| 1. |
- Lotsander, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Low persistence of genetic rescue across generations in the Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Heredity. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-1503 .- 1465-7333. ; 112:3, s. 276-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genetic rescue can facilitate the recovery of small and isolated populations suffering from inbreeding depression. Long-term effects are however complex and examples spanning over multiple generations under natural conditions are scarce. The aim of this study was to test for long-term effects of natural genetic rescue in a small population of Scandinavian Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). By combining a genetically verified pedigree covering almost 20 years with a long-term dataset on individual fitness (n=837 individuals), we found no evidence for elevated fitness in immigrant F2 and F3 compared to native inbred foxes. Population inbreeding levels showed a fluctuating increasing trend and emergence of inbreeding within immigrant lineages shortly after immigration. Between 0-5 and 6-9 years post immigration, the average population size decreased by almost 22 % and the average proportion of immigrant ancestry rose from 14 % to 27 %. Y chromosome analysis revealed that two out of three native male lineages were lost from the gene pool, but all founders represented at the time of immigration were still contributing to the population at the end of the study period through female descendants. The results highlight the complexity of genetic rescue and suggest that beneficial effects can be brief. Continuous gene flow may be needed for small and threatened populations to recover and persist in a longer time perspective.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bornehag, Carl-Gustaf, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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The SELMA study : a birth cohort study in Sweden following more than 2000 mother-child pairs
- 2012
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Ingår i: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. - Hoboken, USA : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0269-5022 .- 1365-3016. ; 26:5, s. 456-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: This paper describes the background, aim and study design for the Swedish SELMA study that aimed to investigate the importance of early life exposure during pregnancy and infancy to environmental factors with a major focus on endocrine disrupting chemicals for multiple chronic diseases/disorders in offspring.Methods: The cohort was established by recruiting women in the 10th week of pregnancy. Blood and urine from the pregnant women and the child and air and dust from home environment from pregnancy and infancy period have been collected. Questionnaires were used to collect information on life styles, socio-economic status, living conditions, diet and medical history.Results: Of the 8394 reported pregnant women, 6658 were invited to participate in the study. Among the invited women, 2582 (39%) agreed to participate. Of the 4076 (61%) non-participants, 2091 women were invited to a non-respondent questionnaire in order to examine possible selection bias. We found a self-selection bias in the established cohort when compared with the non-participant group, e.g. participating families did smoke less (14% vs. 19%), had more frequent asthma and allergy symptoms in the family (58% vs. 38%), as well as higher education among the mothers (51% vs. 36%) and more often lived in single-family houses (67% vs. 60%).Conclusions: These findings indicate that the participating families do not fully represent the study population and thus, the exposure in this population. However, there is no obvious reason that this selection bias will have an impact on identification of environmental risk factors.
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| 4. |
- Cockerill, Christopher Alan, 1994-, et al.
(författare)
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Genomic Consequences of Fragmentation in the Endangered Fennoscandian Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus)
- 2022
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Ingår i: Genes. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4425. ; 13:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accelerating climate change is causing severe habitat fragmentation in the Arctic, threatening the persistence of many cold-adapted species. The Scandinavian arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is highly fragmented, with a once continuous, circumpolar distribution, it struggled to recover from a demographic bottleneck in the late 19th century. The future persistence of the entire Scandinavian population is highly dependent on the northernmost Fennoscandian subpopulations (Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula), to provide a link to the viable Siberian population. By analyzing 43 arctic fox genomes, we quantified genomic variation and inbreeding in these populations. Signatures of genome erosion increased from Siberia to northern Sweden indicating a stepping-stone model of connectivity. In northern Fennoscandia, runs of homozygosity (ROH) were on average ~1.47-fold longer than ROH found in Siberia, stretching almost entire scaffolds. Moreover, consistent with recent inbreeding, northern Fennoscandia harbored more homozygous deleterious mutations, whereas Siberia had more in heterozygous state. This study underlines the value of documenting genome erosion following population fragmentation to identify areas requiring conservation priority. With the increasing fragmentation and isolation of Arctic habitats due to global warming, understanding the genomic and demographic consequences is vital for maintaining evolutionary potential and preventing local extinctions.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Erlandsson, Rasmus, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Resources and predation : drivers of sociality in a cyclic mesopredator
- 2022
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Ingår i: Oecologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 198:2, s. 381-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In socially flexible species, the tendency to live in groups is expected to vary through a trade-off between costs and benefits, determined by ecological conditions. The Resource Dispersion Hypothesis predicts that group size changes in response to patterns in resource availability. An additional dimension is described in Hersteinsson's model positing that sociality is further affected by a cost-benefit trade-off related to predation pressure. In the arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), group-living follows a regional trade-off in resources' availability and intra-guild predation pressure. However, the effect of local fluctuations is poorly known, but offers an unusual opportunity to test predictions that differ between the two hypotheses in systems where prey availability is linked to intra-guild predation. Based on 17-year monitoring of arctic fox and cyclic rodent prey populations, we addressed the Resource Dispersion Hypothesis and discuss the results in relation to the impact of predation in Hersteinsson's model. Group-living increased with prey density, from 7.7% (low density) to 28% (high density). However, it remained high (44%) despite a rodent crash and this could be explained by increased benefits from cooperative defence against prey switching by top predators. We conclude that both resource abundance and predation pressure are factors underpinning the formation of social groups in fluctuating ecosystems.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Hasselgren, Björn, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Vision and Reality in the Öresund Collaboration : Research report on collaboration and potential för development in the Öresund region
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report looks at some of the progress made in the Öresund collaboration since the building of the Öresund Bridge. The extent of exchange and collaboration in the Öresund region has increased drastically. The long-distance, primarily passing traffic has been redirected along a new path and has grown. The Öresund Bridge is a successful project in itself, both technically and financially, with a stable economic situation which in the long term will also generate a financial surplus. The Öresund collaboration thus shows positive signs in all material respects.At the same time, there is a common view in the Öresund region that the collaboration should have progressed further. We perceive this as widespread frustration over the situation and in the development of the collaboration in the Öresund region. There is a question of whether something has been done wrong, if it’s possible to think and act differently, and how to proceed in the future. This is the focus of the analysis of the Öresund collaboration carried out by the KTH Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in this project for Region Skåne.We believe the frustration and impatience of many actors in the Öresund region is a result of the sometimes very high expectations, as well as the potential for further collaboration that can be seen but not realised. The Öresund Regional Development Strategy (ÖRUS), an initiative of the Öresund Committee and in many ways relevant also for Region Skåne, is promising in many ways. However, we feel that it also risks adding to the frustration by being ambitious whilst having a relatively constrained time schedule. One of the more significant lessons learned from the project is that the future development should be based on and surrounded by visions which are clearly formed from prevailing institutional conditions (practices, culture, laws and rules, organisational forms) and should be weighed up in terms of which forms of collaboration are appropriate and realistic in different situations. Case-specific collaboration is the way forward which we propose. It is generally counterproductive to place excessively high requirements and expectations on collaborations in which there is no realistic basis for collaboration among the concerned actors due to a lack of commitment and ownership on their part. It is also important to remember that cooperation and collaboration (or in the most developed situations, even integration) can come in different forms; from a relatively loose coexistence to situations in which differences are evened out or of such an insignificant scope that they in no way inhibit collaboration.Here, it is important to remember that competition is one of the more developed forms of collaboration; perhaps even the ultimate sign that integration has come into being. Division of labour and specialisation are important elements of a region such as Öresund and perhaps primarily comes about in a truly competitive market model. Here, the matter of differences being a better catalyst for integration and collaboration than similarities is an interesting part of understanding the dynamic process that is the Öresund collaboration. In situations whereby exchange rates, taxes, etc., deviate between Sweden and Denmark, the collaboration and exchange across Öresund increases, only to subside when the differences decrease.The three different areas of collaboration that KTH has studied in more detail (education and research, industry collaboration and culture) demonstrate collaboration primarily in the form of loose structures. There are relatively few examples of integration in advanced stages; something which can change via a more concrete collaboration strategy, but which may also indicate that informal collaboration is a good model which partners often prefer. We recommend a number of concrete measures that Region Skåne should be able to implement together with other actors in the Öresund region in order to develop the collaboration. • Short term – efficiency here and nowIn this timescale, efforts are primarily concentrated within the scope of the current conditions in terms of language, culture, legislation, etc. The main focus in this timescale should be the optimal use of existing resources. A great many collaborations can be considered based on these starting points, in both the public and private sectors, in order to take advantage of thus far unutilised opportunities for collaboration. This can be a matter of better planning and the utilisation of health and medical care, cultural institutions, education systems, research environments and transport infrastructure, but it may also be about improving the information provided to actors in the industry about opportunities for collaboration in the near future by e.g., helping to create social forums and networks. We recommend as a further measure, as highlighted above, a survey of potential areas of collaboration within the areas that can be influenced in the short term. Put together a project group tasked with drawing up concrete proposals for collaboration between e.g., Copenhagen Municipality and Malmö City/Region Skåne. Collaboration in company form has proven to work in different contexts and may be worth testing in other areas. • Medium term – creating good conditionsThis level is about influencing both the formal structures in terms of legislation and formal regulations for tax, social insurance, pensions, etc. These areas have been studied in-depth by the partners of the Öresund collaboration and a number of reports have been compiled. Naturally, further investment in this area is required in order to attempt to bring about measures which facilitate collaboration and exchange across Öresund. There is potential for this is connection with the upcoming election in Sweden, where Region Skåne should endeavour to make this a prioritised measure for improving both the growth potential and labour market conditions in the Öresund region. Another measure would be to recommend that Sweden elect a state representative tasked with working specifically with these matters. The Swedish State should perhaps have a representation office in Malmö tasked with working towards a clear reduction of the institutional border obstacles. A more radical measure would be for Region Skåne to issue a guarantee or “collaboration guarantee” which involves the region bearing the additional costs or covering any lost benefits in terms of the social security systems and taxes that citizens of Region Skåne can receive as a result of their choice to work in Denmark. The scope and legality of the recommendation must of course be carefully examined, as well as various aspects of legal security.In the areas controlled by regional and local actors, the areas of education,research and transport infrastructure stand out as the most important in this timescale as well. The project “The Scandinavian 8 Million City”, which is currently underway and which is an endeavour to bring about a rail link between Oslo and Copenhagen and further connections in both directions, is a good example of this. The potential extension of the metro between Malmö and Copenhagen is another. One project that should be more clearly arranged in the regional strategy is the HH Tunnel (the plan for connecting Helsingborg and Elsinore/Helsingör with a fixed transport infrastructure link).The two projects ESS and MAX IV provide what are probably the best opportunities for a more structurally established collaboration across Öresund within some areas of research. Here, Region Skåne should concentrate efforts on supporting and promoting different forms of collaboration. With its base in research, the project provides the opportunity for a great many associated activities within the labour market, services and accommodation.• Long term – changing informal and cultural conditionsThis is perhaps the most paradoxical of the three levels or timescales in the collaboration. On one hand, most are aware that language, culture and habits are relatively deeply rooted in Swedish and Danish society respectively. We often come back to the differences we perceive from both sides in collaboration and competition between our countries. And in general we are clear about these being conditions that will only change in the long term. On the other hand, these conditions are often emphasised as inhibitive and limiting in the collaboration across Öresund.Levelling out these conditions will take time. Greater understanding of the culture that we wish to work with is however generally beneficial. Our view is that this occurs primarily via the everyday individual exchange which is based on commercial and interpersonal relationships. Measures which could be tried, however, are more active investments in linguistic comprehension between Swedish and Danish in school.However, we find other measures such as attempting to coordinate cultural life between Malmö and Copenhagen by means of government action somewhat dubious. It is probably a better and more accessible road to invest in collaboration in culture that is based on “simpler” cost minimisation/efficiency in the short-term perspective than to attempt to circumnavigate these issues and go directly to an integration model.Once again, it is likely that the hypothesis that differences spur on collaboration is a better model than attempting to organise collaboration in which there is a lack of logic for collaboration and incentive. The findings of the report are based on a large number of interviews with actors in the Öresund region, as well as other material. A summary of the interviews is provided in an appendix to the report, which is available in Swedish.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Hasselgren, Malin, 1990-
(författare)
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Dynamics of inbreeding and genetic rescue in a small population
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Isolation at small population size can reduce individual fitness and impede population growth caused by inbreeding and genetic drift (i.e. inbreeding depression). Inbreeding depression can however be circumvented by gene flow from unrelated individuals through masking of recessive deleterious alleles and contribute to population persistence (i.e. genetic rescue). Studying these processes in natural populations across generations and under fluctuating environmental conditions however comes with major challenges. Several gaps in the knowledge thus remain regarding causes and consequences of inbreeding depression and genetic rescue in the wild. Using long term data on life history traits, combined with traditional population genetics and novel genomic techniques, we explored the dynamics of inbreeding and gene flow in the highly fragmented arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) population in Sweden. This thesis mainly focused on the southernmost subpopulation (Helagsfjällen), previously documented to suffer from inbreeding depression. Construction of a genetically verified pedigree (Chapter I and II) revealed that gene flow from three outbred male foxes released from a captive breeding station in Norway resulted in genetic rescue, expressed as elevated first year survival and breeding success in immigrant first generation offspring (F1; Chapter I). However, the rescue effect likely only lasted for one single generation, as we found no selective advantage in later descendants of immigrants (Chapter II and IV). Whole genome sequencing of a subset of individuals from the same subpopulation showed that some immigrant F2 and F3 individuals were highly inbred despite the recent outbreeding events (Chapter III). Identification of putative deleterious variation within coding regions suggested that the immigrants introduced a large number of strongly deleterious alleles which were absent from the native gene pool (Chapter IV and V). Expression of the deleterious variation introduced may explain the low persistence of genetic rescue. We also found a negative relationship between the amount of homozygous strongly deleterious mutations and individual fitness (Chapter IV) and may be an important cause of inbreeding depression in the Swedish arctic fox. Finally, when replicating the study of genomic consequences of inbreeding and gene flow, by including an additional Swedish subpopulation (Vindelfjällen) located further north, we found contrasting patterns between the two subpopulations. While inbreeding decreased in both Helagsfjällen and Vindelfjällen following immigration, the proportion of deleterious variation increased in Helagsfjällen but not in Vindelfjällen. A potential explanation could be more regular gene flow between northern located subpopulations compared to the more geographically isolated population in Helagsfjällen, which may instead have purged a subset of strongly deleterious variation pre immigration. The results from this thesis highlight the transient nature of genetic rescue and the importance to study fitness and genetic effects of gene flow across several generations, as immigration could have negative consequences that are not manifested initially. Finally, as the effects of gene flow can be highly context dependent, demographic histories and functional genetic variation in both source and target populations should be considered before making translocation decisions for conservation purposes.
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| 11. |
- Hasselgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic rescue in an inbred Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) population
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 285:1875
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Isolation of small populations can reduce fitness through inbreeding depression and impede population growth. Outcrossing with only a few unrelated individuals can increase demographic and genetic viability substantially, but few studies have documented such genetic rescue in natural mammal populations. We investigate the effects of immigration in a subpopulation of the endangered Scandinavian arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), founded by six individuals and isolated for 9 years at an extremely small population size. Based on a long-term pedigree (105 litters, 543 individuals) combined with individual fitness traits, we found evidence for genetic rescue. Natural immigration and gene flow of three outbred males in 2010 resulted in a reduction in population average inbreeding coefficient (f), from 0.14 to 0.08 within 5 years. Genetic rescue was further supported by 1.9 times higher juvenile survival and 1.3 times higher breeding success in immigrant first-generation offspring compared with inbred offspring. Five years after immigration, the population had more than doubled in size and allelic richness increased by 41%. This is one of few studies that has documented genetic rescue in a natural mammal population suffering from inbreeding depression and contributes to a growing body of data demonstrating the vital connection between genetics and individual fitness.
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| 12. |
- Hasselgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Genomic and fitness consequences of inbreeding in an endangered carnivore
- 2021
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Ingår i: Molecular Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0962-1083 .- 1365-294X. ; 30:12, s. 2790-2799
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reduced fitness through genetic drift and inbreeding is a major threat to small and isolated populations. Although previous studies have generally used genetically verified pedigrees to document effects of inbreeding and gene flow, these often fail to capture the whole inbreeding history of the species. By assembling a draft arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) genome and resequencing complete genomes of 23 additional foxes born before and after a well-documented immigration event in Scandinavia, we here look into the genomic consequences of inbreeding and genetic rescue. We found a difference in genome-wide diversity, with 18% higher heterozygosity and 81% lower F-ROH in immigrant F1 compared to native individuals. However, more distant descendants of immigrants (F2, F3) did not show the same pattern. We also found that foxes with lower inbreeding had higher probability to survive their first year of life. Our results demonstrate the important link between genetic variation and fitness as well as the transient nature of genetic rescue. Moreover, our results have implications in conservation biology as they demonstrate that inbreeding depression can effectively be detected in the wild by a genomic approach.
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| 13. |
- Hasselgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Genomic consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding in an endangered carnivore
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Loss of genetic variation through genetic drift and inbreeding is a major threat to small and isolated populations. Although previous studies have generally used genetically verified pedigrees to document effects of inbreeding and gene flow, these often fail to capture the whole inbreeding history. Also, empirical support for a link between genomic inbreeding and fitness is scarce. By sequencing complete genomes of 23 Scandinavian arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) born before and after an immigration event, we here look into the genomic consequences of inbreeding and genetic rescue. We found a significant difference, with 18% higher genome-wide heterozygosity and 81% lower genomic inbreeding in immigrant F1 compared to native individuals. However, more distant descendants of immigrants (F2, F3) did not show the same pattern. We also found that foxes surviving their first year generally had higher heterozygosity and lower inbreeding than non-survivors. Finally, pedigree-based inbreeding correlated with, but underestimated, genomic inbreeding levels. Our results demonstrate a fundamental link between genetic variation and fitness, the transient nature of genetic rescue, and that inbreeding is even more severe than captured from a genetically verified pedigree. Our results have important implications in conservation biology as inbreeding depression can be detected in populations lacking a pedigree.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Hasselgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Inbreeding in natural mammal populations : historical perspectives and future challenges
- 2019
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Ingår i: Mammal Review. - : Wiley. - 0305-1838 .- 1365-2907. ; 49:4, s. 369-383
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The awareness of inbreeding as a potentially harmful process dates several centuries back in time, and occurred early in various religions, cultures, and societies. However, it was not until the 18th Century that the phenomenon was first investigated systematically through breeding experiments in domestic animals and plants. Investigations were followed by the establishment of the theoretical framework in the 19th Century by Darwin, Mendel and other pioneering evolutionary biologists. Throughout the development of this field, from breeding experiments and discoveries of the mechanism of inheritance, via heterozygosity-fitness correlations, construction of pedigrees for natural populations, emergence of the conservation genetics field, to present-day whole genome sequencing of extinct species, mammals have played a crucial role as model organisms and flagship species. In this review, we present a chronological overview of the theoretical development and empirical data on inbreeding in mammals, from the 18th Century to the present day. Furthermore, in relation to the current analytical capacity, we identify gaps in the knowledge and future challenges in the study of inbreeding and inbreeding depression in mammals.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Tietgen, Lukas, et al.
(författare)
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Fur colour in the Arctic fox : genetic architecture and consequences for fitness
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 288:1959
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genome-wide association studies provide good opportunities for studying the genetic basis of adaptive traits in wild populations. Yet, previous studies often failed to identify major effect genes. In this study, we used high-density single nucleotide polymorphism and individual fitness data from a wild non-model species. Using a whole-genome approach, we identified the MC1R gene as the sole causal gene underlying Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus fur colour. Further, we showed the adaptive importance of fur colour genotypes through measures of fitness that link ecological and evolutionary processes. We found a tendency for blue foxes that are heterozygous at the fur colour locus to have higher fitness than homozygous white foxes. The effect of genotype on fitness was independent of winter duration but varied with prey availability, with the strongest effect in years of increasing rodent populations. MC1R is located in a genomic region with high gene density, and we discuss the potential for indirect selection through linkage and pleiotropy. Our study shows that whole-genome analyses can be successfully applied to wild species and identify major effect genes underlying adaptive traits. Furthermore, we show how this approach can be used to identify knowledge gaps in our understanding of interactions between ecology and evolution.
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| 18. |
- von Kobyletzki, Laura B., et al.
(författare)
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Eczema in early childhood is strongly associated with the development of asthma and rhinitis in a prospective cohort
- 2012
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Ingår i: BMC Dermatology. - London, United Kingdom : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-5945. ; 12:11, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: This study aimed to estimate the association between eczema in early childhood and the onset of asthma and rhinitis later in life in children.Methods: A total of 3,124 children aged 1-2 years were included in the Dampness in Building and Health (DBH) study in the year 2000, and followed up 5 years later by a parental questionnaire based on an International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood protocol. The association between eczema in early childhood and the incidence of asthma and rhinitis later in life was estimated by univariable and multivariable logistic regression modelling.Results: The prevalence of eczema in children aged 1-2 years was 17.6% at baseline. Children with eczema had a 3-fold increased odds of developing asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.79-5.27), and a nearly 3-fold increased odds of developing rhinitis (aOR, 2.63; 1.85-3.73) at follow-up compared with children without eczema, adjusted for age, sex, parental allergic disease, parental smoking, length of breastfeeding, site of living, polyvinylchloride flooring material, and concomitant allergic disease. When eczema was divided into subgroups, moderate to severe eczema (aOR, 3.56; 1.62-7.83 and aOR, 3.87; 2.37-6.33, respectively), early onset of eczema (aOR, 3.44; 1.94-6.09 and aOR, 4.05; 2.82-5.81; respectively), and persistence of eczema (aOR, 5.16; 2.62-10.18 and aOR, 4.00; 2.53-6.22, respectively) further increased the odds of developing asthma and rhinitis. Further independent risk factors increasing the odds of developing asthma were a parental history of allergic disease (aOR, 1.83; 1.29-2.60) and a period of breast feeding shorter than 6 months (aOR, 1.57; 1.03-2.39). The incidence of rhinitis was increased for parental history of allergic disease (aOR, 2.00; 1.59-2.51) and polyvinylchloride flooring (aOR, 1.60; 1.02-2.51).Conclusion: Eczema in infancy is associated with development of asthma and rhinitis during the following 5-year period, and eczema is one of the strongest risk factors. Early identification is valuable for prediction of the atopic march.
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| 19. |
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