| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Gao, Lihua, et al.
(författare)
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Interfacial phenomenon and Marangoni convection of Fe–C melt on coke substrate under in situ observation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interfacial phenomenon between liqiuid iron and coke is important for determining the melting efficiency in the blast furnace iron-making process. In this study, the interaction observed in the case of the iron-carbon (Fe–C) melt on coke substrate was investigated using a high-temperature vacuum wettability test equipment. The Fe–C melt did not wet and spread on the coke substrate with different graphitization degrees (r 0) at a high temperature of 1450 °C. The contact angles changed from 124.5° to 105.3°, and the r 0 increased from 9.30 to 50.00%, thus indicating a nonwetting state. The deepening of graphitization decreased the contact angle. Thereby, increasing the contact area between liquid iron and the carbonaceous material, which facilitated carbon dissolution. The irregular movements of Fe–C melt were observed in situ during the wetting process. The horizontal force of the droplet caused by interfacial tension and the contact angle; the Marangoni convection owing to the gradient of carbon concentration; and the impulse force caused by the generation, aggregation, and release of SiO bubbles at the interface were attributed to the driving force.
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| 3. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 4:2, s. 151-175
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Ning, Zhijun, et al.
(författare)
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Improvement of dye-sensitized solar cells : what we know and what we need to know
- 2010
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Ingår i: Energy and Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 3:9, s. 1170-1181
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) has been regarded as one of the most promising next-generation solar cells. Tremendous research efforts have been invested to improve the efficiency of solar energy conversion which is generally determined by the light harvesting efficiency, electron injection efficiency and undesirable charge recombination degree. Recently, charge recombination and electron injection efficiency, that are correlated with the open circuit voltage (V-OC), have received more and more attention for their crucial roles in the further improvement of the efficiency of DSCs. In this review article, the factors that affect charge recombination and electron injection efficiency systematically discussed in order to formulate basic guidelines and strategies for improving V-OC and the overall performance of DSCs is reviewed.
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| 6. |
- Ning, Zhijun, et al.
(författare)
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Novel iridium complex with carboxyl pyridyl ligand for dye-sensitized solar cells : High fluorescence intensity, high electron injection efficiency?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-328X .- 1872-8561. ; 694:17, s. 2705-2711
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Novel iridium-based sensitizers Iridium(III) bis[2-phenylpyridinato-N,C-2']-5-carboxylpicolinate) (Ir1), Iridium(III) bis[2-(naphthalen-1-yl) pyridinato-N,C-2']-5-carboxyl-picolinate) (Ir2), Iridium(III) bis[2-phenylpyridinato-N, C-2']-4,4'-(dicarboxylicacid)-2,2'-bipyridine (Ir3) were synthesized for sensitization of mesoscopic titanium dioxide injection solar cells. By changing the ligand, the absorption spectra can be extended and molar extinction coefficient was enhanced. The dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells (DSSCs) based on dye Ir3 showed the best photovoltaic performance: a maximum monochromatic incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 85%, a short-circuit photocurrent density (J(sc)) of 9.59 mA cm (2), an open-circuit photovoltage (V-oc) of 0.552 V, and a fill factor (ff) of 0.54, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 2.86% under AM 1.5 sun light. Moreover, the HOMO and LUMO energy levels tuning can be conveniently accomplished by alternating the ligand. The high oxidative potential of Ir3 enables it to be used along with Br-/Br-3(-) redox electrolyte and the photovoltage was found to be enhanced greatly.
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| 7. |
- Ning, Zhijun, et al.
(författare)
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Organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells
- 2012
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Ingår i: Molecular Design and Applications of Photofunctional Polymers and Materials. - Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 9781849735766 ; , s. 373-398
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 8. |
- Ning, Zhijun, et al.
(författare)
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Photovoltage Improvement for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells via Cone-Shaped Structural Design
- 2009
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 113:23, s. 10307-10313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, three truexene-based dyes with 2-cyanoacrylic acid as acceptor and starburst triarylamine as donor (S5, S6, and S7) were conveniently synthesized and used for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A compact sensitizer layer is molecular interfacially engineered on the TiO2 surface via cone-shaped sensitizers. As a result, the approach of the electrolyte to the TiO2 surface is blocked significantly by the compact sensitizer layer formed and the charge recombination in the DSSCs is proved to be retarded effectively. The monochromatic incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of these sensitizers is near 90%. In addition, S7-sensitized solar cells yield an open-circuit voltage of 752 mV and it fill factor of 0.70, which are even higher than those of N719 under the same conditions.
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| 9. |
- Ning, Zhijun, et al.
(författare)
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Starburst triarylamine based dyes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Organic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-3263 .- 1520-6904. ; 73:10, s. 3791-3797
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report here on the synthesis and photophysical/electrochemical properties of a series of novel starburst triarylamine-based organic dyes (S1, S2, S3, and S4) as well as their application in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells (DSSCs). For the four designed dyes, the starburst triarylamine group and the cyanoacetic acid take the role of electron donor and electron acceptor, respectively. It was found that the introduction of starburst triarylamine group to form the D-D-pi-A configuration brought about superior performance over the simple D-pi-A configuration, in terms of bathochromically extended absorption spectra, enhanced molar extinction coefficients and better thermo-stability. Moreover, the HOMO and LUMO energy levels tuning can be conveniently accomplished by alternating the donor moiety, which was confirmed by electrochemical measurements and theoretical calculations. The DSSCs based on the dye S4 showed the best photovoltaic performance: a maximum monochromatic incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 85%, a short-circuit photocurrent density (J(sc)) of 13.8 mA cm(-2), an open-circuit photovoltage (V-oc) of 0.63 V, and a fill factor (ff) of 0.69, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 6.02% under 100 mW cm(-)2 irradiation. This work suggests that the dyes based on starburst triphenylamine donor are promising candidates for improvement of the performance of the DSSCs.
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| 10. |
- Qin, Haiyan, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Controlling Yield and Morphology for GoldNanorods in a Seed-Mediated Synthesis Method forCell Imaging
- 2010
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Ingår i: 2010 OSA-IEEE-COS Advances in Optoelectronics and Micro/Nano-Optics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781424483938
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Designed experiments are carried out to systematically study the effects of silver ions on morphology and yield of gold nanorods synthesized via a seed-mediated method. Gold nanorods synthesized with different silver ions and CTAB concentrations were characterized by absorption spectroscopy and TEM. The shape and yield of gold nanorods were effectively controlled by adjusting the concentration ratio of CTAB and silver ions for synthesis. Dark field images of a glass slide sample with gold nanorods deposit and a sample with gold nanrods staining cells further confirmed that high quality gold nanorods were obtained.
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| 11. |
- Qin, Haiyan, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Highly stable and low toxic CdTe quantum dots synthesized via ahydrothermal method for cell imaging applications
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although biological applications of quantum dots (QDs) by now are widely recognized and reported, routine production of small-size water-soluble and stable QDs still remains a challenge. In the present work we highlight prospects offered by the hydrothermal method to synthesize water-soluble QDs. We illustrate the method by synthesizing CdTe QDs which process some outstanding properties like highly luminescent red emission and high stability over a wide pH range. Compared with those synthesized via the traditional aqueous method, we show that CdTe QDs synthesized via the hydrothermal method feature higher photostability and lower cytotoxicity. Based on such prepared CdTe QDs, luminescent QD-IgG bioprobes were produced to detect the breast cancer marker Her2 on the surface of MCF-7 cancer cells, indicating that such prepared QD systems are promising candidates for use as bioprobes.
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| 12. |
- Wang, Hui, et al.
(författare)
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A red- emissive mitochondrial probe for imaging of the viscosity in living cells
- 2019
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Ingår i: New Journal of Chemistry. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 1144-0546 .- 1369-9261. ; 43:22, s. 8811-8815
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel water- soluble fluorescent probe L based on indole salts has been designed, synthesized and fully characterized. The systematic investigations demonstrated that probe L shows red emission and the fluorescence intensity is linear with the viscosity of the medium. Probe L is able to selectively accumulate in mitochondria within 1 min without any additional reagents for membrane permeabilization. It has been used to distinguish the viscosity differences between mitochondria in normal and nystatin- treated HeLa cells. In addition, due to the good photostability, probe L can be used to monitor the dynamics of mitochondria. These results support that probe L might provide a promising approach for the fluorescence detection of mitochondrial viscosity in living biological systems.
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| 13. |
- Zhang, Qiong, et al.
(författare)
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'Click' synthesis of starburst triphenylamine as potential emitting material
- 2009
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Ingår i: Dyes and pigments. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-7208 .- 1873-3743. ; 81:1, s. 80-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The efficient synthesis of a starburst triphenylamine, tris(4-(1-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)amine, via straightforward 'click coupling' of 4-azido-N,N-diphenylbenzenamine and tris(4-ethynylphenyl)amine is reported. The reaction was performed in THF using (PPh3)(3)CuBr as catalyst and was accomplished within 6 h in high yield (92%). Both the synthesis and purification steps were greatly simplified in comparison with conventional methods. The optical, electrochemical, and thermal properties of the starburst triphenylamine were examined: the synthesized compound emitted deep blue fluorescence in both solution and the solid state and displayed reversible redox processes. The starburst triphenylamine is a potential hole-transporting material and blue-light-emitting material.
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