghasemzad, M, et al. (författare)
  • Novel Gene-Correction-Based Therapeutic Modalities for Monogenic Liver Disorders
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland). - : MDPI AG. - 2306-5354. ; 9:8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The majority of monogenic liver diseases are autosomal recessive disorders, with few being sex-related or co-dominant. Although orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) is currently the sole therapeutic option for end-stage patients, such an invasive surgical approach is severely restricted by the lack of donors and post-transplant complications, mainly associated with life-long immunosuppressive regimens. Therefore, the last decade has witnessed efforts for innovative cellular or gene-based therapeutic strategies. Gene therapy is a promising approach for treatment of many hereditary disorders, such as monogenic inborn errors. The liver is an organ characterized by unique features, making it an attractive target for in vivo and ex vivo gene transfer. The current genetic approaches for hereditary liver diseases are mediated by viral or non-viral vectors, with promising results generated by gene-editing tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Despite massive progress in experimental gene-correction technologies, limitations in validated approaches for monogenic liver disorders have encouraged researchers to refine promising gene therapy protocols. Herein, we highlighted the most common monogenetic liver disorders, followed by proposed genetic engineering approaches, offered as promising therapeutic modalities.
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7.
  • Haghighi, Ali Torabi, et al. (författare)
  • When rain does not run, a fingerprint of uncoordinated water resources development
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - 0022-1694. ; 629
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The management of water resources in a basin can be challenging due to the sharing of water resources among multiple stakeholders and conflicting interests. This often results in imbalanced water resource development across the basin. While small and medium-sized projects are efficiently implemented in the headwater and upstream areas, the commissioning of large reservoirs faces delays due to the substantial investment required and regulatory processes involved. Also, the lack of coordination and synchronization in water resource development between upstream and downstream regions can lead to water scarcity and inefficient utilization of resources in the lower part of the basin. In this study, we assess the occurrence of water scarcity by comparing the frequency of hydrological and meteorological droughts before and after the detected abrupt change in river flow. To facilitate this assessment, we introduced two new indices: the positive to negative phases of hydrological and meteorological droughts. These indices highlight the increasing occurrence of hydrological droughts, which may not necessarily be linked to meteorological droughts during the identified periods. Furthermore, we propose a Monotone drought analysis method to examine the correlation between meteorological and hydrological droughts and address the impact of anthropogenic activities. We applied this analysis in the Sefid-Rud basin, the largest sub-basin in the southern Caspian Sea situated in Iran, which hosts several dams and reservoirs while more dams are in the construction and planning phase. The assessment took place in 24 gauges across the basin from 1978 to 2017 to detect and evaluate the alterations in flow regimes. Our analysis revealed that the unbalanced development of upstream water resources, driven by uncoordinated water infrastructure projects implemented by various decision-makers, has resulted in a decline of available water at critical points within the basin, which will be aggravated with the commissioning of new dams.
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8.
  • Haj-Amor, Zied, et al. (författare)
  • Soil salinization and critical shallow groundwater depth under saline irrigation condition in a Saharan irrigated land
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Arabian Journal of Geosciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-7511 .- 1866-7538. ; 10:14
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In the arid irrigated lands, understanding the impact of shallow groundwater fluctuation on soil salinization has become crucial. Thus, investigation of the possible options for maintaining the groundwater depth for improving land productivity is of great importance. In this study, under saline irrigation condition, the effects of shallow groundwater depth on water and salt dynamics in the root-zone of date palms were analyzed through a particular field and modeling (SWAP) investigation in a Tunisian Saharan oasis (Dergine Oasis). The model was calibrated and validated against the measured soil water content through the date palm root-zone. The good agreement between measured and estimated soil water content demonstrated that the SWAP model is an effective tool to accurately simulate the water and salt dynamics in the root-zone of date palm. Multiple groundwater depth scenarios were performed, using the calibrated SWAP model, to achieve the optimal groundwater depth. The simulation results revealed that the shallow groundwater with a depth of ~80 cm coupled with frequent irrigation (20 days interval) during the summer season is the best practice to maintain the adequate soil water content (>0.035 (cm3 cm−3) and safe salinity level (<4 dS m−1) in the root-zone layer. The results of field investigation and numerical simulation in the present study can lead to a better management of lands with shallow water table in the Saharan irrigated areas.
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9.
  • Haj-Amor, Zied, et al. (författare)
  • Surface irrigation performance of date palms under water scarcity in arid irrigated lands
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Arabian Journal of Geosciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-7511 .- 1866-7538. ; 11:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this paper, a study on the performance of surface irrigation of date palms in a Tunisian arid area (Douz oasis) is presented. The study is conducted in 16 plots with various sizes and soil textures over a 4-year period (2012–2015). In the first step, an assessment of total water requirements of the date palms is carried out. Then, the surface irrigation performance is analyzed using three indicators, i.e., the relative water supply (RWS) indicator, the uniformity index of water distribution (DU), and the water application efficiency (Ea). Finally, the irrigation management problems are identified. The results indicate that in the arid Tunisian Saharan oases, the soil texture, plot size, and farmers’ practices (especially irrigation duration) have significant effects on surface irrigation performance. The average annual net irrigation requirements of date palms are about 2400 mm. The RWS increases from 1.8 in the smaller plots (0.5 ha) to 3.6 in the largest plots (2.5 ha), implying that the increase in the plot size requires an excessive water supply. DU decreases from 80.7 in the 0.5 ha plots to 65.4 in the 2.5 ha plots; however, no significant difference in the Ea is observed. The results show that the soil texture has no influence on the RWS and DU, but the Ea is significantly higher in the loamy-sand soils (46.7%) compared to the sandy soils (36.3%). Overall, RWS indicator is higher than 1 (RWS = 2.6) implying excessive irrigation supply to the system. Although DU is relatively uniform (> 60%), Ea is relatively low (< 50%) indicating that the current irrigation management is inefficient. These findings have a paramount importance for improving irrigation water management in the Tunisian Saharan oases.
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10.
  • Haj-Amor, Zied, et al. (författare)
  • The consequences of saline irrigation treatments on soil physicochemical characteristics
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration. - 2365-7448. ; 3:22, s. 1-12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • When saline water is used to irrigate crops in arid environments, appropriate irrigation management should be applied to avoid negatively impacting soil characteristics. In this study, the effects of irrigating date palms with saline water (2.24 g l−1) on soil physicochemical characteristics such as the electrical conductivity (ECe), the pH of the saturated soil paste (pHe), the concentrations of soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+), the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (Ks), and the volumetric water content of the soil (θv) were evaluated in a Tunisian Saharan cropland, the Dergine Oasis, during a 4-year period (2012–2015). The effects of three different irrigation treatments of date palms on soil properties were investigated: low treatment (90% of the net irrigation requirement (NIR) of date palms was applied); medium treatment (100% of NIR was applied), and high treatment (110% of NIR was applied). The results showed that the application of saline water for irrigation inevitably has a negative impact on the physicochemical properties of the soil. Irrigation with saline water was observed to have severe negative impacts on the soil characteristics, especially ECe, Na+, Ks, and θv. However, among the three irrigation treatments applied, statistical analysis (Duncan’s multiple range test) indicated that the high treatment significantly (p < 0.05) minimized the degradation of soil characteristics by the saline water; this treatment decreased ECe, Na+, and SAR and increased the water content, θv, of the studied soil.
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11.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • An extended modeling approach to assess climate change impacts on groundwater recharge and adaptation in arid areas
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1812-2108. ; 11:10, s. 11797-11835
  • Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
    • The impact of future climate scenarios on surface and groundwater resources was simulated using a modeling approach for an artificial recharge area in arid southern Iran. Future climate data for the periods of 2010–2030 and 2030–2050 were acquired from the Canadian Global Coupled Model (CGCM 3.1) for scenarios A1B, A2, and B1. These scenarios were adapted to the studied region using the delta-change method. The modified version of the HBV model (Qbox) was used to simulate runoff in a flash flood prone catchment. The model was calibrated and validated for the period 2002– 2011 using daily discharge data. The projected climate variables were used to simulate future runoff. The rainfall–runoff model was then coupled to a calibrated groundwater flow and recharge model (MODFLOW) to simulate future recharge and groundwater hydraulic head. The results of the rainfall–runoff modeling showed that under the B1 scenario the number of floods might increase in the area. This in turn calls for a proper management, as this is the only source of fresh water supply in the studied region. The results of the groundwater recharge modeling showed no significant difference be- tween present and future recharge for all scenarios. Owing to that, four abstraction and recharge scenarios were assumed to simulate the groundwater level and recharged water in the studied aquifer. The results showed that the abstraction scenarios have the most substantial effect on the groundwater level and the continuation of current pumping rate would lead to a groundwater decline by 18 m up to 2050.
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12.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Artificial recharge by floodwater spreading estimated by water balances and groundwater modelling in arid Iran
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Hydrological Sciences Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0262-6667 .- 2150-3435. ; 60:2, s. 336-350
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Water harvesting and artificial recharge have been a traditional solution to water scarcity problems in the arid and semi-arid Middle East for thousands of years. These techniques are increasingly being encouraged, and recently there has been renewed interest to find improved methods for water harvesting and artificial recharge in many arid countries. In this study, water balance calculations and groundwater modelling were utilized to investigate the performance and hydrological function of an improved water harvesting technique, referred to as the floodwater spreading system, in arid Iran. The recharge amount in the floodwater spreading system studied varied from a few hundred thousand cubic metres per month during drought periods to about 4.5 × 106 m3 per month during rainy periods. However, the gain through artificial recharge was diminished by excessive ground- water abstraction by numerous newly drilled pumping wells. Hence, the groundwater declined in spite of the artificial recharge. However, this research showed that, with balanced pumping, the floodwater spreading system could be an efficient way to increase groundwater resources in arid and semi-arid areas. Further research is needed to optimize the floodwater harvesting system to improve its management in view of the uncertain frequency and magnitude of inflow.
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13.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Bias Correction of Long-Term Satellite Monthly Precipitation Product (TRMM 3B43) over the Conterminous United States
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Hydrometeorology. - 1525-7541. ; 18:9, s. 2491-2509
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) has provided a valuable precipitation dataset for hydrometeorological studies (1998–2015).However, TMPA shows some differences when compared to the ground-based estimates. In this study, a correction model is developed to improve the accuracy of the TRMM precipitation monthly product by reducing the bias compared to the ground-based estimates. The TRMM 3B43 precipitation product is compared with the Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) and with gridded precipitation estimates acquired from the CPC Unified Precipitation Project, two ground-based precipitation estimates, in the conterminous United States. The bias between the satellite and ground-based estimates is compared with mean surface temperature and elevation, respectively. A weak linear relationship is observed between the bias and temperature but a moderate inverse linear relationship is observed between the bias and elevation. Based on these observations, a linear model is developed for the TRMM 3B43–PRISM bias and elevation. The developed model is calibrated and validated using Monte Carlo cross validation with 25% of the available data as a calibration set and the remaining 75%of the data as a validation set. The estimated model parameters are then used in a correction formula for the TRMM 3B43 dataset for elevations above 1500m above mean sea level. The corrected TRMM 3B43 product is verified for the high-elevation regions over the entire United States as well as in two high-elevation local regions in the western United States. The results show a significant improvement in the accuracy of the monthly satellite product in the high elevations of the United States.
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15.
  • Hashemi, Hossein (författare)
  • Climate Change and the Future of Water Management in Iran
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Middle East Critique. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1943-6157 .- 1943-6149. ; 24:3, s. 307-323
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Iran is a large country in the Middle East, which is an extremely arid region. Like its neighbors, severe droughts and population growth have intensified Iran’s water shortage problems in the past two decades. Furthermore, climate change has the potential to impose additional economic and social pressure on it and all Middle Eastern countries. Thus, how future climate change will interact with socioeconomic and political conditions in the region is an important issue. In this article I discuss the influence of climate change, plans for mitigation of climate change, and projects of water resilience for the period 2010–2050 in southern Iran. I suggest ways to improve indigenous participation in crafting economic solutions to climate change, as climate change impacts directly on water resources at the local level. I also discuss how local level water solutions may affect regional and national water policy in the future.
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16.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Coupled modeling approach to assess climate change impacts on groundwater recharge and adaptation in arid areas : Coupled modeling approach to assess climate change impacts on groundwater recharge
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1607-7938. ; 19:10, s. 4165-4181
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The effect of future climate scenarios on surface and groundwater resources was simulated using a model- ing approach for an artificial recharge area in arid southern Iran. Future climate data for the periods of 2010–2030 and 2030–2050 were acquired from the Canadian Global Coupled Model (CGCM 3.1) for scenarios A1B, A2, and B1. These scenarios were adapted to the studied region us- ing the delta-change method. A conceptual rainfall–runoff model (Qbox) was used to simulate runoff in a flash flood prone catchment. The model was calibrated and validated for the period 2002–2011 using daily discharge data. The projected climate variables were used to simulate future runoff. The rainfall–runoff model was then coupled to a calibrated groundwater flow and recharge model (MODFLOW) to simulate future recharge and groundwater hydraulic heads. As a result of the rainfall–runoff modeling, under the B1 scenario the number of floods is projected to slightly increase in the area. This in turn calls for proper management, as this is the only source of fresh water supply in the studied region. The results of the groundwater recharge modeling showed no significant difference between present and future recharge for all scenarios. Owing to that, four abstraction and recharge scenarios were assumed to simulate the groundwater level and recharge amount in the studied aquifer. The results showed that the abstraction scenarios have the most substantial effect on the groundwater level and the continuation of current pumping rate would lead to a groundwater decline by 18 m up to 2050.
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17.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Floodwater Harvesting for artificial recharge and spate irrigation in arid area
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Vatten: tidskrift för vattenvård /Journal of Water Management and research. - 0042-2886. ; 69:2, s. 93-100
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Utilizing passive floodwater harvesting for artificial recharge and spate irrigation in arid and semiarid areas is an opportunity to use marginal water to improve the livelihood of rural community. In the present study, ground- water modeling to estimate recharge, and field experiments for spate irrigation of barley, were carried out to investigate the performance and potential of water harvesting system to increase water availability and agricul- tural production in arid Iran. The estimated recharge for the years between 1993 and 2007 varied from a few hundred thousand m3 per month during drought periods to about 4.5 million m3 per month during rainy periods. The experimental results of spate irrigated barley showed 2.5-fold increase in yield for the cultivated barley inside the floodwater harvesting system in compare to the cultivated plot outside the system.
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18.
  • Hashemi, Hossein (författare)
  • Floodwater harvesting for artificial recharge of groundwater - estimation and prediction for arid Iran
  • 2014
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Groundwater depletion in arid and semiarid areas is of increasing concern. Increasing water demand due to increasing population and climate change impacts have intensified the water shortage problems and put further stress especially on groundwater. Water harvesting techniques have been traditional solutions to water scarcity problems in the arid and semiarid Middle East for thousands of years. These techniques are increasingly being encouraged and at present there has been a renewed interest to find improved methods for water harvesting and artificial recharge in many arid countries. In order to understand the function and efficiency of an introduced floodwater harvesting system, the contribution of the system for total recharge and crop yield needs to be quantified using proper techniques and experiments. This dissertation presents a combination of modeling techniques and field experiments to quantitatively evaluate a system for flash flood harvesting in arid southern Iran. To investigate the performance and hydrological function of an improved floodwater spreading system, a groundwater model together with water balance approach were developed to estimate the magnitude of recharged water through both natural riverbed and artificial recharge system. Also, effects of pumping rates on the reservoir from 1993 through 2007 were assessed. The impacts of future climate scenarios on surface and groundwater resources were also simulated using a sequential modeling approach. Further, as the floodwater spreading system is a multi-functional and multi-purposed system, the contribution of the system in spate irrigation farming was tested through a three-year field experiment. In the groundwater modeling, the recharge rate and aquifer hydraulic parameters were estimated through inverse modeling approach. The model was calibrated and verified based on the observed hydraulic head in observation wells and model precision, uncertainty, and model sensitivity were analyzed in all modeling steps. The results showed that in the steady-state groundwater flow with no recharge from surface water, the studied aquifer is mainly recharged by a fault, which conducts water into the area from an upper sub-basin. Estimation showed that the recharge amount in the studied floodwater spreading system varied from a few hundred thousand cubic meters per month during drought periods to about 4.5 million cubic meter per month during rainy periods. The results also showed that in a normal year without extreme events the floodwater spreading system is the main contributor to recharge with 80% and the ephemeral river channel with 20% of total recharge in the studied area. The climate change impact scenarios revealed that the abstraction has the most substantial effect on the groundwater level and the continuation of current pumping rate would lead to a groundwater decline by 18 m up to 2050. The field cultivation of barley crop inside and outside the floodwater spreading system displayed a significant increase in yield for the plots inside the system relative to the plot outside the system. As a summary, recognizing that groundwater depletion is occurring in many arid areas due to the over-exploitation as a consequence of population growth and climate change, multi-purpose floodwater harvesting for artificial recharge and spate irrigation could be a parsimonious and appropriate way to efficiently utilize the potential agricultural capacity of the arid environments. In the floodwater spreading system, a flash flood can be harvested and stored beneath the ground to be abstracted for irrigated agriculture during the dry season while the crop can be directly irrigated by floods in the wet season. Therefore, the groundwater abstraction can be minimized, particularly, during the wet season and water can be saved for the dry season.
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19.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Floodwater recharge to improve sustainable water supply in arid Iran
  • 2011
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Groundwater depletion in arid areas is of increasing concern in the Middle East. Small precipitation and high evaporation losses during the dry season lead to water shortage in arid areas. The optimum development of groundwater resources is generally associated with abstractions from the aquifer balancing the recharge to it. When abstractions exceed recharge, many undesirable effects may result. Due to scarce water resources in the Gareh-Bygone Plain, located in arid southern part of Iran, a Floodwater Spreading System was established in1983. The floodwater spreading system has an extent of 2000 ha to improve the groundwater quantity, which involves surface spreading of floodwater. The present study had as aim to study the long term sustainability of the floodwater spreading system by applying a water balance methodology. The main idea of the water balance approach is to ensure that water resources in a certain area are used in a sustainable manner and optimally used with respect to water consumption, demand management, and water conservation. The methodology for this study was a combination of modeling to estimate inflow, outflow, and recharged groundwater and water balance approach. The study period was 14 years between 1993 and 2007. The results showed that the fluctuation of groundwater level is strongly controlled by both precipitation and groundwater recharge by floodwater spreading system. However, the general groundwater trend depends on the number of pumping wells and water abstraction established in the area. A 5-year drought period was the main cause of groundwater depletion. In the drought period, less precipitation accompanied with increasing farm land areas and pumping wells have created declining groundwater level. The recharge volume was seen to depend heavily on timing, duration, and magnitude of floods.
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20.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • High-resolution Monthly Satellite Precipitation Product over the Conterminous United States
  • 2017
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present a data set that enhanced the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) monthly product 3B43 in its accuracy and spatial resolution. For this, we developed a correction function to improve the accuracy of TRMM 3B43, spatial resolution of ~25 km, by estimating and removing the bias in the satellite data using a ground-based precipitation data set. We observed a strong relationship between the bias and land surface elevation; TRMM 3B43 tends to underestimate the ground-based product at elevations above 1500 m above mean sea level (m.amsl) over the conterminous United States. A relationship was developed between satellite bias and elevation. We then resampled TRMM 3B43 to the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data set at a spatial resolution of 30 arc second (~1 km on the ground). The produced high-resolution satellite-based data set was corrected using the developed correction function based on the bias-elevation relationship. Assuming that each rain gauge represents an area of ~1 km2, we verified our product against 9,200 rain gauges across the conterminous United States. The new product was compared with the gauges, which have 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% temporal coverage within the TRMM period of 1998 to 2015. Comparisons between the high-resolution corrected satellite-based data and gauges showed an excellent agreement. The new product captured more detail in the changes in precipitation over the mountainous region than the original TRMM 3B43.
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21.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Modeling artificial groundwater recharge by floodwater spreading: estimation, effect and enhancement
  • 2012
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Artificial recharge (AR) is a method to balance and recover groundwater resources. AR has been the main and parsimonious solution for water scarcity problems in the arid and semiarid Middle East for thousands of years. This technique is increasingly being encouraged and at present there has been a renewed interest to find improved methods for AR in many arid countries. AR may be defined as augmenting the natural infiltration of surface water into underground formations by various techniques such as by spreading of water in infiltration basins or by artificially changing recharge conditions (Todd and Mays, 2005). Unconfined aquifers can be artificially recharged by spreading of water on the ground surface. AR by water spreading is practiced in 36 multipurpose floodwater spreading stations in Iran since 1983. The systems serve as sedimentation basins and infiltration ponds for the AR of groundwater and also as experimental plots for investigation of several problems such as sediment stabilization and afforestation (Kowsar, 1992). Due to water shortage in Gareh-Bygone Plain, arid south-eastern Iran, a Floodwater Spreading System (FWS) to artificially recharge the groundwater was established between 1983 and 1987 on about 2000 ha. This system is an inexpensive method for flood mitigation and AR of aquifers that results in a large economic return for relatively small investment. Estimation of recharged water is a crucial subject in aquifer management. A variety of techniques are available to quantify recharge. However, choosing appropriate techniques is often difficult (Scanlon et al., 2002). In order to estimate the recharged water for a 14-year period, a 3D conceptual model was built to be representative of the study area and efficient estimation of hydraulic parameters. Groundwater flow was simulated and calibrated by MODFLOW-2000 based on monthly observed data during both steady and transient periods for the years between 1993 and 2007. The aquifer parameters including hydraulic conductivities, specific yield, and recharge rate were determined through calibration of model during steady state, unsteady state with no recharge, and unsteady state with recharge cases, respectively. The recharge amount varied from a few hundred thousand cubic meters per month during drought periods to about 4.5 million cubic meters per month during rainy periods. This study aimed at assessing the effects of different strategies to improve the efficiency of the FWS using the above groundwater model. The study focused on spatial distribution of the system, change in the hydraulic structures and hydraulic parameters of the aquifer, and application of different abstraction scenarios in order to increase the efficiency and management of the system. The results will be used to better manage existing and plan new FWS projects in order to achieve sustainable water resources using an economical and efficient AR system in arid areas.
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22.
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23.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Natural vs. artificial groundwater recharge, quantification through inverse modeling
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1607-7938. ; 17:2, s. 637-650
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Estimating the change in groundwater recharge from an introduced artificial recharge system is important in order to evaluate future water availability. This paper presents an inverse modeling approach to quantify the recharge contribution from both an ephemeral river channel and an introduced artificial recharge system based on floodwater spreading in arid Iran. The study used the MODFLOW-2000 to estimate recharge for both steady and unsteady-state conditions. The model was calibrated and verified based on the observed hydraulic head in observation wells and model precision, uncertainty, and model sensitivity were analyzed in all modeling steps. The results showed that in a normal year without extreme events the floodwater spreading system is the main contributor to recharge with 80% and the ephemeral river channel with 20% of total recharge in the studied area. Uncertainty analysis revealed that the river channel recharge estimation represents relatively more uncertainty in comparison to the artificial recharge zones. The model is also less sensitive to the river channel. The results show that by expanding the artificial recharge system the recharge volume can be increased even for small flood events while the recharge through the river channel increases only for major flood events.
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24.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Optimal Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity and Boundary Condition under Steady-State Simulation
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Computational Methods in Water Resources (CMWR 2010). ; , s. 476-483
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The first step of aquifer parameter and dependent variable estimation based on hydraulic modeling is generally to choose the best steady-state conditions for the set time period. This situation will occur when the hydraulic head variation for observed wells is at minimum. Therefore, the hydraulic gradient should be constant and mean recharge zero over the study area during the simulation (Graham and Neff, 1994). In this case the system response to the boundary conditions in the aquifer can be elaborated on. The aim of this study was to use and develop a finite-difference groundwater model, MODFLOW 2000 within the GMS software, to define the best parameter estimation and boundary conditions when all residual errors are at minimum for different cases considering accurate confidence intervals and sensitivity analysis. Ten different steady-state conditions were obtained during the given time period with no recharge. These steady-state conditions were simulated and analyzed using the groundwater model for the 6000 ha Gareh-Bygone Plain which is located in arid southern Iran. In this area, a flood water spreading system to artificially recharge the groundwater was established between 1983 and 1987 on about 2000 ha. Four observations wells were used to build the conceptual model for a 14-year period and the model was calibrated with observed hydraulic head at the observation wells. Reliable prediction using the groundwater model occurs when there is a minimum difference between observations and simulations (e.g., Hill, 2006). In all above ten steady-states the average residual error between observed vs. computed hydraulic head was close to zero. Consequently, the confidence interval region for all estimated values was quite narrow and estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity in all periods and zones varied between 0.0003 and 0.3 m/day. Based on the resulting confidence intervals it appears that results are statistically robust. In addition, the confidence interval for the parameter estimation is a potentially significant factor in the model calibration. Prediction sensitivity illustrates the importance of parameter value for the prediction when used to compare the relative importance of different parameters (Hill and Tiedeman, 2007). Consequently, optimal estimated parameters were selected base on minimum difference between observation and parameter sensitivities and minimum groundwater level changes during successive intervals (dh≈0). Several different boundary conditions were used in the model calibration to define a reliable boundary condition using sensitivity analysis. In the model calibration, the results show that the model is more sensitive to the time-variant specified-head and general head boundaries than other boundary conditions.
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25.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Steady-State Unconfined Aquifer Simulation of the Gareh-Bygone Plain, Iran : Steady-State Unconfined Aquifer Simulation
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Open Hydrology Journal. - 1874-3781. ; 6:Suppl 1-M4, s. 58-67
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The first step of aquifer parameter and dependent variable estimation based on hydraulic modeling is generally to choose the best steady-state condition for the set time period. In order to define the best estimated hydraulic conductivity and boundary condition for Gareh-Bygone Plain in arid southern Iran, ten different steady-state conditions were simulated and calibrated with limited field observations. The investigated area covers about 6000 ha with a floodwater spreading system that was established on about 2000 ha to artificially recharge the groundwater. The results showed a consistency over the 14-year simulation period with estimated hydraulic conductivity in a quite narrow range. This makes us believe that even if the modeling problem is to some extent over-parameterized the results appear quite robust. This is further strengthened by verification of the model results. Furthermore, the results showed that in the steady-state groundwater flow with no recharge from surface water, the system is mainly recharged by the fault which conducts water into the area from an upper sub-basin.
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26.
  • Hashemi, Hossein (författare)
  • Toward InSAR-intelligence assessment of groundwater resources in time and space
  • 2023
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Poor management and excessive pumping of groundwater (GW) resources can lead to a significant decline in GW level, which may result in land deformation and compaction of compressible fine-grained soils within or adjacent to the aquifer. Soil compaction and resulting land deformation may be permanent if the GW level declines beyond the maximum historical stress. In extreme cases, the aquifer may lose its capability to store water, resulting in lower productivity. The traditional monitoring methods are inefficient in acquiring sufficiently dense spatial and temporal data to characterize the spatially heterogeneous and time-varying behavior of the large-scale aquifer system. Thus, the demand for new technologies for facilitating long-term and reliable GW monitoring of vast aquifers has recently brought the use of satellite imagery and Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the field of subsurface water monitoring and management.Our research combines Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) deformation data with AI to assess groundwater resources over time and space. We utilized various AI algorithms to address InSAR spatial discontinuity over vegetated areas and created AI-based algorithms in conjunction with numerical methods to monitor water tables in critical aquifer systems. This technique enables us to accurately estimate the GW head both at well sites and anywhere in the aquifer where groundwater extraction and recharge cause land surface deformation. Our findings suggest that InSAR deformation data, hydro-environmental data, and deep learning algorithms could be used in future GW prediction. Ultimately, our research offers opportunities for spatio-temporal monitoring of GW resources using InSAR deformation measurements and AI algorithms.
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27.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • TRMM-3B43 Bias Correction over the High Elevations of the Contiguous United States
  • 2016
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Precipitation can be quantified using a rain gauge network, or a remotely sensed precipitation product. Ultimately, the choice of dataset depends on the particular application, the catchment size, climate and the time period of study. In a region with a long record and a dense rain gauge network, the elevation-modified ground-based precipitation product, PRISM, has been found to work well. However, in poorly gauged regions the use of remotely sensed precipitation products is an absolute necessity. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) has provided valuable precipitation datasets for hydrometeorological studies over the past two decades (1998-2015). One concern regarding the usage of TRMM data is the accuracy of the precipitation estimates, when compared to those obtained using PRISM. The reason for this concern is that TRMM and PRISM do not always agree and, typically, TRMM underestimates PRISM over the mountainous regions of the United States.In this study, we develop a correction function to improve the accuracy of the TRMM monthly product (TRMM-3B43) by estimating and removing the bias in the satellite data using the ground-based precipitation product, PRISM. We observe a strong relationship between the bias and land surface elevation; TRMM-3B43 tends to underestimate the PRISM product at altitudes greater than 1500 m above mean sea level (m.amsl) in the contiguous United States. A relationship is developed between TRMM-PRISM bias and elevation. The correction function is used to adjust the TRMM monthly precipitation using PRISM and elevation data. The model is calibrated using 25% of the available time period and the remaining 75% of the time period is used for validation. The corrected TRMM-3B43 product is verified for the high elevations over the contiguous United States and two local regions in the mountainous areas of the western United States. The results show a significant improvement in the accuracy of the TRMM product in the high elevations of the contiguous United States.
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28.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Using Floodwater for Artificial Recharge and Spate Irrigation
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Sustainable Water Resources Management. - Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers. - 9780784414767 - 9780784480908 ; , s. 697-736
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Floodwater harvesting (FWH) for artificial recharge of groundwater (ARG) and spate irrigation (SI) is the most widely practiced large catchment water harvesting technique. It has recently received renewed attention for research, improvement, and implementation. This chapter first introduces an innovative, locally adaptive, and improved FWH technique—floodwater spreading systems (FWS)—to guide policymakers and practitioners in the management of groundwater (GW) resources and efficient rain-fed agriculture in water scarce countries. This is done by evaluating the effects of a large-scale FWH system on a local aquifer. The chapter assesses the contribution of FWH to GW recharge and improved agricultural yield by introducing SI technique through FWH. In line with the GW modeling and recharge estimation, a three-year field study to investigate improved rain-fed agricultural yield in a FWS system using the SI technique is explained. Barley was tested as an indicator plant for crop yield.
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29.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Very high resolution, altitude-corrected, TMPA-based monthly satellite precipitation product over the CONUS
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2052-4463. ; 7:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) product provided over 17 years of gridded precipitation datasets. However, the accuracy and spatial resolution of TMPA limits the applicability in hydrometeorological applications. We present a dataset that enhances the accuracy and spatial resolution of the TMPA monthly product (3B43). We resample the TMPA data to a 1 km grid and apply a correction function derived from the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) to reduce bias in the data. We confirm a linear relationship between bias and elevation above 1,500 meters where TMPA underestimates measured precipitation, providing a proof-of-concept of how simple linear scaling can be used to augment existing satellite datasets. The result of the correction is the High-Resolution Altitude-Corrected Precipitation product (HRAC-Precip) for the CONUS. Using 9,200 precipitation stations from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN), we compare the accuracy of TMPA 3B43 versus the new HRAC-Precip product. The results show an improvement of the mean absolute error of 12.98% on average.
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30.
  • Hashemi, Hossein, et al. (författare)
  • Water resources management through rainwater harvesting in arid area
  • 2013
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Water harvesting and artificial recharge has been a traditional solution to water scarcity problems in the arid and semiarid Middle East for thousands of years. These techniques are increasingly being encouraged and at present there has been a renewed interest to find improved methods for water harvesting in many arid countries. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance and hydrological function of an improved Flood Water Spreading (FWS) system in Iran. This was done by using available observations during a 14-year period together with extensive hydrogeological modeling and water balance approach. The estimated recharge amount in a studied FWS system varied from a few hundred thousand cubic meters per month during drought periods to about 4.5 million cubic meter per month during rainy periods. Thus, the FWS has large influence on the groundwater balance. The gain through artificial recharge, however, was depleted by too much groundwater abstraction by numerous new-drilled pumping wells. Hence, the groundwater declined in spite of the artificial recharge. As a result and in order to reach to a sustainable pumping rate in the studied area, there must be a balance between pumping and recharge to the groundwater storage. With a balanced pumping, however, this research showed that the FWS system could be an efficient way to increase groundwater resources in arid and semiarid areas. Further research is needed to optimize the floodwater harvesting system for improving the management in view of uncertain frequency and magnitude of inflow.
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31.
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32.
  • Hosseini, Seyyed Hasan, et al. (författare)
  • Areal Precipitation Coverage Ratio for Enhanced AI Modelling of Monthly Runoff: A New Satellite Data-Driven Scheme for Semi-Arid Mountainous Climate
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Remote Sensing. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-4292. ; 14:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Satellite remote sensing provides useful gridded data for the conceptual modelling of hydrological processes such as precipitation–runoff relationship. Structurally flexible and computationally advanced AI-assisted data-driven (DD) models foster these applications. However, without linking concepts between variables from many grids, the DD models can be too large to be calibrated efficiently. Therefore, effectively formulized, collective input variables and robust verification of the calibrated models are desired to leverage satellite data for the strategic DD modelling of catchment runoff. This study formulates new satellite-based input variables, namely, catchment- and event-specific areal precipitation coverage ratios (CCOVs and ECOVs, respectively) from the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) and evaluates their usefulness for monthly runoff modelling from five mountainous Karkheh sub-catchments of 5,000–43,000 km2 size in west Iran. Accordingly, 12 different input combinations from GPM and MODIS products were introduced to a generalized deep learning scheme using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Using an adjusted five-fold cross-validation process, 420 different ANN configurations per fold choice and 10 different random initial parameterizations per configuration were tested. Runoff estimates from five hybrid models, each an average of six top-ranked ANNs based on six statistical criteria in calibration, indicated obvious improvements for all sub-catchments using the new variables. Particularly, ECOVs were most efficient for the most challenging sub-catchment, Kashkan, having the highest spacetime precipitation variability. However, better performance criteria were found for sub-catchments with lower precipitation variability. The modelling performance for Kashkan indicated a higher dependency on data partitioning, suggesting that long-term data representativity is important for modelling reliability.
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33.
  • Hosseini, Seyyed Hasan, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of a new X-band weather radar for operational use in south Sweden
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 81:8, s. 1623-1635
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The performance of a new type of X-band Weather Radar (WR) for Sweden during a pilot run is studied. Compared to the conventional C-band WRs, the X-band WR covers a smaller area but with a higher spatiotemporal resolution, making it suitable for urban hydrological applications. Rainfall estimations from different elevation angles of the radar (levels) are compared at one-minute and single-event timescales with the observations of several rain gauges at different ranges using hyetographs. In general, the estimations aligned well with observations and the best match appeared for ranges as long as 5–10 km. Seemingly, radar estimations suffered from overshooting of lower lying showers by higher level scans in longer ranges (19–30 km) and from the reflectivity contamination due to moving objects in short ranges (<1 km). Also, the effective range of the radar dropped sharply for the moments when a cloudburst was located over the radar. Although various sources of error could affect the X-band WR rainfall estimates, higher resolution spatiotemporal rainfall monitoring for wider areas will benefit from an integration of data from a network of X-band WRs.
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34.
  • Hosseini, Seyyed Hasan, et al. (författare)
  • Kombinerade X-bandsanläggningar som väderradar : Jämförelse med etablerade metoder för regnmätning
  • 2022
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In this research report, a new methodology has been developed in order to integrate several X-band radar data sets in to one complete set. Furthermore, a direct and an indirect evaluation have been conducted compared to stationary rain gauges and C-band radar. In the indirect analysis, the input data sets were integrated into runoff models for Ellinge and Lundåkra WWTP where the results were compared to measured incoming flow to the sewage plants.
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35.
  • Hosseini, Seyyed Hasan, et al. (författare)
  • Merging dual-polarization X-band radar network intelligence for improved microscale observation of summer rainfall in south Sweden
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2707 .- 0022-1694. ; 617:Part C
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Compact dual-polarization doppler X-band weather radars (X-WRs) have recently gained attention in Scandinavia for sub-km and minute scale rainfall observations. This study develops a method for merging data from two X-WRs in Dalby and Helsingborg, southern Sweden (operated at five and one elevation angle levels, respectively) to improve the accuracy of rainfall observations. In total, 87 rainfall events from May-September 2021, observed by 38 tipping bucket gauges in the overlapping coverage of the X-WRs, were used for ground truth. The gauges were classified into four zones. An artificial neural network using doppler and dual-polarization variables (ANN) and a regression-based hybrid of RATEs (single-level rainfall products built-in to the X-WRs) based on the Marshall-Palmer equation (RMP) were calibrated for each zone. The calibrated models at 5-min scale significantly outperformed RATEs for all zones verified by Gilbert skill score (GSS), relative bias (rBIAS), mean absolute error (MAE), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) not using the calibration data. Quantile-quantile plots confirmed a considerable improvement of the statistical distribution of the merged rainfall estimates for Zone I (closest to Dalby), II (mid-way between Dalby and Helsingborg), and IV (similar range as II for Dalby but farthest to Helsingborg) especially using ANN. Zone III (farthest to Dalby and closest to Helsingborg) was problematic for all RATEs, ANN, and RMP. The lowest-level elevation angle for both X-WRs showed the most erroneous RATEs. Consequently, the problems with Zone III can be solved if multiple levels of Helsingborg X-WR at higher levels are available.
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36.
  • Kamali Maskooni, Ehsan, et al. (författare)
  • Application of Advanced Machine Learning Algorithms to Assess Groundwater Potential Using Remote Sensing-Derived Data
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Remote Sensing. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-4292. ; 12:17
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Groundwater (GW) is being uncontrollably exploited in various parts of the world resulting from huge needs for water supply as an outcome of population growth and industrialization. Bearing in mind the importance of GW potential assessment in reaching sustainability, this study seeks to use remote sensing (RS)-derived driving factors as an input of the advanced machine learning algorithms (MLAs), comprising deep boosting and logistic model trees to evaluate their efficiency. To do so, their results are compared with three benchmark MLAs such as boosted regression trees, k-nearest neighbors, and random forest. For this purpose, we firstly assembled different topographical, hydrological, RS-based, and lithological driving factors such as altitude, slope degree, aspect, slope length, plan curvature, profile curvature, relative slope position, distance from rivers, river density, topographic wetness index, land use/land cover (LULC), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), distance from lineament, lineament density, and lithology. The GW spring indicator was divided into two classes for training (434 springs) and validation (186 springs) with a proportion of 70:30. The training dataset of the springs accompanied by the driving factors were incorporated into the MLAs and the outputs were validated by different indices such as accuracy, kappa, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, specificity, and sensitivity. Based upon the area under the ROC curve, the logistic model tree (87.813%) generated similar performance to deep boosting (87.807%), followed by boosted regression trees (87.397%), random forest (86.466%), and k-nearest neighbors (76.708%) MLAs. The findings confirm the great performance of the logistic model tree and deep boosting algorithms in modelling GW potential. Thus, their application can be suggested for other areas to obtain an insight about GW-related barriers toward sustainability. Further, the outcome based on the logistic model tree algorithm depicts the high impact of the RS-based factor, such as NDVI with 100 relative influence, as well as high influence of the distance from river, altitude, and RSP variables with 46.07, 43.47, and 37.20 relative influence, respectively, on GW potential.
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37.
  • Kamali Maskooni, Ehsan, et al. (författare)
  • Assessment of Hydro-Geochemical Properties of Groundwater under the Effect of Desalination Wastewater Discharge in an Arid Area
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7499 .- 0944-1344. ; :28, s. 6176-6194
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Desalination to increase irrigation water supply for agricultural production is becoming important in water scarce regions. While desalination has positive effects on the potential irrigation water quantity and quality, the technique may also be a considered as potential source of groundwater pollution. The present study investigated the effects of desalination wastewater discharge on groundwater quality in an arid area in southern Iran for the 2012-2017 period. The chemical composition of the groundwater samples was evaluated considering pH, EC, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42+, Cl-, and HCO3-. The suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes as well as spatial pattern of groundwater pollution were analyzed. The results showed that mean concentration of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, Cl- in all investigated wells increased from 148, 94, 46, 247, and 257 mg/L in 2012 to 282, 146, 71,319, and 582 mg/L in 2017, respectively. Using Gibb’s diagram, it was shown that the groundwater quality is slightly alkaline and primarily controlled by evaporation. Based on our findings, about 78% of the study aquifer displayed groundwater with good to excellent water quality that can be used for drinking and irrigation purposes. However, the eastern part of the aquifer was classified as unsuitable for use due to the disposal of desalination plant wastewater. The spatial distribution of WQI and other indices such as SAR, TDS, and TH showed that groundwater in the eastern part of the aquifer has deteriorated since the establishment of the desalination plants. To reverse this trend, it is important to implement regulations against wastewater discharge from desalination plants.
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38.
  • Kamali Maskooni, Ehsan, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of Spatiotemporal Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Surface Urban Heat Islands in a Semiarid Region Using Landsat Data
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Digital Earth. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1753-8947 .- 1753-8955. ; 14:2, s. 250-270
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many factors are involved in urban heat island development such as lack of urban green spaces, improper choice of building materials, air pollution, densification, and other human activities. The aim of this research was to quantify the effects of land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes on urban land surface temperature (LST) during a 25-year period (1993-2018) for the semiarid Shiraz City in southern Iran using Landsat data (TM, ETM+, and OLI/TIRS) and machine learning algorithms. Five main LU/LC classes such as orchard, vegetation, bare surface, asphalt cover, and built-up areas were identified using a support vector machine algorithm. Landsat images were used to retrieve normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). The LST and linear regression analysis were used to quantify the relationship between NDVI and NDBI. The results showed that the mean LST over the entire study domain increased considerably between 1993 and 2018, due to urbanization, decrease of green areas, increasing industrial areas, and other human activities. Built-up areas increased considerably by 25.8% from 80 to 100.6 km2 between 1993 and 2018, while vegetation cover decreased dramatically by 69.3%. Mean LST increased from 38.4 to 40.2°C during the 25-year period with a significant increase of 3.9°C between 2013 and 2018. In addition, the Urban heat island Ratio Index (URI) displayed a substantial upward trend during the 25-year period.
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39.
  • Kazemi, Hamideh, et al. (författare)
  • Climate vs. Human Impact : Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Streamflow Variation
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4441. ; 13:17
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents a novel framework comprising analytical, hydrological, and remote sensing techniques to separate the impacts of climate variation and regional human activities on streamflow changes in the Karkheh River basin (KRB) of western Iran. To investigate the type of streamflow changes, the recently developed DBEST algorithm was used to provide a better view of the underlying reasons. The Budyko method and the HBV model were used to investigate the decreasing streamflow, and DBEST detected a non-abrupt change in the streamflow trend, indicating the impacts of human activity in the region. Remote sensing analysis confirmed this finding by distinguishing land-use change in the region. The algorithm found an abrupt change in precipitation, reflecting the impacts of climate variation on streamflow. The final assessment showed that the observed streamflow reduction is associated with both climate variation and human influence. The combination of increased irrigated area (from 9 to 19% of the total basin area), reduction of forests (from 11 to 3%), and decreasing annual precipitation has substantially reduced the streamflow rate in the basin. The developed framework can be implemented in other regions to thoroughly investigate human vs. climate impacts on the hydrological cycle, particularly where data availability is a challenge.
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40.
  • Kazemzadeh, Majid, et al. (författare)
  • Detecting the Greatest Changes in Global Satellite-Based Precipitation Observations
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Remote Sensing. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-4292. ; 14:21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In recent years, the analysis of abrupt and non-abrupt changes in precipitation has received much attention due to the importance of climate change-related issues (e.g., extreme climate events). In this study, we used a novel segmentation algorithm, DBEST (Detecting Breakpoints and Estimating Segments in Trend), to analyze the greatest changes in precipitation using a monthly pixel-based satellite precipitation dataset (TRMM 3B43) at three different scales: (i) global, (ii) continental, and (iii) climate zone, during the 1998–2019 period. We found significant breakpoints, 14.1%, both in the form of abrupt and non-abrupt changes, in the global scale precipitation at the 0.05 significance level. Most of the abrupt changes were observed near the Equator in the Pacific Ocean and Asian continent, relative to the rest of the globe. Most detected breakpoints occurred during the 1998–1999 and 2009–2011 periods on the global scale. The average precipitation change for the detected breakpoint was ±100 mm, with some regions reaching ±3000 mm. For instance, most portions of northern Africa and Asia experienced major changes of approximately +100 mm. In contrast, most of the South Pacific and South Atlantic Ocean experienced changes of −100 mm during the studied period. Our findings indicated that the larger areas of Africa (23.9%), Asia (22.9%), and Australia (15.4%) experienced significant precipitation breakpoints compared to North America (11.6%), South America (9.3%), Europe (8.3%), and Oceania (9.6%). Furthermore, we found that the majority of detected significant breakpoints occurred in the arid (31.6%) and polar (24.1%) climate zones, while the least significant breakpoints were found for snow-covered (11.5%), equatorial (7.5%), and warm temperate (7.7%) climate zones. Positive breakpoints’ temporal coverage in the arid (54.0%) and equatorial (51.9%) climates were more than those in other climates zones. Here, the findings indicated that large areas of Africa and Asia experienced significant changes in precipitation (−250 to +250 mm). Compared to the average state (trend during a specific period), the greatest changes in precipitation were more abrupt and unpredictable, which might impose a severe threat to the ecology, environment, and natural resources.
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41.
  • Kazemzadeh, Majid, et al. (författare)
  • Linear and nonlinear trend analyses in global satellite‐based precipitation, 1998‐2017
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Earth's Future. - 2328-4277. ; 9:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Precipitation varies spatiotemporally in amount, intensity, and frequency. Although, much research has been conducted on analyzing precipitation patterns and variation at the global scale, trend types have still not received much attention. This study developed a new polynomial‐based model for detecting non‐linear and linear trends in a satellite precipitation product (TRMM 3B43) for the 1998‐2017 period at a near‐global scale. We used an automated trend classification method that detects significant trends and classifies them into linear and non‐linear (cubic, quadratic, and concealed) trend types in satellite‐based precipitation at near‐global, continental, and climate zone scales. We found that 12.3% of pixel‐based precipitation time series across the globe have significant trend at 0.05 significance level (50% positive and 50% negative trends). In all continents except Asia, decreasing trends were found to cover larger areas than corresponding increasing trends. Regarding climate zone and precipitation trend change, our results indicate that a linear trend is dominant in the warm temperate (77.7%) and equatorial climates (80.4%) while the least linear change was detected in the polar climate (68.9%). The combined results of continental and climate zone scales indicate significant increasing trends in Asia and arid climate over the last 20 years. Furthermore, positive trends were found to be more significant at the continental scale, particularly, in Asia relative to the climate zone scale. Linear change in precipitation (80%) was the most dominant trend observed as opposed to non‐linear (quadratic (11%) and cubic (9%)) trend types at the global scale.
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42.
  • Kazemzadeh, Majid, et al. (författare)
  • Soil moisture change analysis under watershed management practice using in situ and remote sensing data in a paired watershed
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Environmental Monitoring & Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-2959 .- 0167-6369. ; 193
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Soil moisture, vegetation cover, and land surface temperature are vital variables in water-energy balance, eco-hydrological processes, and water resources management, which can be influenced by watershed management activities. This research focused on the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture, vegetation cover, land surface temperature, and Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) under a biological watershed management practice in the Taleghan paired watershed, namely, treated (TW) and control watersheds (CW), in Alborz province, Iran. In this research, along with the remote sensing techniques, the soil moisture and vegetation cover data were measured and statistically analyzed in the three aspects of both TW and CW during a growth period from May to October 2017. The results indicated that soil moisture, vegetation cover, and land surface temperature values in the paired watershed were significantly different at the 0.01 level during the study period. The increased vegetation cover in the TW had an inverse effect on the land surface temperature and TVDI, while directly impacted the soil moisture content. The average TVDI in the CW was 0.83, while this index was found to be 0.69 in the TW. Unlike the vegetation cover and soil moisture, the results revealed that the southern aspects had the highest TVDI and land surface temperature compared to the northern and eastern aspects of both watersheds. However, the increased vegetation cover as a biological watershed management activity in the steep terrain and mountainous areas of TW led to an increased soil moisture and a decreased land surface temperature and soil dryness. As a result, decreasing soil dryness in the TW can exert vital controls on the water resources and increasing water availability. In the arid and semiarid countries such as Iran, a proper watershed management activity can effectively increase soil moisture and water availability in the watersheds. In particular, the vegetation cover protection and biological practices can be considered as practical solutions in the rehabilitation of exhausted watersheds in arid and semiarid environments.
  •  
43.
  • Khodaei, Behshid, et al. (författare)
  • InSAR-AI-Based Approach for Groundwater Level Prediction in Arid Regions
  • 2023
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Lake Urmia, located in northwestern Iran, is the largest salt lake in the Middle East (ME) and one of the largest hypersaline lakes in the world. The lake has an important role in biodiversity preservation and the economic and cultural aspects of its surrounding region. Over the last two decades, the combined effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities have caused a significant depletion of lake water. The interaction of lake water and groundwater has motivated us to study the surrounding aquifers to determine the impact of human activities on the lake. The Shabestar plain located in the northeast of Lake Urmia is chosen as the research area for the current study. The goal is to find a Remote Sensing (RS) based method to estimate the changes in groundwater level, due to over-exploitation, both in time and space. We use a random forest algorithm to determine the contribution of different factors in the estimation of the aquifer’s hydraulic properties. Input data include the surface deformation rate produced by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique between 2016 and 2022, weather-driven parameters including temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, normalized differential vegetation index, and evapotranspiration, and the hydrological factors including observed well and lake water levels. The built model is then used for estimating the spatiotemporal groundwater level changes throughout the aquifer. The groundwater level change and its relationship with the lake water surface is investigated. The model has the potential to be generalized in the estimation of groundwater depletion in similar aquifers.
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44.
  • Khodaei, Behshid, et al. (författare)
  • Substantial carbon sequestration by peatlands in temperate areas revealed by InSAR
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 18:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Peatlands are unique ecosystems that contain massive amounts of carbon. These ecosystems are incredibly vulnerable to human disturbance and climate change. This may cause the peatland carbon sink to shift to a carbon source. A change in the carbon storage of peatlands may result in surface deformation. This research uses the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique to measure the deformation of the peatland's surface in south Sweden in response to the seasonal and extreme weather conditions in recent years, including the unprecedented severe drought in the summer of 2018. The deformation map of the study area is generated through a time-series analysis of InSAR from June 2017 to November 2020. Monitoring the peatland areas in this region is very important as agricultural and human activities have already caused many peatlands to disappear. This further emphasizes the importance of preserving the remaining peat sites in this region. Based on the InSAR results, a method for calculating the carbon flux of the peat areas is proposed, which can be utilized as a regular monitoring approach for other remote areas. Despite the severe drought in the summer of 2018, our findings reveal a significant uplift in most of the investigated peat areas during the study period. Based on our estimations, 86% of the peatlands in the study area experienced an uplift corresponding to about 47 000 tons of carbon uptake per year. In comparison, the remaining 14% showed either subsidence or stable conditions corresponding to about 2300 tons of carbon emission per year during the study period. This emphasizes the importance of InSAR as an efficient and accurate technique to monitor the deformation rate of peatlands, which have a vital role in the global carbon cycle.
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45.
  • Kordestani, Mojtaba Dolat, et al. (författare)
  • Cartografía del potencial de agua subterránea utilizando un nuevo modelo de conjuntos de minería de datos
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Hydrogeology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1431-2174 .- 1435-0157. ; 27:1, s. 211-224
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Freshwater scarcity is an ever-increasing problem throughout the arid and semi-arid countries, and it often results in poverty. Thus, it is necessary to enhance understanding of freshwater resources availability, particularly for groundwater, and to be able to implement functional water resources plans. This study introduces a novel statistical approach combined with a data-mining ensemble model, through implementing evidential belief function and boosted regression tree (EBF-BRT) algorithms for groundwater potential mapping of the Lordegan aquifer in central Iran. To do so, spring locations are determined and partitioned into two groups for training and validating the individual and ensemble methods. In the next step, 12 groundwater-conditioning factors (GCFs), including topographical and hydrogeological factors, are prepared for the modeling process. The mentioned factors are employed in the application of the EBF model. Then, the EBF values of the GCFs are implemented as input to the BRT algorithm. The results of the modeling process are plotted to produce spring (groundwater) potential maps. To verify the results, the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) test is applied to the model’s output. The findings of the test indicated that the areas under the ROC curves are 75 and 82% for the EBF and EBF-BRT models, respectively. Therefore, it can be inferred that the combination of the two techniques could increase the efficacy of these methods in groundwater potential mapping.
  •  
46.
  • Lober, Carolyn, et al. (författare)
  • Bias correction of 20 years of IMERG satellite precipitation data over Canada and Alaska
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. - 2214-5818. ; 47
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Study regionWe define two northern study areas: one covering all of Canada and Alaska and a second, smaller subregion surrounding the Peace-Athabasca Delta for testing.Study focusThis study aims to use bias correction to improve satellite precipitation data over a relatively data-sparse high latitude region using a network of in-situ rain gauges. We evaluate the satellite data and derive a linear bias-elevation relationship and apply the correction with a digital elevation model at a monthly scale, and further disaggregate it to produce corrected data at a daily scale.New hydrological insights for the regionWe find that the underestimation in the satellite data increases linearly with increasing elevation, above 500 m a.s.l. at the continental scale and for all elevations at the regional scale. Bias also varies seasonally, with higher bias in summer and lower bias in winter. Compared with uncalibrated data, the monthly continental correction reduces absolute bias by 16% and the root mean squared error by 6%, while the daily continental correction improves absolute bias by 17% but degrades root mean squared error slightly by 2%. We conclude that applying elevation-based bias correction reduces systematic elevational bias in northern high-latitude satellite precipitation data.
  •  
47.
  • Logg, Katarina, 1979, et al. (författare)
  • The sodium pump Ena1p provides mechanistic insight into the salt sensitivity of vacuolar protein sorting mutants
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: BBA - Molecular Cell Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-4889 .- 1879-2596. ; 1783:6, s. 974-984
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The vacuolar/endosomal network has an important but as yet undefined role in the cellular tolerance to salt stress. We hypothesized that the mechanistic basis for the importance of vacuolar protein sorting (vps) components in salt tolerance is the targeting of the crucial sodium exporter Ena1p to the plasma membrane. The link between Ena1p and the vps components was established by the observation that overexpression of Ena1p could suppress the salt sensitivity of the ESCRT knockouts vps20Δ, snf7/vps32Δ and snf8/vps22Δ. To further investigate this functional interaction, fluorescence microscopy was utilized to monitor localization of GFP-tagged Ena1p. For all analyzed vps mutants, Ena1p seemed properly localized to the plasma membrane, even during saline growth. However, quantitative differences in plasma membrane localized Ena1p were recorded; e.g. the highly salt sensitive pep12Δ mutant exhibited substantially enhanced Ena1p levels. In addition, the kinetics of Ena1p localization to the plasma membrane was severely delayed in several vps mutants, and this delay correlated to the salt specific growth defect. This paper discusses potential mechanistic hypotheses, like Ena1p transporter activity or localization kinetics, or ESCRT component's influence on signaling, for linking endosomal sorting functions to cellular salt sensitivity.
  •  
48.
  • Maghsood, Fatemeh Fadia, et al. (författare)
  • Climate change impact on flood frequency and source area in northern Iran under CMIP5 scenarios
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4441. ; 11:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study assessed the impact of climate change on flood frequency and flood source area at basin scale considering Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 General Circulation Models (CMIP5 GCMs) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios (2.6 and 8.5). For this purpose, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model was calibrated and validated for the Talar River Basin in northern Iran. Four empirical approaches including the Sangal, Fill-Steiner, Fuller, and Slope-based methods were used to estimate the Instantaneous Peak Flow (IPF) on a daily basis. The calibrated SWAT model was run under the two RCP scenarios using a combination of twenty GCMs from CMIP5 for the near future (2020-40). To assess the impact of climate change on flood frequency pattern and to quantify the contribution of each subbasin on the total discharge from the Talar River Basin, Flood Frequency Index (FFI) and Subbasin Flood Source Area Index (SFSAI) were used. Results revealed that the projected climate change will likely lead to an average discharge decrease in January, February, and March for both RCPs and an increase in September and October for RCP 8.5. The maximum and minimum temperature will likely increase for all months in the near future. The annual precipitation could increase by more than 20% in the near future. This is likely to lead to an increase of IPF. The results can help managers and policy makers to better define mitigation and adaptation strategies for basins in similar climates.
  •  
49.
  • Maghsood, Fatemeh Fadia, et al. (författare)
  • Social acceptability of flood management strategies under climate change using contingent valuation method (CVM)
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Sustainability (Switzerland). - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:18
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Floods are natural hazards with serious impact on many aspects of human life. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that climate change already has significant impact on magnitude and frequency of flood events worldwide. Thus, it is suggested to adopt strategies to manage damage impacts of climate change. For this, involving the local community in the decision-making process, as well as experts and decision-makers, is essential. We focused on assessing the social acceptability of flood management strategies under climate change through a socio-hydrological approach using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). For this purpose as well, hydro-climate modelling and the Analytical Network Process (ANP) were used. Among twelve investigated flood management strategies, "river restoration", "agricultural management and planning", and "watershed management" were the publicly most accepted strategies. Assessment of the social acceptability of these three strategies was carried out by use of the CVM and Willingness to Pay (WTP) methodology. Generally, 50%, 38%, and 18% were willing to pay and 44%, 48%, and 52% were willing to contribute flood management strategy in zones 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Overall, peoples' WTP for flood management strategies decreased with increasing distance from the river. Among different investigated dependent variables, household income had the highest influence on WTP.
  •  
50.
  • Maghsood, Fatemeh, et al. (författare)
  • Ground Validation of GPM IMERG Precipitation Products over Iran
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Remote Sensing. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-4292. ; 12:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Accurate estimation of precipitation is crucial for fundamental input to various hydrometeorological applications. Ground-based precipitation data suffer limitations associated with spatial resolution and coverage; hence, satellite precipitation products can be used to complement traditional rain gauge systems. However, the satellite precipitation data need to be validated before extensive use in the applications. Hence, we conducted a thorough validation of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals (IMERG) product for all of Iran. The study focused on investigating the performance of daily and monthly GPM IMERG (early, late, final, and monthly) products by comparing them with ground-based precipitation data at synoptic stations throughout the country (2014–2017). The spatial and temporal performance of the GPM IMERG was evaluated using eight statistical criteria considering the rainfall index at the country level. The rainfall detection ability index (POD) showed that the best IMERG product’s performance is for the spring season while the false alarm ratio (FAR) index indicated the inferior performance of the IMERG products for the summer season. The performance of the products generally increased from IMERG-Early to –Final according to the relative bias (rBIAS) results while, based on the quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots, the IMERG-Final could not be suggested for the applications relying on extreme rainfall estimates compared to IMERG-Early and -Late. The results in this paper improve the understanding of IMERG product’s performance and open a door to future studies regarding hydrometeorological applications of these products in Iran.
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