| 1. |
- Beckman, Jill, et al.
(författare)
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Rate effects on Swedish VOT : Evidence for phonological overspecification
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 39:1, s. 39-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has found asymmetric effects of speaking rate on VOT cross-linguistically: as rate slows, long-lag VOTs and negative VOTs increase, but short-lag VOTs remain essentially unchanged. If we assume, as have many phonologists, that the two-way contrast in voicing languages (e.g. French) is [voice] vs. [circle divide] and in aspirating languages (e.g. English) is [spread glottis] vs. [circle divide], then it appears that at slower rates, a phonological contrast is heightened by selective increase in the phonetic cue for the specified feature. Thus, slowing down causes longer aspiration in aspirating languages and longer prevoicing in voicing languages but no change in short-lag stops. We report the results of an experiment on Central Standard Swedish stops designed to investigate the effect of speaking rate on VOT. CS Swedish uses both prevoiced and aspirated stops in utterance-initial position, hence the phonological feature(s) involved in this contrast is not clear. We found that both prevoicing and aspiration increase in slow speech in Swedish. This suggests that both [voice] and [spread glottis] are the specified features of phonological contrast in CS Swedish, and in turn raises questions about whether phonological specification more generally is economical. Moreover, the fact that speaking rate affects VOT even in situations like CS Swedish in which the phonological contrast is over-specified suggests that such modification is largely due to production dynamics, not speakers' sensitivity to listeners' needs.
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| 2. |
- Friberg, Anders, Professor, et al.
(författare)
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Prediction of three articulatory categories in vocal sound imitations using models for auditory receptive fields
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 144:3, s. 1467-1483
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vocal sound imitations provide a new challenge for understanding the coupling between articulatory mechanisms and the resulting audio. In this study, we have modeled the classification of three articulatory categories, phonation, supraglottal myoelastic vibrations, and turbulence from audio recordings. Two data sets were assembled, consisting of different vocal imitations by four professional imitators and four non-professional speakers in two different experiments. The audio data were manually annotated by two experienced phoneticians using a detailed articulatory description scheme. A separate set of audio features was developed specifically for each category using both time-domain and spectral methods. For all time-frequency transformations, and for some secondary processing, the recently developed Auditory Receptive Fields Toolbox was used. Three different machine learning methods were applied for predicting the final articulatory categories. The result with the best generalization was found using an ensemble of multilayer perceptrons. The cross-validated classification accuracy was 96.8 % for phonation, 90.8 % for supraglottal myoelastic vibrations, and 89.0 % for turbulence using all the 84 developed features. A final feature reduction to 22 features yielded similar results.
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| 3. |
- Helgason, Pétur, 1965-
(författare)
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Preaspiration in the Nordic languages : synchronic and diachronic aspects
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Preaspiration—the production of glottal friction at the juncture of a vowel and a consonant—appears to be typologically rare but is an areal linguistic feature of Northwestern Europe. This study contains a survey of the known geographical spread of preaspirated stops, their phonological distribution and phonetic expressions in some Nordic dialects. The study also suggests a reconstruction of the phonetics of the Proto-Nordic stop contrasts based on synchronic data as well as a more general framework of historical sound change.Following an introduction (Chapter 1), Chapter 2 deals with the definition and typology of preaspiration presenting a global overview of the known geographical spread of preaspiration. The apparent rarity of preaspiration is considered. Proposed, perceptually based explanations of this rarity are evaluated.Chapter 3 offers a fairly detailed account of the known areal spread of preaspiration in Europe. Stop systems of several dialects in which preaspiration occurs are analysed in terms of voicing conditions. These analyses are based mainly on descriptions provided in the dialectological literature.Chapter 4 presents data on durational variation and other phonetic patterns of stop production in Central Standard Swedish, Tórshavn Faroese, Gräsö Swedish and Western Åland Swedish. The results reveal a greater degree of phonetic variation than has been assumed to date. In particular, speakers of Central Standard Swedish are shown to use preaspiration as a regular feature in their voiceless stop production.In Chapter 5, finally, the results of the data analysis are used in an attempt to reconstruct the phonetic expression of stop contrasts in Proto-Nordic. It is argued that Proto-Nordic stop production was largely similar to the stop production of today’s Central Standard Swedish. As regards phonological structure, however, the Proto-Nordic stop contrasts appear to have been largely preserved in all dialects considered. This conclusion is found to be compatible with an expansion/contraction (E/C) model of historical sound change.
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| 4. |
- Helgason, Petur, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Regressive voice assimilation in Swedish
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of the Phonetic Sciences, Saarbrücken, 6-10 August 2007. ; , s. 1357-1360
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Helgason, Pétur, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish quantity : Central Standard Swedish and Fenno-Swedish
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 41:6, s. 534-545
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The durational realization of the Swedish complementary quantity contrast was investigated in monosyllabic and disyllabic target words in Central Standard Swedish and in Fenno-Swedish. Several systematic durational differences between the two varieties were observed, most of which can be summarized by stating that speakers of Fenno-Swedish exaggerate, in comparison to Central Standard Swedish speakers, the quantity contrast between the vowel in the stressed syllable and the following consonant, i.e. they make short segments shorter and long segments longer. This we explain as influence on Fenno-Swedish from Finnish, in which vowels and consonants have a binary quantity contrast independent of each other. In speaking and listening to Finnish, bilingual speakers of Fenno-Swedish have come to make larger durational distinctions than occur in Central Standard Swedish.
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| 6. |
- Helgason, Petur, et al.
(författare)
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Voicing and aspiration in Swedish stops
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Phonetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-4470 .- 1095-8576. ; 36:4, s. 607-628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the results of an investigation of voicing and aspiration in the speech of six Central Standard Swedish speakers with a view to providing an account of Swedish stop production. The data show that in utterance-initial position the two-way stop contrast is almost always realized as a contrast between prevoiced stops and postaspirated ones. Word-medially and -finally, the contrast is that of a fully voiced stop and, variably, an unaspirated or preaspirated stop. The female speakers show a greater tendency to preaspirate than the male speakers, and the male speakers have a greater tendency for prevoicing than the females. The commonly observed k>t>p ranking of aspiration duration is found for both preaspiration and postaspiration. Possible articulatory and aerodynamic reasons for these findings are discussed. The voicing vs. aspiration contrast that we observe in Swedish is one that has generally been considered to be typologically unusual. It is suggested that, in fact, such languages may not be as unusual as has been claimed in the literature, and that by increasing the level of phonetic detail in the description of stop contrasts in individual languages, the accuracy of typological statements concerning stop production can be improved.
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| 7. |
- Okati, Farideh, et al.
(författare)
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Diphthongization in Five Iranian Balochi Dialects
- 2013
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Ingår i: Orientalia Suecana. - Uppsala : Uppsala universitet. - 0078-6578 .- 2001-7324. ; 61, s. 107-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with the phenomenon of diphthongization, eː> ie and oː > ue, in different varieties of Iranian Balochi dialects spoken in the five regions of Sistan, Saravan, Khash, Iranshahr and Chabahar in the southeast corner of Iran. The study reveals that diphthongized production of these vowels is predominant in the Khash dialect, suggesting that they should be represented as the diphthongs ie and ue in the vowel inventory of this dialect. In the Iranshahr and Chabahar dialects, which show the second and third highest degrees of diphthongization among the dialects under study, the data indicate a diphthongization tendency rather than a shift to predominantly diphthongized productions. Sistan and Saravan show only sporadic tendencies toward diphthongization. Balochi, in general, has eight vowels i, i:, u, u:, a, a:, e:, o: (also called the Common Balochi vowel system), as well as the speech sounds ay and aw, which are referred to as diphthongs by some scholars and are believed to be sequences of V+C by others. The occurrence of diphthongization in the dialects under study seems to be system-internal rather than due to external influence. Factors such as age, education, or language contact with surrounding languages such as Persian, do not appear to contribute to the occurrence of diphthongized vowel production.
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| 8. |
- Okati, Farideh, 1963-
(författare)
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The Vowel Systems of Five Iranian Balochi Dialects
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The vowel systems of five selected Iranian Balochi dialects are investigated in this study, which is the first work to apply empirical acoustic analysis to a large body of recorded data on the vowel inventories of different Balochi dialects spoken in Iran. The selected dialects are spoken in the five regions of Sistan (SI), Saravan (SA), Khash (KH), Iranshahr (IR), and Chabahar (CH) located in the province Sistan and Baluchestan in southeast Iran. The aim of the present fieldwork-based survey is to study how similar the vowel systems of these dialects are to the Common Balochi vowel system (i, iː, u, uː, a, aː, eː, oː), which is represented as the vowel inventory for the Balochi dialects in general, as well as how similar these dialects are to one another. The investigation shows that length is contrastive in these dialects, although the durational dif-ferences between the long and short counterparts are quite small in some dialects. The study also reveals that there are some differences between the vowel systems of these dialects and the Com-mon Balochi sound inventory. The Common Balochi short /i/ vowel is modified to short /e/ in these dialects, and a strong tendency for the long /eː/ and /oː/ to become the diphthongs ie and ue, respec-tively, is observed in some of the investigated dialects, specifically in KH, which shows heavier diphthongization than the other dialects. It is also observed, especially in SI, SA, and CH, that the short /u/ shows strong tendencies to shift towards a lower position of an [o] vowel. In SI and SA, this shift seems to be a correlate of syllable structure, with lowering occurring mostly in closed syllables. It is possible that Persian, as the dominant language in the area, has had an influence on these dialects and caused a lowering tendency among the higher vowels. The vowel systems in these dialects differ slightly from each other. Phonemically, the pairs e/eː, a/aː, u/uː, and the long vowels /iː/ and /oː/ are suggested for IR; the pairs a/aː, u/uː, the short /e/ and the long /iː/ as well as the diphthongs /ie/ and /ue/ substituted for the long /eː/ and /oː/, respectively, are suggested for KH; and finally the pairs e/eː, a/aː, o/oː, and the long vowels /iː/ and /uː/, which make a more symmetrical inventory, are suggested for the SI, SA, and CH dialects. In general, the vowels in these dialects show a range of phonetic variations. In addition, processes of fronting, which is most common in coronal contexts, and nasalization, which mostly occurs in nasal envi-ronments, are observed in the data researched.
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| 9. |
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