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| 2. |
- Hedlund Åström, Anna, 1957-
(författare)
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Hotel Module in Glassfiber Sandwich : Environmental Study
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this report the structural material for a hotel module is qualitatively studied with focus onenvironment. The module is designed in composite sandwich material with cellular polymericfoam, Pet or PVC, covered by two glass fiber laminates on each side. This type of materialconstruction is traditionally used in transportation industry i.e. aerospace, aircraft, military shipsand yacht, demanding high stiffness in combination with low weight. But an increase in the usewithin the construction area can be seen especially within offshore industry were theenvironment is extremely corrosive.The investigated structure of a room and a bathroom includes floor, roof and three walls for eachmodule. A life cycle perspective, from cradle to grave (cradle) is used for the study starting withraw material production, product manufacturing, use of product and finally waste treatment indifferent forms. Parallel to the sandwich module building in conventional technique is includedfor comparison. This technique includes walls of wood joints with insulating material as mineralwool in between and then covered with gypsum wallboard. Joists are produced in concrete.As result environmental arguments are formed for the new sandwich alternatives and for theconventional technique. By just adding the arguments, for and against, turns out on favor for thePET sandwich module. For the material production the constituent materials for the sandwichgenerally presents higher CO2 emissions than the conventional building materials. But when itcomes to production and mounting of the module a number of arguments for the module can bestated. Better control of internal environment (working environment), efficient use of rawmaterial, effective transports. Compared to the conventional design the risk for problems withmoisture is non-existing for the sandwich structure.The best alternative for waste treatment of the sandwich module is reuse. Other alternative ismaterial recycling of glass fiber in combination with energy recovery for polyester and corematerial.For fire safety a recent full-scale test of a ship cabin point out the potential to design a fire safesandwich structure with appropriate insulating materials.
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| 3. |
- Hedlund Åström, Anna, 1957-
(författare)
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Hotellmodul i glasfibersandwich : Miljöstudie
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna kvalitativa studie, analyseras en hotellmodul med fokus på miljöeffekter. Modulen byggs i sandwichteknik med täckskikt av glasfiberpolyesterkomposit och däremellan en kärna avcellplast av PET eller PVC. Denna typ av struktur används traditionellt inom transportindustrin tex. rymd, flyg och fartyg där hög styvhet i kombination med låg vikt krävs. Men en ökning avanvändandet av sandwich kan ses inom andra konstruktionsområden speciellt offshoreindustrindär miljön är extremt korrosiv. Den undersökta modulen omfattar, ett rum och badrum, golv, tak och tre väggar. Studien ärgenomförd utifrån ett livscykelperspektiv, från vaggan till graven (vaggan), med indelningen råmaterialtillverkning, produkttillverkning, användning av produkt och slutligen hantering av avfall i olika former. Parallellt med analysen av sandwichmodulen ingår även analys av konventionellt byggande, för jämförelse. Konventionellt byggande omfattar uppförande av väggar med träreglar och isoleringsmaterial som täcks med gipsskiva. Golv- och takbjälklaggjuts i betong.Som resultat formas miljöargument för de nya sandwichalternativen och den konventionella byggtekniken. Genom att studera argumenten, för och mot, genereras flest positiva argument försandwichmodulen med kärna av PET-cellplast. För tillverkning av material erhålls generellthögre CO2 utsläpp för de ingående materialen i sandwichmodulen än för konventionelltbyggande. Men för tillverkning av modulen och montering finns ett antal positive argument, bättre kontroll av inre miljö (arbetsmiljö), effektivt utnyttjande av råmaterial, och effektivatransporter. Jämfört med konventionellt byggande så är risken för uppkomst av fuktproblem små för modulstrukturen.Det bästa alternativet för avfallshantering av sandwichmodulen är återanvändning. Andra alternativ är materialåtervinning av glasfiber i kombination med energiutvinning av polyesteroch kärnmaterial. För studie av brandsäkerhet presenteras resultat från ett nyligen genomfört fullskaleförsök avbrand i en passagerarhytt på ett sandwichfartyg. Resultatet visar på möjligheten att med rätt brandisolering designa en sandwichstruktur med hög säkerhet mot brand.
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| 4. |
- Hedlund Åström, Anna, 1957-
(författare)
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Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Bus Structure
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The importance of light weight materials are increasing especially for transporting applications as different types of vehicles. Though, the cost for production may increase due to higher material cost this can be beneficial in other parts of the product life cycle, especially the operation phase. By using light weight materials the structural weight decreases, which can be utilized either as reduced fuel consumption, increased payload, increased speed or increased range. This have been demonstrated in a number of projects especially concerning ship structures were both life cycle cost and environmental analysis has shown the benefits with light weight materials in composite sandwich structures and aluminium structures. In this study a bus structure originally manufactured in steel is investigated. The new lightweight structure is produced in sandwich technique with face in glass fibre polyester and different core materials, PET, PVC and PS depending on location in the structure. Life cycle cost analysis, LCCA, has been made to compare the steel structure with the sandwich structure. Included phases of the life cycle are production, operation and disposal. The result from the analysis results in a decrease of life cycle cost by 3 to 4% depending on the fuel price and the fuel consumption. The production cost for the sandwich structure is slightly higher, 4%, than the steel structure. This is explained by the higher material costs for the sandwich structure. By identifying the break-even point it is clearly shown that a decrease by two year, from year 4,5 to 6,5, is the result when doubling the fuel price, 1 €/litre to 2 €/litre. This is explained by the weight decrease of 5% for the total weight giving lower fuel consumption for the light weight structure by 5%.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Hedlund Åström, Anna, 1957-
(författare)
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Life Cycle Perspective for Light Weight Ship Structures in Terms of Cost and Environmental Effects
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Conference on Light Weight Design for Marine Structures, 7-8 September 2009, Glasgow, U.K.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of light weight material is increasing, especially for transport applications resulting in reduced fuel consumption. In the Swedish project LASS, Lightweight construction applications at sea, a number of different types of ships have been studied with emphasis to improve efficiency by reducing structural weight. One part of the project encompasses investigation of life cycle effects to demonstrate the environmental benefits and economic potentials when changing from traditional materials to lightweight materials. All included ship structures are analysed with life cycle cost analysis, LCCA and one of the structures is also investigated environmentally through life cycle assessment, LCA. In all cases the effectiveness in fuel economy is increased. For one of the ship structures, a high speed craft a weight saving around 40% results in decreased operation cost with 20% over 20 year of use. The weight savings can also be utilized as an increase in payload resulting in decreased energy consumption per transported payload. This is the case for a Ro-Ro ship investigated, resulting in a break-even after about 4 year when changing from steel to aluminium of the superstructure.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Hedlund-Åström, Anna, 1957-
(författare)
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Model for End of Life Treatment of Polymer Composite Materials
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Because of increasing environmental demands, especially on dealing with products end of life phase, product manufacturers and designers must consider the future disposal of their products. For conventional materials like steel and aluminium well-functioning recycling methods exists. This is not the case for structures of polymer composites, which are used more extensively, especially for structures like vehicles and vessels. Several techniques do exist but they are not yet commercially available. The current disposal methods of polymer composites are landfill and incineration. Polymer composites are materials, which consist of several materials like fibre, matrix, and additives. In the form of sandwich constructions also foam core material is added. This circumstance complicates the waste treatment of composite materials. In this thesis a model for assessing possible future waste treatment techniques for polymer composites including sandwich structures is presented. The model is meant to be used as an aid for preparing future disposal for end of life products for planning waste treatment and for facilitating communication in contacts with waste receivers. Recommendations for waste treatment have been formed for a number of polymer composites. These recommendations are based on the analysis of costs and environmental effects and they compare different scenarios for mechanical material recycling and energy recovery by waste incineration. The result of this study points out material recycling as the preferable method for the main part of the studied materials. But this recommendation is strongly dependent on type of virgin material replaced by the recycled material. Energy recovery can also be considered if the polymer composite waste replaces coal, which is non renewable. Though incineration will always result in a cost for the waste producer. In the recommendations mentioned above no information concerning implementation of the different waste disposal techniques is included. Therefore, in this study a model for assessing possible waste disposal techniques for polymer composites is presented. The model is based on internal factors, which are related to the waste and to the processes. To implement the model relevant waste properties must be identified in order to fulfil the conditions set by the required processes involved. A case study was carried out using the proposed model for assessing different waste disposal techniques for the hull of the Visby Class Corvette in the Royal Swedish Navy. Six different techniques were studied for the hull structure. Since almost all the important waste properties were known and the waste was assessed to be treatable all the included techniques except one are shown to be usable in the future. Many investigations have pointed out material recycling as the best alternative considering environmental effects. This is also valid for polymer composite materials. Since recycling polymer composites is a complicated process, especially recycling thermoset composite it is important to aquire comprehensive information about the constituents of these materials.
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| 10. |
- Hedlund Åström, Anna, 1957-
(författare)
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Waste Handling Alternatives for a Bus Structure in FRP-Sandwich
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Due to increasing environmental demands, especially on treatment of products end of life phase, product manufacturers and designers must consider the future disposal of their products. For conventional materials like steel and aluminium well organized methods for recycling exists. This is not yet the circumstances polymer composite materials, used more extensively, especially for transporting structures. Several techniques do exist but they are not yet commercially available. The current disposal methods of polymer composites are landfill and incineration. Here, disposal of a composite sandwich bus structure is studied, using an information model for assessing possible techniques for polymer composite material waste. This model is based on internal factors, which are related to the waste and to the processes. To implement the model relevant waste properties must be identified in order to fulfil the conditions set by the required processes involved. The result from using the information model shows that several methods are possible. Since three different core materials are used in the structure these must for some of the waste treatments be separated dependent on the use of the recycled material. For mechanical material recycling separation of the core material is recommended. Material recycling by cement manufacturing does not allow material containing PVC, which then must be separated. For several methods, the waste property CHEM, chemical composition, heat value and ash content must be analyzed. These methods are incineration with energy recovery, material recycling and energy/chemical recovery by fluidized bed or pyrolysis, material recycling by cement manufacturing and hydrolysis. A recommendation for design of the bus structure to facilitate the disposal treatment is to use the same type of core material through the structure and to decrease the use of PVC-core, since it needs specific consideration.
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| 11. |
- Hertzberg, Tommy, et al.
(författare)
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The Composite Superstructure Concept : An Environment-Friendly & Cost Efficient Approach
- 2010
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Ingår i: RINA, Royal Institution of Naval Architects - Ship Design and Operation for Environmental Sustainability - Papers. - 9781905040698 ; , s. 17-25
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2003 the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems, VINNOVA, made a call for research applications within the area of “Lightweight Materials and Lightweight Design”. The aim was to support a transition from high density construction materials to more sophisticated lightweight materials and to create networks of organisations (industry, research, authorities...) into a Technical Platform of various and complementary knowledge and know-how that could both support and sustain the said transition.The combination of a strong industrial interest and the need for fire safety design was the basis for SP Fire Technology to prepare and send an application to VINNOVA entitled “Lightweight construction applications at sea” (LASS). The core task described in the application was to investigate technically and economically four different vessels where appropriate parts had been re-designed using lightweight materials.The initial objects for study were: A 24 m all composite passenger HSC (high speed craft) An 88 m aluminium high speed catamaran with an FRP composite superstructure A 199 m RoRo vessel with an aluminium deck house A 188 m RoPax vessel with an FRP composite superstructure. Two additional objects were later introduced into the project: An 89 meter dry cargo freight vessel with parts in FRP composite An offshore living quarter (LQ) module in aluminium. The application was accepted by VINNOVA in the autumn of 2004 and the kick-off meeting was held in Borås in January 2005. The project officially ended the 30th of June, 2008.
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| 12. |
- Lyu, Yezhe, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Recycling of worn out brake pads impact on tribology and environment
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Disc brake systems are widely used on commercial vehicles for braking. The brake pads are usually replaced by new ones before being totally worn out. Current methods to deal with the replaced brake pads include landfill and combustion, resulting in a huge waste of resources and increase of CO2 footprint. From a sustainable point of view, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of recycling replaced brake pads by addressing a protocol recycling procedure. The results show that the recycled brake pads yield similar friction, wear and airborne particle emission to virgin brake pads. A streamlined life cycle assessment is conducted to compare the environmental impacts between producing virgin brake pads and recycling replaced brake pads. Energy consumption and CO2 footprint of the recycled brake pads are 36% and 34% less than virgin brake pads, indicating that recycling could be a promising method of handling replaced brake pads.
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| 13. |
- Ma, Jijie, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparison of Airborne Particles Generated from Disk Brake Contacts : Induction Versus Frictional Heating
- 2020
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - : SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 68:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Volatile emissions of vehicle brakes relate to the high temperature of the brake friction pair. However, as a passive parameter of braking applications, temperature is usually studied together with other parameters such as sliding speed and load. Heating tests that increase the friction pair temperature with an induction heater instead of friction are proposed in this study to imitate the rise in temperature in friction tests. Non-friction airborne particles produced solely by the high temperature in heating tests were studied in comparison with friction tests. The results confirmed the existence of non-friction airborne particles and they can represent about 4.5% of the total airborne particles in friction tests. The high-temperature behaviour as well as the composition of the non-friction airborne particles is also presented.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Olofsson, Ulf, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Laser Cladding Treatment for Refurbishing Disc Brake Rotors : Environmental and Tribological Analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Tribology letters. - New York : Springer Nature. - 1023-8883 .- 1573-2711. ; 69:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, grey cast iron disc brake rotors are refurbished by adding a surface layer through laser cladding. Current methods to deal with replaced rotors mainly include remelting, with a minority fraction disposed in landfill. Both approaches result in a huge waste of resources and an increase in CO2 footprint. From a sustainable point of view, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of refurbishing brake rotors by a combined environmental and tribological performance approach. A streamlined life cycle assessment is conducted to compare the environmental impacts between producing virgin grey cast iron brake rotors and refurbishing replaced brake rotors by laser cladding. It turns out that the energy consumption and CO2 footprint of the laser cladding refurbished brake rotors are 80% and 90% less than the virgin brake rotors. The results show that the refurbished brake rotor yields higher friction compared to the original cast iron utilizing the same pad material. The wear and particle emissions of the disc brake contact are in this study higher for the laser-cladded one compared to the original cast iron one.
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| 16. |
- Tasala Gradin, Katja, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative life cycle assessment of car disc brake systems—casestudy results and method discussion about comparative LCAs
- 2019
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0948-3349 .- 1614-7502.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Two life cycle assessment (LCA) studies comparing a new low-particulate-matter-emission disc brake and a reference disc brake were presented. The purpose was to identify the difference in potential environmental impacts due to a material change in the new disc brake parts. Additionally, the validity was investigated for the simplification method of omitting identical parts in comparative LCA. This was done by comparing the results between the simplified and the full LCA model.Methods: The two disc brakes, new disc brake and reference disc brake, were assessed according to the LCA ISO standards. The ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (hierarchist) impact assessment method was chosen. Simplifying a comparative LCA is possible, all identical parts can be omitted, and only the ones that differ need to be assessed. In this paper, this simplification was called comparative LCA with an omission of identical parts.Results and discussion: The comparative impacts were analysed over seventeen impact categories. The new disc brake alternative used more resources during the manufacture of one disc compared to the reference disc brake alternative. The shorter life length of the reference disc demanded a higher number of spare part discs to fulfil the same functional unit, but this impact was reduced due to material recycling. The new disc brake impacts were connected primarily to the coating and secondly to the pad manufacture and materials. The validity of the simplification method was investigated by comparing the results of the two LCA models. The impact differences were identical independent of the LCA model, and the same significant impact categories could be identified. Hence, the purpose of the study could be fulfilled, and the simplification was valid.Conclusions: Both LCA models, simplified and full, revealed that the new disc brake had limited environmental advantages. The omission of identical parts made it more challenging to determine if an impact was significant or insignificant. The simplification seemed to be reasonable.
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| 17. |
- Tasala Gradin, Katja, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of an Eco Audit tool - through an LCA of a novel car disc brake
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign. - Linköping : The Design Society. - 9789176851852
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transport of goods and people is increasing and causing strains on the environment. Road vehicles emit exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. One significant contributor to non-exhaust emissions is particulates generated through wear from braking. The particulates originate from the contact surfaces of the pad and the disc. Particulate emission is a known issue with considerable impacts on plant, animal, and human health. In the EU Horizon 2020 LOWBRASYS (a LOW environmental impact BRAke SYStem) project (LOWBRASYS, 2017), one of the objectives was to design a novel disc brake that reduces particulate generation during braking. One of the results is a novel disc brake with disc and pad-materials that indicate a significant decrease in particulate formation during use. This is accomplished by changing the materials of the contact pair regarding composition and coatings (Wahlström, Lyu, Matjeka, & Söderberg, 2017). Materials used in the disc brakes cause environmental impacts during their life cycle. Some parts and processes need for example critical raw materials such as tungsten, cobalt, and more (European Commission, 2017). This paper evaluates a material selection tool with an environmental perspective for product developers called Eco Audit (Ashby et al. 2008). This tool is featured in the CES Edu Pack software provided by Granta Design, Cambridge University (Granta 2018). The purpose of this study is to evaluate if the Eco Audit tool can provide a fast and valid impact assessment from an LCA perspective. Results of the Eco Audit compared to the SimaPro results indicate that it is possible to make valid conclusions. The validity of the tool is connected to the purpose of the study. If the purpose is to identify critical life cycle phases and environmental impacts, then the tool can accurately aid the user. It could potentially be difficult to make valid conclusions when assessing a product with more complex processes or advanced materials. The tool's strengths are the simplicity and easy accessibility for any user. The trade-off is precision, robustness, and representativeness of the target.
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| 18. |
- Tasala Gradin, Katja, 1976-
(författare)
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Simplified Life Cycle Assessment Approaches and Potential Impact Shifts
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Road transport contributes to approximately one quarter of all EU greenhouse gas emissions and is the leading cause of air pollution in cities. There are significant measures aimed at the reduction of use phase environmental impacts; in the EU, these strategies focus on the decarbonisation of road transport, such as through the prioritization of low- and zero-emission vehicles. Electric vehicles are seen as one of the primary measures for reducing road transport impacts. However, the introduction of new technology includes new challenges throughout the vehicle life cycle, such as the need for critical raw materials, high-energy manufacturing, charging electricity, and waste management; this, in turn, leads to a risk of impact shifts between life cycle phases and impact categories.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one way to analyse environmental impacts. Applying LCA and life cycle thinking in research and industry allows for the detection of impact shifts and environmental sub-optimisation. A full LCA study is demanding in terms of both data collection efforts and user expertise requirements. The need to simplify the process and results of an assessment in order to support decision-making was identified in the early days of LCA development.There are numerous simplification approaches in LCA. Previously, the most prominent simplification terms were screening and streamlined LCA; now, a multitude of names and approaches have emerged. There is no consensus in the LCA community about LCA simplifications. In some cases, the line between what should be considered an LCA, simplified LCA or neither is fuzzy. The haphazard application of simplifications in LCA studies undermines the transparency and confidence in results.The aim of this thesis is to use the life cycle perspective guided by simplified LCA approaches to increase our understanding of the risk of impact shifts, resulting from measures to reduce vehicle environmental impacts. Four appended publications present five LCA studies of road vehicles. All appended studies are simplified using different approaches. The studies examine different impact reduction measures such as changing drivetrains, reducing particulate emissions from braking, and the scrapping of old vehicles. A fifth publication is a literature review that explores the common understanding of simplifications used in published LCA studies. The review identifies and investigates the types of simplifications used and discusses how these might be categorised.The appended LCA studies examine both impact shifts from one life cycle phase to another and between impact categories. It is difficult to determine whether a decrease in a life cycle phase or impact category could offset an increase in another and, therefore, to be able to determine if an impact shift is an acceptable compromise. New smart materials are expected to solve many environmental impact issues; however, there are risks associated with insufficient life cycle inventory data, limitations in knowledge about potential environmental impacts, and inefficient regulations covering new materials.The analysis of simplification approaches and case studies indicates that most simplifications are motivated by the lack of primary data. Additionally, study findings strengthen concerns about the significant inconsistency in LCA simplification terminology and how well approaches are described in individual studies. There is a need for a common simplification terminology and reporting standard. Due to the wide variety of purposes, scenarios, and products assessed, it is impossible to devise a one-size-fits-all approach for simplifications, especially if the aim is to identify potential impact shifts.
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