| 1. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Are athletes burning out with passion?
- 2011
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In: European Journal of Sport Science. - Campaign, Ill. : Human Kinetics. - 1746-1391 .- 1536-7290. ; 11:6, s. 387-395
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Passion is a strong motivational force towards an activity considered very important, possibly to the extent that the activity forms a part of an individual’s identity. Two forms of passion, harmonious and obsessive, are thought to lead to different cognitive and affective responses. Although being passionate about sport appears to be important from a motivational perspective, it possibly also increases the risk for burnout, which is a negative consequence blamed partly on too much training and inadequate recovery. The question voiced in this study is whether harmonious passion and obsessive passion pose equal risks for burnout. Participants were 94 female and 164 male competitive athletes from 21 sports. The results, analysed using partial correlation and multivariate analyses of variance, showed that athletes with an obsessive passion scored higher on a burnout inventory than did harmoniously passionate athletes. Obsessively passionate athletes also scored higher on perceived stress and negative affect, and lower on positive affect. These findings support the assumption that even though the two forms of passion may be an integral part of elite sports, athletes scoring high on obsessive passion may be at greater risk of developing burnout than more harmoniously passionate athletes. Burning bright and burning out can thus be seen as two potential consequences for athletes driven by passion. Athletes and coaches who are aware of this may be better equipped to avoid the potential negative consequences associated with too much stress and too little recovery.
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| 2. |
- Hassmén, Nathalie, et al.
(author)
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Idrottsvetenskapliga forskningsmetoder
- 2008
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Idrott och forskning är två intimt förknippade verksamheter. Bakom de kunskaper som möjliggör att idrottare utvecklas i en riktning som leder fram till nya rekord ligger oftast avancerad forskning. På samma sätt är forskning om kost och motion central för att kunna ge vederhäftiga råd till dem som vill optimera förutsättningarna för en hälsosammare framtid. Varför vi blir mer engagerade och emotionellt berörda när hemmalaget vinner eller förlorar har också studerats vetenskapligt.Tanken med Idrottsvetenskapliga forskningsmetoder är att på ett så enkelt sätt som möjligt beskriva forskningsmetoder som används inom dagens idrottsforskning. Ett mål såväl för studenten som forskaren är att öka den befintliga kunskapen, och sannolikt också att presentera denna kunskap i form av en examensuppsats eller forskningsartikel. Genom att behärska stegen i forskningsprocessen ökar chanserna att slutresultaten uppvisar hög kvalitet, vilket är en förutsättning för att uppsatsen ska bli godkänd respektive manuset publicerat.Idrottsvetenskapliga forskningsmetoder beskriver utförligt stegen i forskningsprocessen, från idé till slutprodukt. Även om den primära målgruppen är studenter på högskolor och universitet som läser en utbildning med idrottsinriktning, kan boken med behållning även läsas av andra som i sin verksamhet kommer i kontakt med forskning och forskningsresultat.
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| 3. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Idrottsledarskap
- 2010. - 1
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Book (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 4. |
- Blomstrand, Eva, et al.
(author)
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Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on perceived exertion during exercise.
- 1997
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In: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. - 0001-6772 .- 1365-201X. ; 159:1, s. 41-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- On two occasions, seven male endurance-trained cyclists performed exhaustive exercise on a cycle ergometer in the morning after they had performed a bout of exercise the preceding evening in an attempt to lower the muscle glycogen stores. The subjects exercised at a work rate corresponding to approximately 70% of their maximal oxygen uptake for 60 min, followed by another 20 min of maximal exercise. During exercise the subjects were given either a solution of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) or flavoured water (placebo). Every 10 min during exercise the subjects rated their perceived exertion and mental fatigue on two different Borg scales. During the 60 min exercise at a given work rate the subjects ratings of perceived exertion when they were given BCAAs were 7% lower, and their ratings of mental fatigue were 15% lower than when they were given placebo. In addition, the performance in the colour task of Stroops Colour Word Test performed after exercise was improved when BCAAs had been ingested during exercise, compared with the results from the placebo trial. There was no difference in the physical performance between the two trials measured as the amount of work done during the last 20 min of exercise when the subjects performed at their maximum. The plasma concentration ratio of free tryptophan/BCAAs, which increased by 45% during exercise and by 150% 5 min after exercise in the placebo trial, remained unchanged or even decreased when BCAAs were ingested.
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| 5. |
- Carlbring, Per, et al.
(author)
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Behavioral Activation vs. Physical Exercise in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Depression
- 2015
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Despite their potential as low-threshold, low-cost and high-flexibility treatments of depression, behavioral activation and physical exercise have not yet been directly compared. This study has examined the effects of these interventions, administered via the Internet. In this randomized controlled trial a total of 312 participants meeting the diagnostic criteria for mild to moderate major depression, recruited in multiple cycles and randomized to either a waiting list control group with delayed treatment, or one of the four active treatment groups: (1) physical exercise without a clear psychological treatment rationale; (2) physical exercise with a psychological treatment rationale; (3) behavioral activation a la Lewinsohn; or (4) behavioral activation a la Martel. A total of 72% were women and the average age of the participants were M=42.3 years (SD=13,5). More than half (53,9%) had a history of previous psychological treatment. Primary outcome measure was the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. Assessments were made on a weekly basis for the full duration of the acute treatment which was 12 weeks. The preliminary results are in line with previous online studies showing that all active treatment groups were superior to the waitlist (large effect sizes) and that only minor differences could be identified between the four active groups (large within effect sizes). At the time of the conference 6-month follow-up data will be available in addition to the already collected post-assessment data (analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle).
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Carlbring, Per, et al.
(author)
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The effects of a 12-week relapse prevention program following acute depression treatment : A randomised controlled trial
- 2019
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Context: Depression can be effectively treated using internet interventions. However, the relapse rate is non-ignorable. Methods: 286 participants were randomized to an additional relapse prevention program or a control group. Monthly telephone calls using the MINI diagnostic interview as well as online assessments were carried out for 24 months. Intervention: Standard cognitive behaviour therapy via the internet without guidance. Results: Relapse rates of 27.1% and 22.0% were reported in the relapse prevention program group and the control group respectively. A log-rank test of the Kaplan-Meier model did not show any significant difference between the prevention program group and the control group (χ2(1) = 0.87; p = .352) in terms of relapse rates. At the one-year follow-up, 79.2% in the prevention program group and 82.9% of the participants in the control group had PHQ-9 scores indicating them to be in remission. By the second-year follow-up the rate of remission was 75.8% in the relapse prevention program group and 81.2% in the control group. No significant differences could be seen neither at the one-year follow-up (χ2(1) = 0.36; p = .552) nor the two-year follow-up (χ2(1) = 0.53; p = .467). Conclusions: Don’t do it!
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| 8. |
- Carlbring, Per, et al.
(author)
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The effects on depression of Internet-administered behavioral activation vs. physical exercise
- 2015
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Despite their potential as low-threshold, low-cost and high-flexibility treatments of depression, behavioral activation and physical exercise have not yet been directly compared. This study has examined the effects of these interventions, administered via the Internet. In this randomized controlled trial a total of 312 participants meeting the diagnostic criteria for mild to moderate major depression, recruited in multiple cycles and randomized to either a waiting list control group with delayed treatment, or one of the four active treatment groups: (1) physical exercise without a clear psychological treatment rationale; (2) physical exercise with a psychological treatment rationale; (3)behavioral activation a la Lewinsohn; or (4) behavioral activation a la Martel. A total of 72% were women and the average age of the participants were M=42.3 years (SD=13,5). More than half (53,9%) had a history of previous psychological treatment. Primary outcome measure was the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. Assessments were made on a weekly basis for the full duration of the acute treatment which was 12 weeks. The preliminary results are in line with previous online studies showing that all active treatment groups were superior to the waitlist (large effect sizes) and that only minor differences could be identified between the four active groups (large within effect sizes). At the time of the conference 6-month follow-up data will be available in addition to the already collected post-assessment data (analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle).
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| 9. |
- Carlbring, Per, et al.
(author)
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The effects on depression of Internet-administered behavioural activation and physical exercise with treatment rationale and relapse prevention : study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
- 2013
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In: Trials. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-6215. ; 14, s. 35-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Despite their potential as low-threshold, low-cost and high-flexibility treatments of depression, behavioural activation and physical exercise have not yet been directly compared. This study will examine the effects of these interventions, administered via the Internet. The added effect of providing a treatment rationale will also be studied, as well as a relapse prevention program featuring cognitive behavioural therapy components.Methods/Design: This randomised controlled trial will include 500 participants meeting the diagnostic criteria for major depression, recruited in multiple cycles and randomised to either a waiting list control group with delayed treatment, or one of the four treatment groups: (1) physical exercise without a clear treatment rationale; (2) physical exercise with treatment rationale; (3) behavioural activation with treatment rationale; or (4) behavioural activation without a clear treatment rationale. Post treatment, half of the participants will be offered a relapse prevention program. Primary outcome measure will be the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item. Secondary measures include diagnostic criteria for depression, as well as self-reported anxiety, physical activity and quality of life. Measurements - done via telephone and the Internet - will be collected pre-treatment, weekly during treatment period, immediately post treatment and then monthly during a 24-month follow-up period.Discussion: The results of this study will constitute an important contribution to the body of knowledge of the respective interventions. Limitations are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Carlbring, Per, et al.
(author)
-
The relative effects of behavioral activation vs. physical exercise in the treatment of mild to moderate depression
- 2016
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: Despite their potential as low-threshold, low-cost and high-flexibility treatments of depression, behavioral activation and physical exercise have not yet been directly compared. This study has examined the effects of these interventions, administered via the Internet.Method: In this randomized controlled trial a total of 312 participants meeting the diagnostic criteria for mild to moderate major depression, recruited in multiple cycles and randomized to either a waiting list control group with delayed treatment, or one of the four active treatment groups: (1) physical exercise without a clear psychological treatment rationale; (2) physical exercise with a psychological treatment rationale; (3) behavioral activation a la Lewinsohn; or (4) behavioral activation a la Martel.Results: A total of 72% were women and the average age of the participants were M=42.3 years (SD=13,5). More than half (53,9%) had a history of previous psychological treatment. Primary outcome measure was the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. Assessments were made on a weekly basis for the full duration of the acute treatment which was 12 weeks.Conclusion: The preliminary results are in line with previous online studies showing that all active treatment groups were superior to the waitlist (large effect sizes) and that only minor differences could be identified between the four active groups (large within effect sizes). At the time of the conference 6-month follow-up data will be available in addition to the already collected post- assessment data (analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle).
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| 11. |
- Fallby, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Relationship between locus of control, sense of coherence and mental skills in Swedish elite athletes.
- 2006
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In: International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. - 1612-197X. ; 4:2, s. 111-120
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Differences in competitive performance at the elite level are often attributed more to mental factors than merely inequalities in physical or technical prowess. Many elite athletes consequently engage in regular mental skills training, but some reach a higher standard than others. One suggestion is that trait characteristics may to some extent influence both the acquisition and use of mental skills. Our purpose was therefore to investigate whether or not a relationship could be detected between trait measures related to personal control and mental skills. A total of 198 individual elite athletes completed inventories measuring locus of control, sense of coherence, and mental skills. Results revealed that individuals with an internal locus of control and a high sense of coherence consistently displayed significantly higher scores on 9 out of the 12 mental skills measured by the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool-3 than did athletes scoring lower on the two trait inventories. Findings suggest that individuals who perceive their world to be controllable, manageable, and meaningful have more developed mental skills. The cross-sectional design does, however, preclude causal inferences, but sport psychology consultants and coaches may still want to consider these findings when tailoring mental skills training programs for individual athletes desiring to achieve performance excellence in elite sports.
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| 12. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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A qualitative analysis of burnout in elite Swedish athletes
- 2008
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In: Psychology of Sport And Exercise. - : Elsevier. - 1469-0292 .- 1878-5476. ; 9:6, s. 800-816
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To extend the understanding of burnout in elite athletes, including personal experiences and perceived antecedents.Design and Methods: Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 Swedish 22- to 26-year-old elite athletes who had quit sport due to burnout. The interview transcripts were inductively analyzed using qualitative conten tanalysis.Results: The findings support the notion of athlete burnout as a multidimensional syndrome. While stressors like multiple demands, ‘‘too much sport,’’ lack of recovery and high expectations were considered primary causes of burnout by the respondents, high motivation, unidimensional athletic identity, self-esteem strivings, high ego goals, negative perfectionist traits and feelings of entrapment were also found to be critical contributors. These restraining factors explained why the athletes continued their participation in sport despite a progressive worsening of their condition, and are therefore potentially crucial in the development of burnout.Conclusion: Athlete burnout appears to be a complex interaction of multiple stressors, inadequate recovery and frustration from unfulfilled expectations, which is explained partly by maladaptive perfectionist traits and goals. This process is fuelled by a strong drive to validate self-worth, sometimes in conjunction with feelings of entrapment.
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| 13. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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An elite endurance athlete's recovery from underperformance aided by a multidisciplinary sport science support team
- 2008
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In: European Journal of Sport Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1746-1391 .- 1536-7290. ; 8:5, s. 267-276
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Overload training resulting in an overreached state is common in elite sports, and if undetected can develop into an overtraining syndrome. This risk is accentuated by the lack of reliable measures of overreaching. Coaches and scientists therefore have to use a combination of tests in the monitoring process. This article presents a case study of the recovery from underperformance of a young elite endurance athlete and the work of a multidisciplinary sport science support team. When it was determined that the athlete's performance had deteriorated, and that this was due solely to the stress of training, training load was radically reduced for a period of 14 days. A combination of physiological, biochemical, and psychological measurements were then used to monitor the recovery process. The purpose of this article is to describe how coaches and sport science teams can help in monitoring training and recovery in practical settings, allowing detection of the early signs of overreaching before a more serious overtraining syndrome develops.
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| 14. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Athlete burnout : an integrated model and future research directions
- 2011
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In: International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. - : Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. - 1750-984X .- 1750-9858. ; 4:1, s. 3-24
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Athlete burnout is a multifaceted phenomenon. As a consequence, several attempts have been made to describe it from both a process and a state perspective. A number of theories and models exist that deal with the process of burning out and/or its antecedents. When viewed separately, the presented findings may be perceived as contradicting each other, or at best as confusing. To advance the field, we offer a comprehensive review of what is presently known within the area of athlete burnout and what new knowledge is needed. Furthermore, we suggest an integrated model of athlete burnout. This model includes major antecedents, early signs, consequences, and factors related to personality, coping and the environment. Our purpose is not to present the definitive model but to create a conceptual understanding of the field as it is seen today, and thereby stimulate empirical research to further advance the knowledge base.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, 1974-
(author)
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Burnout in competitive and elite athletes
- 2007
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Intensified training regimes and increasing competitive pressure make some athletes leave sports with shattered hopes and dreams. A number of these athletes drop out of sports due to burnout, which is characterized by an enduring experience of emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment and devaluation of sport participation as a consequence of prolonged chronic stress. Loss of engagement and diminished motivation also characterize burnout. But burnout is more than just a simple stress reaction, as not all athletes who experience stress burn out. Study I investigates the prevalence of burnout among competitive athletes. The number of athletes showing high levels of burnout was found to be between 1 and 9%. The number of athletes suffering from severe burnout was estimated at 1-2%. Contrary to what has been speculated, burnout was not more common in individual sports than in team sports. Study II investigated the burnout process using a case-study approach. It was found that burnout can evolve with different levels of severity, time perspectives and characteristics. There appears to be a relationship between overtraining syndrome and burnout, and the study gave support to the notion that burnout is the most severe outcome on the training fatigue continuum. Early success might lead to high expectations and an inner pressure to train, which in the three cases made the athletes ignore signs of maladaptation. Performance-based self-esteem appears to be a “driving force” in the burnout process. In Study III the burnout experience was investigated using qualitative interviews. Lack of recovery, “too much sports” and high external demands were described as causes of burnout. A stressful situation with multiple demands from sport, school and social relationships leads to a total overload, which has both physiological and psychological consequences. Critical factors were a unidimensional identity, performance-based self-esteem, an inflexible organization and feelings of entrapment. These restraining factors made the athletes remain in sports despite negative outcomes. Thus the three studies indicate that burnout is a serious problem in competitive and elite sports, that restraining factors offer an explanation for why athletes remain in sport despite negative outcomes, and that striving for self-esteem is crucial in the development of burnout.
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| 17. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Exploring the relationship between hope and burnout in competitive sport
- 2010
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In: Journal of Sports Sciences. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0264-0414 .- 1466-447X. ; 28:14, s. 1495-1504
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Researchers have postulated that hope may be an important factor associated with burnout. Consistent with hope theory contentions, low-hope individuals may be susceptible to burnout because they are prone to experience goal blockage, frustration, and negative affect, all of which likely increase the risk of burnout. We examined the relationship between hope and athlete burnout among 178 competitive athletes (63 females and 115 males) aged 15-20 years. Hope was significantly and negatively correlated with all three burnout subscales: emotional/physical exhaustion, a reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation. Moreover, results of a multivariate analysis of variance showed that low-hope athletes scored significantly higher than medium- and high-hope athletes on all three burnout dimensions. Finally, results revealed that agency thinking was a significant predictor of all burnout dimensions. Frustration over unmet goals and a perceived lack of agency, a characteristic of low-hope athletes, might pose a risk factor in athlete burnout, whereas being able to maintain hope appears to be associated with health and well-being.
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| 18. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Performance based self-esteem and athlete-identity in athlete burnout : A person-centered approach
- 2018
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In: Psychology of Sport And Exercise. - : Elsevier. - 1469-0292 .- 1878-5476. ; 38, s. 56-60
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Performance-based self-esteem and a self-identity dominated by being an athlete have been associated with athlete burnout. Our aim is to extend previous research by adopting a person-centered approach and examining whether profiles of burnout can be identified based on the athletes’ identity and performance-based self-esteem. Swedish junior athletes completed measures of athlete burnout, athlete identity, and performance-based self-esteem. Latent profile analysis identified four groups: Low burnout profile (n = 131), Moderate burnout profile (n = 178), Moderately high burnout profile (n = 125) and High burnout profile (n = 37). Higher scores of athletic identity were significantly less likely to be in the high burnout profile and athletes with higher scores of performance-based self-esteem were significantly more likely to be in the high burnout profile compared to the other three burnout profiles. These findings suggest that athletes with a performance-based self-esteem might be at greater risk of experiencing burnout.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Prevalence of burnout in competitive adolescent athletes
- 2007
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In: The Sport psychologist. - : Human Kinetics. - 0888-4781 .- 1543-2793. ; 21:1, s. 21-37
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined the factorial validity of the Eades Burnout Inventory (EABI) and the prevalence of burnout in adolescent elite athletes and whether burnout is more common in individual sports than in team sports. The EABI was distributed to 980 athletes (402 females and 578 males) in 29 different sports. Confirmatory-factor analyses revealed an acceptable factorial validity for a theoretically supported four-factor model of the EABI. Between 1% and 9% of the athletes displayed elevated burnout scores on these four subscales. The hypothesis of higher prevalence of burnout in individual sports was, however, not supported. Furthermore, no correlation between training load and burnout scores was found. These findings suggest that factors other than training load must be considered when athletes at risk for burnout are investigated.
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| 21. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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The process of burnout : A multiple case study of three elite endurance athletes
- 2007
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In: International Journal of Sport Psychology. - : Edizioni Luigi Pozzi srl. - 0047-0767. ; 38:4, s. 388-416
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the process of burning out in endurance athletes. The experiences of three elite cross-country skiers who left Their sport due to burnout were explored. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and inductively analyzed. The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and training logs were used to validate the interviews and to enrich the analysis. The burnout process was found to evolve with different severity and time perspectives in the three cases. Athletic identity and achievement strivings to validate self-esteem were found to be important driving forces in the burnout process. Also, chronic lack of mental and physical recovery as well as early skiing success leading to high expectations comprised common themes in the burnout process.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Hagströmer, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Att bedöma och utvärdera fysisk aktivitet vid rådgivning i vården.
- 2015
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In: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 112
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To make individualized counseling possible, valid and reliable measures of physical activity are necessary. In health care, quality must be continuously secured and developed. Follow-up of life-style habits such as physical activity does not differ from monitoring of other treatment in the health care setting. After counseling and appropriate period of time, evaluation should be done to assess if there has been any change in the physical activity level. For assessment and evaluation of physical activity in routine clinical practice the National Board for Health and Social Welfare indicator questions regarding physical activity are recommended. For a more detailed assessment and evaluation of physical activity and sedentary behavior comprehensive validated instruments/diaries should be used. For precise and objective assessment and evaluation of both physical activity and sedentary behavior, movement sensors are recommended.
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| 24. |
- Hagströmer, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Bedöma och utvärdera fysisk aktivitet
- 2016. - 3
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In: FYSS 2017 : Fysisk aktivitet i sjukdomsprevention och sjukdomsbehandling - Fysisk aktivitet i sjukdomsprevention och sjukdomsbehandling. - 9789198171129 ; , s. 250-266
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 25. |
- Hagströmer, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Bedöma och utvärdera fysisk aktivitet
- 2017. - 3
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In: FYSS 2017 : Fysisk aktivitet i sjukdomsprevention och sjukdomsbehandling - Fysisk aktivitet i sjukdomsprevention och sjukdomsbehandling. - 9789198171129 ; , s. 250-266
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 26. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during 30-km competitive run : mood and cognitive performance.
- 1994
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In: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 10:5, s. 405-10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It has been suggested that an elevated concentration of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in specific areas of the brain may contribute to the development of central/mental fatigue during and after sustained exercise. Supplementation with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) should prevent the exercise-induced increase in the plasma concentration ratio of free tryptophan to other large neutral amino acids (including BCAAs) and thereby prevent an elevation in the level of 5-HT in the brain. In this study, subjects were given either a mixture of BCAAs in a carbohydrate solution or a placebo drink that contained only carbohydrates during a 30-km cross-country race. Several tasks to measure cognitive performance were performed before and after the race. When subjects were supplied with BCAAs, their performance in the different parts of the color-word test (words, colors and color words) was improved by an average of 3-7% (p < 0.05) after exercise, whereas there was no difference in performance before and after exercise in the subjects who were given the placebo. Furthermore, the experimental group, supplied with BCAAs, maintained their performance in the shape-rotation and figure-identification tasks, whereas an impairment in performance in these tests by 25% (p < 0.05) and 15% (p < 0.05), respectively, was found in the subjects who received the placebo. Thus, BCAA supplementation seemed to have an effect on the more complex tasks, whereas no effect could be detected on the less demanding tasks. However, an intake of BCAAs during exercise modified only slightly the exercise-induced changes in mood.
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| 27. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Burnout symptoms and recovery processes in eight elite soccer coaches over 10 years
- 2019
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In: International journal of sports science & coaching. - : Sage Publications. - 1747-9541 .- 2048-397X. ; 14:4, s. 431-443
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Elite sport can be stressful, which increases the risk for burnout symptoms to develop. Especially when not balanced with sufficient recovery. To study the burnout–recovery process, eight elite soccer coaches were followed for 10 years. All eight were active elite coaches at the inception of this study and reported elevated emotional exhaustion scores on Maslach’s Burnout Inventory Educators Survey (MBI-ES). The coaches completed MBI-ES three additional times (year 3, 7, and 10), and they were also interviewed on the same occasions. At the 3-year follow-up, seven of the eight coaches reduced their exhaustion scores. The coach presenting with unchanged scores both at the 3 - and 7-year follow-up was the only one still coaching at the elite level. All coaches revealed during the interviews that they struggled to manage their work–life balance well; some worked too many hours, some experienced difficulty in managing conflicting role-demands, and some wrestled with external pressures. Their approach to recovery was, however, similar. Apart from moving away from coaching at the elite level, they unanimously mentioned that they changed their approach to coaching to make recovery possible. They achieved the latter by, for example, increasing control and delegating responsibility. According to our longitudinal results, burnout frequently regarded as an end-state can decrease over time. Provided that decisive action is taken to change situational factors and personal demands. This frequently meant withdrawing from coaching, which in turn explains why coach retention remains a serious challenge for most organizations with teams/athletes competing at the elite level. © The Author(s) 2019.
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| 28. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Coach Burnout in Relation to Perfectionistic Cognitions and Self-Presentation
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 17
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Coaching athletes is highly rewarding yet stressful, especially at the elite level wheremedia, fans, and sponsors can contribute to an environment that, if not well-managed by the coach,can lead to burnout. Coaches who display perfectionistic tendencies, such as striving for flawlessness,may be particularly vulnerable—even more so if they are overly critical of themselves and havea tendency to ruminate over their performance, or if they are attempting to convey an image offaultlessness, or both. A total of 272 coaches completed a battery of inventories assessing burnout,perfectionistic thoughts, and the tendency for perfectionistic self-presentation. All variables correlatedsignificantly: coaches with higher scores on exhaustion scored higher both on perfectionistic thoughtsand self-presentation. However, when three subscales of perfectionistic self-presentation wereconsidered separately, lower and nonsignificant correlations emerged. We believe that this can beexplained by the heterogeneous group of coaches participating in this study. Whereas all coaches mayat times ruminate privately—self-oriented perfectionism—about their perceived failure to performto expectations, not all may feel the pressure to present themselves to others as faultless—a moresocially prescribed perfectionism. This finding warrants further investigation, preferably comparingcoaches at dierent levels of public scrutiny.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Intra-individual variability in state anxiety and self-confidence in elite golfers
- 2004
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In: Journal of Sport Behavior. - : University of South Alabama. - 0162-7341. ; 27:3, s. 277-290
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Precompetition anxiety levels are assumed to moderate athletic performance. Unfortunately, cross-sectional and nomothetic research designs have often shown non-significant findings; intra-individual variability may be a contributing factor. The extent of variability in precompetition anxiety and self-confidence responses as related to golf performance and trait measures were therefore examined using an idiographic approach. Individual patterns of variability were found for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety and Self-Confidence scores yielded prior to the games played. Variability in Somatic Anxiety was significantly related to variability in golf performance. Players low in anxiety variability scored significantly higher on Private Self-Consciousness. The findings suggest the influence of anxiety and self-confidence on performance may be better understood when trait characteristics of the individual are also considered.
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| 31. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Lyft fram ledarens ljusa sidor
- 2013
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In: Svensk Idrottsforskning. - Stockholm : Centrum för idrottsforskning. - 1103-4629. ; :4, s. 32-34
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Mood change and marathon running : a pilot study using a Swedish version of the POMS test.
- 1991
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 32:3, s. 225-32
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Regular exercise is said to have positive effects on mood, especially if the exercise intensity is low to moderate. However, the acute effects resulting from participation in a strenuous competition, such as a marathon race, have been studied less. The present investigation used the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test to measure mood, before and after the 1989 Stockholm Marathon. A total of 106 male runners (mean age 40.0 years), with finishing times between 3h and 3h 45 min participated as subjects. Results showed great changes between pre- and post-marathon scores, most of them significant at the p less than 0.001 level. Furthermore, differences between a faster and a slower group of runners were demonstrated with regard to mood states, even though plasma glucose levels were comparable. It is concluded that participation in a marathon race greatly effects mood, mainly in a more negative way than low to moderately intense exercise does.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Praktisk idrottspsykologi
- 2009
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- De flesta idrottare vet att bra prestationer kräver målmedveten fysisk träning. Men långt ifrån alla arbetar lika målinriktat med den mentala träningen. I Praktisk idrottspsykologi får framför allt coachen men även idrottaren konkreta råd om hur man med mental träning både ökar välbefinnandet och förbättrar idrottsprestationen. Boken består av fyra delar. Del ett introducerar viktiga begrepp inom idrottspsykologi samt tydliggör varför mental träning är något som alla, oavsett nivå och ambitioner, kan och bör ägna sig åt. Del två fokuserar på coachen, individen och teamet. Del tre tar upp psykologiska färdigheter som teoretiskt och praktiskt visat sig vara avgörande för goda prestationer. Här berörs områden som mål och motivation, koncentration och självförtroendeträning. I bokens fjärde del beskrivs förberedelserna inför en prestation, betydelsen av balans och hur du uppnår den optimala prestationszonen. Praktisk idrottspsykologi är kurslitteratur på Grundtränarutbildningen, (GTU), steg2.(Text från SISU Idrottsböcker)
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| 37. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Praktisk idrottspsykologi
- 2011. - 1
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In: Vinnare i långa loppet. - Stockholm : SISU Idrottsböcker. - 9789186323141 ; , s. 40-71
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Praktisk idrottspsykologi : för en hållbar hälsa och prestation
- 2021. - 2
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Målmedveten och regelbunden träning krävs för att öka prestationsförmågan. Det vet såväl idrottare, coacher som ledare. Boken Praktisk idrottspsykologi fokuserar på den mentala träningen: en träning som ibland får stryka på foten för den fysiska och tekniska. Utgångspunkten i boken är att alla har nytta av mental träning för att öka både prestationsförmågan och välbefinnandet. Självfallet är det emellertid så att en barn- eller ungdomsidrottare har delvis andra behov jämfört med en redan etablerad elitidrottare som presterar på en hög internationell nivå. Detsamma gäller en aktiv idrottares behov jämfört med behovet hos en coach, tränare eller ledare. Vissa färdigheter är i grunden gemensamma, som att utveckla förmågan att hantera stress och att sätta upp utmanande men realistiska mål. Andra färdigheter kan vara mer utslagsgivande för idrottaren, som att kunna behålla eller återta koncentrationen i samband med en tävlingsprestation.Utan att ge avkall på vetenskaplig stringens förmedlar boken både teoretisk och praktisk kunskap på ett lättöverskådligt sätt som kan användas av alla som är intresserade av mental träning.Du behöver inte sikta på världseliten för att ha nytta av boken, den kan tillämpas även i vardagen – till och med utanför idrottens arena. Det centrala temat i boken är prestationer, vilka kan komma till uttryck i många former. Vi hoppas förstås att boken kommer att läsas av alla som är intresserade av mental träning.Denna andra upplaga från 2021 har såväl uppdaterats som utvidgats. Inte minst med två kapitel som är högaktuella: dubbla karriärer respektive psykisk ohälsa. Att ha en annan karriär att falla tillbaka på när idrottskarriären är i gungning skapar både trygghet och förutsättningar för en god psykisk hälsa.
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| 40. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Psykologisk forskning
- 2014
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In: Från Kungl. Gymnastiska Centralinstitutet till Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan. - Stockholm : Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH. ; , s. 240-244
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Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Hjälm, Sören, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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Burnout among elite soccer coaches
- 2007
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In: Journal of Sport Behavior. - 0162-7341. ; 30:4, s. 415-427
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Burnout was investigated in a population of men coaching either men or women at the elite club level in Sweden. Out of 53 presently active top-level soccer coaches, 47 volunteered to participate. Results indicate that 71% of the coaches in the Premier league for women, compared to 23% of the coaches in the Premier league for men, experienced moderate to high levels of Emotional Exhaustion as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. One possible explanation for this difference is that only 10% of the coaches responsible for teams in the Premier league for women had full time appointments, as compared to all coaches responsible for teams in the Premier league for men. The latter group also had more support staff, on average six people, whereas those coaching women only had four people available. In addition, leadership demands seem to vary between female and male teams, which together with less support and time-constraints place coaches in the Premier league for women at a relatively higher risk for burnout than coaches in the Premier league for men.
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| 43. |
- Hjälm, Sören, et al.
(author)
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Burnout in elite soccer coaches
- 2007
-
In: Journal of Sport Behavior. - 0162-7341. ; 30:4, s. 415-427
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 44. |
- Hjälm, Sören, 1957-
(author)
-
Utbrändhet och återhämtning bland elitfotbollstränare
- 2014
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Only a small number of studies dealing with burnout among coaches have been published, and none of these have dealt with burnout among elite soccer coaches in a European context. This thesis – investigating both the burnout and recovery process – includes a longitudinal design spanning ten years. Out of 53 head coaches, from elite soccer teams in Sweden, 47 participated in study 1. Results showed that burnout scores assessed by Maslachs Burnout Inventory (MBI) were generally low, but coaches in women’s premier league showed significantly higher levels of emotional exhaustion than coaches in men’s soccer teams. A sub-sample of these 47 coaches was interviewed for study 2, namely those 8 reporting the highest MBI scores. Characteristics of the elite coach professions personality traits and the allover life situation of the coach were identified as risk factors for developing burnout, as well as some retention factors, risking to create detention effects which might worsen the stress levels of the coach. In study 3 and 4, the burnout and recovery processes were examined, respectively. On the basis of descriptions from the coaches, three separate phases are discerned from the burnout process: a phase of restlessness and annoyance, a fatigue phase and finally a phase of exhaustion and burnout, while it is possible to make out four phases in the recovery process: a wake-up process, a phase removing one-self, a phase of reflection and evaluation, and finally a phase of new-orienting one-self. Study 5 revealed that both energy cost reducing strategies and energy boosting activities, were used by the coaches to prevent burnout. Study 6 showed that lack of sufficient recovery periods inhibited a lowering of the burnout levels, but also that lack of adequate coping strategies slowed the recovery process and also that coaches who have experienced burnout have an impaired professional efficiency. Finally, the focus in study 7 was on longterm consequences of burning out. Increased fatigue, diseases, cognitive impairment and a lower stress tolerance were examples of negative consequences, whereas an improved ability to identify stress causes and an enhanced awareness about one’s stress reactions, as well as to reflect and prioritize health, were examples of positive and favourable consequences. It is also urgent that elite clubs strive to create a good psycho-social work environment, which will function as a buffer against stress.
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| 45. |
- Johansson, Mattias, et al.
(author)
-
Acute Effects of Qigong Exercise on Mood and Anxiety
- 2011
-
In: Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. - : American Psychological Association. - 2157-3913. ; 1, s. 60-65
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Psychosocial stress may lead to increased rates of anxiety and depression. Aerobic exercise and mind-body therapies are frequently described as having positive effects on psychological well-being by enhancing mood and reducing anxiety. Few studies, however, have investigated the acute psychological effects of qigong exercise. Fiftynine regular qigong exercisers (mean age 50.8 years) were randomized to a Qigong or Control group. Pre- and postmeasurements were then compared. POMS-Depression, Anger, and Fatigue, and STAI-State Anxiety scores decreased significantly in the Qigong group but not in the Control group. Results thereby suggest that qigong exercise can produce desirable psychological effects, and Qigong exercise may therefore be included among other activities performed to boost resistance to daily stressors.
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| 46. |
- Johansson, Mattias, 1972-, et al.
(author)
-
Acute effects of qigong exercise on mood and anxiety
- 2008
-
In: International Journal of Stress Management. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1072-5245 .- 1573-3424. ; 15:2, s. 199-207
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Psychosocial stress may lead to increased rates of anxiety and depression. Aerobic exercise and mind-body therapies are frequently described as having positive effects on psychological well-being by enhancing mood and reducing anxiety. Few studies, however, have investigated the acute psychological effects of qigong exercise. Fifty-nine regular qigong exercisers (mean age 50.8 years) were randomized to a Qigong or Control group. Pre- and postmeasurements were then compared. POMS-Depression, Anger, and Fatigue, and STAI-State Anxiety scores decreased significantly in the Qigong group but not in the Control group. Results thereby suggest that qigong exercise can produce desirable psychological effects, and Qigong exercise may therefore be included among other activities performed to boost resistance to daily stressors.
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| 47. |
- Johansson, Mattias, 1972-, et al.
(author)
-
Acute Psychological Responses to Qigong Exercise of Varying Durations
- 2008
-
In: THE American journal of Chinese medicine. - Singapore : World Scientific Publishing Company. - 0192-415X. ; 36:3, s. 449-458
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Qigong exercise has been shown to induce acute psychological changes of a positive nature; but whether longer durations have greater effects than shorter ones is not known. Forty-one regular qigong practitioners therefore engaged in either 30 or 60 min of qigong exercise within a randomized cross-over design. Measures of mood, anxiety, activation, and hedonic tone were obtained pre- and post-exercise. Results showed benefits of the same magnitude in the two conditions: more positive mood states, reduced state anxiety, and enhanced perceived pleasure. Thirty minutes of qigong exercise thereby seems to be sufficient to provide psychological benefits, and with no additional benefits detected after 60 min. This finding is important for those having little time or motivation to engage in activities of longer durations. In addition, health professionals prescribing exercise for health benefits can prescribe shorter exercise sessions with confidence knowing that positive psychological effects can also occur after a shorter exercise bout.
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| 48. |
- Johansson, Mattias, et al.
(author)
-
Affective responses to qigong: A pilot study of regular practitioners
- 2013
-
In: Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies. - : Elsevier. - 1360-8592 .- 1532-9283. ; 17:2, s. 177-184
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Single sessions of Qigong have been associated with increased positive affect/emotional benefits. In the present study the aim was to refine the present understanding by using newly developed research methodologies. Therefore, affective reactions were studied in a group performing Qigong through pre-, during, and post-assessments using a modified version of the short Swedish Core Affect Scale complemented with open-ended questions. Affect was measured on a group and individual level. The results showed a shift during Qigong toward increased pleasant activated and deactivated affect in the group of 46 women who regularly practice Qigong. Inter-individual responses displayed positive affective responses, which also increased as the bout proceeded for the majority of practitioners. Acknowledging some limitations, these findings have practical implications for the enhancement of positive affect and subjective well-being.
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| 49. |
- Johansson, Mattias, 1972-, et al.
(author)
-
Affective responses to qigong exercise : a pilot study
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Physical exercise is frequently associated with positive affective responses – at least more intense exercise; the impact of low-intensity exercise is less researched. The exercise-affect relationship was therefore studied in a group performing low-intensity Qigong exercise through pre-, during, and post-assessments using a modified version of the short Swedish Core Affect Scale complemented with open-ended questions. The results show a shift during exercise toward increased pleasant activated and deactivated affect in the group of 46 women who regularly practice Qigong. Inter-individual responses display positive affective responses, which also increase as the bout proceeds for the majority of exercisers. The results suggest that low-intensity Qigong exercise also produces positive psychological effects of a magnitude similar to what is commonly associated with more intense forms of exercise. These findings have practical implications for the enhancement of positive affect and subjective well-being, not least in groups unable to perform more intense forms of exercise. 2
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| 50. |
- Johansson, Mattias, 1972-
(author)
-
Qigong : acute affective responses in a group of regular exercisers
- 2009
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Qigong is a Chinese mind-body therapy that aims to, through the use of movements, relaxed breathing and relaxation/meditation, create a healthy flow of life force, qi, in the body, and consequently improve health. A growing number of Qigong studies report beneficial effects on health and well-being. However, little attention has fo-cused on the acute affective responses that accompany single sessions of Qigong ex-ercise. The aim of the present thesis was therefore to study affective reactions to Qigong exercise. In Study I, the effects of Qigong exercise on mood and anxiety were compared to a control group. Results showed partial support for the superiority of Qigong exercise compared to controls. In Study II, different lengths of session time were compared, resulting in similar affective benefits for the 30 and 60-minute ses-sions. In Study III, affective responses were also assessed during the session, using mean scores and individual responses. Results showed an increase toward greater Activated and Deactivated Pleasantness during the session, with the greatest changes at the end of the bout. The majority of individuals reported increased Pleasantness during the Qigong session. Expectations of positive outcomes were significantly as-sociated with only few affective responses. Responses to open-ended questions of af-fective experiences displayed affective reactions mostly toward greater Deactivated Pleasantness. This thesis contributes to a greater understanding of the limited area of Qigong-related affective responses. For the exercisers, Qigong is associated with a greater momentary emotional state. However, due to the highly select group of regu-lar Qigong exercisers, generalizing the results outside the sample population is lim-ited. Theories on active mechanisms in the Qigong-affect relationship, and results from studies of affective responses to similar activities, suggest that other groups of people would also benefit affectively from Qigong exercise. Given the many benefits of positive affect, Qigong exercise may also pose great promises for the enhancement of other areas related to health and well-being. This calls for additional studies.
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