| 1. |
- LoRusso, Patricia M, et al.
(författare)
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Improvements in quality of life and disease-related symptoms in phase I trials of the selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 in non-small cell lung cancer and other solid tumors
- 2003
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Ingår i: Clinical Cancer Research. - 1078-0432. ; 9:6, s. 2040-2048
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: The feasibility and utility of assessing quality of life (QoL) and disease-related symptoms in patients with advanced cancer have been evaluated in two Phase I clinical trials of p.o. administered ZD1839 ('Iressa'), an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) questionnaires, including disease-specific subscales for lung, head and neck, colorectal, prostate, and ovarian cancer, were completed by patients in two open-label, Phase I, escalating multiple-dose safety and tolerability trials. RESULTS: In 157 patients, 92% of whom had received prior therapy, compliance in returning FACT questionnaires was 87% (European/Australian trial) and 57% (United States trial). This did not appear to be influenced by dose level or tumor type. For patients with colorectal, prostate, or ovarian cancer, median QoL [FACT and Trial Outcome Index (TOI)] scores deteriorated over time. In contrast, for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or head and neck cancer, median FACT and TOI scores did not deteriorate significantly, and in the United States trial, head and neck cancer scores improved significantly over time. In patients with NSCLC, symptom-related scores measured by the Lung Cancer Subscale of FACT-L appeared sensitive to clinical change. CONCLUSIONS: QoL (FACT-L) questionnaires were used successfully in the Phase I clinical trials of ZD1839. They appeared to be a sensitive tool to monitor clinical changes for the five tumor types in these trials and showed that ZD1839 has the potential to improve patients' QoL.
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| 2. |
- Zsidai, Balint, 1993, et al.
(författare)
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A practical guide to the implementation of AI in orthopaedic research – part 1: opportunities in clinical application and overcoming existing challenges
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics. - 2197-1153. ; 10:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical research by improving disease diagnosis, clinical decision-making, and outcome prediction. Despite the rapid adoption of AI and machine learning (ML) in other domains and industry, deployment in medical research and clinical practice poses several challenges due to the inherent characteristics and barriers of the healthcare sector. Therefore, researchers aiming to perform AI-intensive studies require a fundamental understanding of the key concepts, biases, and clinical safety concerns associated with the use of AI. Through the analysis of large, multimodal datasets, AI has the potential to revolutionize orthopaedic research, with new insights regarding the optimal diagnosis and management of patients affected musculoskeletal injury and disease. The article is the first in a series introducing fundamental concepts and best practices to guide healthcare professionals and researcher interested in performing AI-intensive orthopaedic research studies. The vast potential of AI in orthopaedics is illustrated through examples involving disease- or injury-specific outcome prediction, medical image analysis, clinical decision support systems and digital twin technology. Furthermore, it is essential to address the role of human involvement in training unbiased, generalizable AI models, their explainability in high-risk clinical settings and the implementation of expert oversight and clinical safety measures for failure. In conclusion, the opportunities and challenges of AI in medicine are presented to ensure the safe and ethical deployment of AI models for orthopaedic research and clinical application. Level of evidence IV
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| 3. |
- Zsidai, Bálint, et al.
(författare)
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A practical guide to the implementation of artificial intelligence in orthopaedic research—Part 2: A technical introduction
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics. - 2197-1153. ; 11:3
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) present a broad range of possibilities in medical research. However, orthopaedic researchers aiming to participate in research projects implementing AI-based techniques require a sound understanding of the technical fundamentals of this rapidly developing field. Initial sections of this technical primer provide an overview of the general and the more detailed taxonomy of AI methods. Researchers are presented with the technical basics of the most frequently performed machine learning (ML) tasks, such as classification, regression, clustering and dimensionality reduction. Additionally, the spectrum of supervision in ML including the domains of supervised, unsupervised, semisupervised and self-supervised learning will be explored. Recent advances in neural networks (NNs) and deep learning (DL) architectures have rendered them essential tools for the analysis of complex medical data, which warrants a rudimentary technical introduction to orthopaedic researchers. Furthermore, the capability of natural language processing (NLP) to interpret patterns in human language is discussed and may offer several potential applications in medical text classification, patient sentiment analysis and clinical decision support. The technical discussion concludes with the transformative potential of generative AI and large language models (LLMs) on AI research. Consequently, this second article of the series aims to equip orthopaedic researchers with the fundamental technical knowledge required to engage in interdisciplinary collaboration in AI-driven orthopaedic research. Level of Evidence: Level IV.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Berne, Olivier, et al.
(författare)
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PDRs4All : A JWST Early Release Science Program on Radiative Feedback from Massive Stars
- 2022
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Ingår i: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. - : IOP Publishing. - 0004-6280 .- 1538-3873. ; 134:1035
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Massive stars disrupt their natal molecular cloud material through radiative and mechanical feedback processes. These processes have profound effects on the evolution of interstellar matter in our Galaxy and throughout the universe, from the era of vigorous star formation at redshifts of 1-3 to the present day. The dominant feedback processes can be probed by observations of the Photo-Dissociation Regions (PDRs) where the far-ultraviolet photons of massive stars create warm regions of gas and dust in the neutral atomic and molecular gas. PDR emission provides a unique tool to study in detail the physical and chemical processes that are relevant for most of the mass in inter- and circumstellar media including diffuse clouds, proto-planetary disks, and molecular cloud surfaces, globules, planetary nebulae, and star-forming regions. PDR emission dominates the infrared (IR) spectra of star-forming galaxies. Most of the Galactic and extragalactic observations obtained with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will therefore arise in PDR emission. In this paper we present an Early Release Science program using the MIRI, NIRSpec, and NIRCam instruments dedicated to the observations of an emblematic and nearby PDR: the Orion Bar. These early JWST observations will provide template data sets designed to identify key PDR characteristics in JWST observations. These data will serve to benchmark PDR models and extend them into the JWST era. We also present the Science-Enabling products that we will provide to the community. These template data sets and Science-Enabling products will guide the preparation of future proposals on star-forming regions in our Galaxy and beyond and will facilitate data analysis and interpretation of forthcoming JWST observations.
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| 6. |
- Oettl, Felix C., et al.
(författare)
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A practical guide to the implementation of AI in orthopaedic research, Part 6: How to evaluate the performance of AI research?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics. - 2197-1153. ; 11:3
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial intelligence's (AI) accelerating progress demands rigorous evaluation standards to ensure safe, effective integration into healthcare's high-stakes decisions. As AI increasingly enables prediction, analysis and judgement capabilities relevant to medicine, proper evaluation and interpretation are indispensable. Erroneous AI could endanger patients; thus, developing, validating and deploying medical AI demands adhering to strict, transparent standards centred on safety, ethics and responsible oversight. Core considerations include assessing performance on diverse real-world data, collaborating with domain experts, confirming model reliability and limitations, and advancing interpretability. Thoughtful selection of evaluation metrics suited to the clinical context along with testing on diverse data sets representing different populations improves generalisability. Partnering software engineers, data scientists and medical practitioners ground assessment in real needs. Journals must uphold reporting standards matching AI's societal impacts. With rigorous, holistic evaluation frameworks, AI can progress towards expanding healthcare access and quality. Level of Evidence: Level V.
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| 7. |
- Persson, Carina, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Nitrogen hydrides in interstellar gas towards G10.6-0.4 (W31C) and W49N
- 2011
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Ingår i: IAU Symposium 280, Poster 76, Session 2, The Molecular Universe, Posters from the proceedings of the 280th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union held in Toledo, Spain, May 30-June 3, 2011, #296. ; 280:76
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The PRISMAS key programme has used the HIFI instrument on board Herschel to observe interstellar nitrogen hydrides along the sight-lines towards G10.6-0.4 (W31C) and W49N in order to elucidate the production pathways leading to nitrogen bearing species. We report observations of the NH N=1-0, J=2-1 and J=1-0, ortho-NH2 111-000, ortho-NH3 10-00 and 20-10, para-NH3 21-11 transitions, and unsuccessful searches for NH+ in both sources. All detections show emission and absorption associated directly with the hot-core source itself as well as absorption by foreground material over a wide range of velocities. The NH, NH2 and NH3 spectra show strikingly similar and non-saturated absorption features, which we attribute to diffuse molecular gas. The similarity of the profiles suggest fairly uniform abundances relative to hydrogen. The derived relative and absolute abundances are discussed with reference to models of gas-phase and surface chemistry.
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| 8. |
- Persson, Carina, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Upper limits to interstellar NH+ and para-NH2- abundances. Herschel-HIFI observations towards Sgr B2 (M) and G10.6-0.4 (W31C)
- 2014
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 567, s. Art. no. A130-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The understanding of interstellar nitrogen chemistry has improved significantly with recent results from the Herschel Space Observatory. To set even better constraints, we report here on deep searches for the NH+ ground state rotational transition J=1.5-0.5 of the ^2Pi_1/2 lower spin ladder, with fine-structure transitions at 1013 and 1019 GHz, and the para-NH2- 1_1,1-0_0,0 rotational transition at 934 GHz towards Sgr B2(M) and G10.6-0.4 using Herschel-HIFI. No clear detections of NH+ are made and the derived upper limits are
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| 9. |
- Streatfield, P. Kim, et al.
(författare)
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Malaria mortality in Africa and Asia : evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites
- 2014
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 7, s. 25369-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Malaria continues to be a major cause of infectious disease mortality in tropical regions. However, deaths from malaria are most often not individually documented, and as a result overall understanding of malaria epidemiology is inadequate. INDEPTH Network members maintain population surveillance in Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites across Africa and Asia, in which individual deaths are followed up with verbal autopsies.OBJECTIVE: To present patterns of malaria mortality determined by verbal autopsy from INDEPTH sites across Africa and Asia, comparing these findings with other relevant information on malaria in the same regions.DESIGN: From a database covering 111,910 deaths over 12,204,043 person-years in 22 sites, in which verbal autopsy data were handled according to the WHO 2012 standard and processed using the InterVA-4 model, over 6,000 deaths were attributed to malaria. The overall period covered was 1992-2012, but two-thirds of the observations related to 2006-2012. These deaths were analysed by site, time period, age group and sex to investigate epidemiological differences in malaria mortality.RESULTS: Rates of malaria mortality varied by 1:10,000 across the sites, with generally low rates in Asia (one site recording no malaria deaths over 0.5 million person-years) and some of the highest rates in West Africa (Nouna, Burkina Faso: 2.47 per 1,000 person-years). Childhood malaria mortality rates were strongly correlated with Malaria Atlas Project estimates of Plasmodium falciparum parasite rates for the same locations. Adult malaria mortality rates, while lower than corresponding childhood rates, were strongly correlated with childhood rates at the site level.CONCLUSIONS: The wide variations observed in malaria mortality, which were nevertheless consistent with various other estimates, suggest that population-based registration of deaths using verbal autopsy is a useful approach to understanding the details of malaria epidemiology.
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| 10. |
- Streatfield, P Kim, et al.
(författare)
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Mortality from external causes in Africa and Asia : evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System Sites
- 2014
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : CoAction Publishing. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Mortality from external causes, of all kinds, is an important component of overall mortality on a global basis. However, these deaths, like others in Africa and Asia, are often not counted or documented on an individual basis. Overviews of the state of external cause mortality in Africa and Asia are therefore based on uncertain information. The INDEPTH Network maintains longitudinal surveillance, including cause of death, at population sites across Africa and Asia, which offers important opportunities to document external cause mortality at the population level across a range of settings.OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of mortality from external causes at INDEPTH Network sites across Africa and Asia, according to the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) cause categories.DESIGN: All deaths at INDEPTH sites are routinely registered and followed up with VA interviews. For this study, VA archives were transformed into the WHO 2012 VA standard format and processed using the InterVA-4 model to assign cause of death. Routine surveillance data also provide person-time denominators for mortality rates.RESULTS: A total of 5,884 deaths due to external causes were documented over 11,828,253 person-years. Approximately one-quarter of those deaths were to children younger than 15 years. Causes of death were dominated by childhood drowning in Bangladesh, and by transport-related deaths and intentional injuries elsewhere. Detailed mortality rates are presented by cause of death, age group, and sex.CONCLUSIONS: The patterns of external cause mortality found here generally corresponded with expectations and other sources of information, but they fill some important gaps in population-based mortality data. They provide an important source of information to inform potentially preventive intervention designs.
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| 11. |
- Taniguchi, KotomiFF, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon Chain Chemistry in Hot-core Regions around Three Massive Young Stellar Objects Associated with 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 1538-4357 .- 0004-637X. ; 908:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have carried out observations of CCH (N = 1 - 0), CH3CN (J = 5 - 4), and three C-13 isotopologues of HC3N (J = 10 - 9) toward three massive young stellar objects (MYSOs), G12.89+0.49, G16.86-2.16, and G28.28-0.36, with the Nobeyama 45 m radio telescope. Combined with previous results on HC5N, the column density ratios of N(CCH)/N(HC5N), hereafter the CCH/HC5N ratios, in the MYSOs are derived to be similar to 15. This value is lower than that in a low-mass warm carbon chain chemistry (WCCC) source by more than one order of magnitude. We compare the observed CCH/HC5N ratios with hot-core model calculations. The observed ratios in the MYSOs can be best reproduced by models when the gas temperature is similar to 85 K, which is higher than in L1527, a low-mass WCCC source (similar to 35 K). These results suggest that carbon-chain molecules detected around the MYSOs exist at least partially in higher temperature regions than those in low-mass WCCC sources. There is no significant difference in column density among the three C-13 isotopologues of HC3N in G12.89+0.49 and G16.86-2.16, while (HCCCN)-C-13 is more abundant than the others in G28.28-0.36. We discuss carbon-chain chemistry around the three MYSOs based on the CCH/HC5N ratio and the C-13 isotopic fractionation of HC3N.
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| 12. |
- Taniguchi, Kotomi, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical Differentiation around Five Massive Protostars Revealed by ALMA: Carbon-chain Species and Oxygen/Nitrogen-bearing Complex Organic Molecules
- 2023
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series. - 1538-4365 .- 0067-0049. ; 267:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Band 3 data toward five massive young stellar objects (MYSOs), and investigate relationships between unsaturated carbon-chain species and saturated complex organic molecules (COMs). An HC5N (J = 35-34) line has been detected from three MYSOs, where nitrogen (N)-bearing COMs (CH2CHCN and CH3CH2CN) have been detected. The HC5N spatial distributions show compact features and match with a methanol (CH3OH) line with an upper-state energy around 300 K, which should trace hot cores. The hot regions are more extended around the MYSOs where N-bearing COMs and HC5N have been detected compared to two MYSOs without these molecular lines, while there are no clear differences in the bolometric luminosity and temperature. We run chemical simulations of hot-core models with a warm-up stage, and compare with the observational results. The observed abundances of HC5N and COMs show good agreements with the model at the hot-core stage with temperatures above 160 K. These results indicate that carbon-chain chemistry around the MYSOs cannot be reproduced by warm carbon-chain chemistry, and a new type of carbon-chain chemistry occurs in hot regions around MYSOs.
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| 13. |
- Taniguchi, Kotomi, et al.
(författare)
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Vibrationally Excited Lines of HC3N Associated with the Molecular Disk around the G24.78+0.08 A1 Hypercompact H ii Region
- 2022
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 1538-4357 .- 0004-637X. ; 931:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have analyzed Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Band 6 data of the hypercompact H ii region G24.78+0.08 A1 (G24 HC H ii) and report the detection of vibrationally excited lines of HC3N (v (7) = 2, J = 24 - 23). The spatial distribution and kinematics of a vibrationally excited line of HC3N (v (7) = 2, J = 24 - 23, l = 2e) are found to be similar to the CH3CN vibrationally excited line (v (8) = 1), which indicates that the HC3N emission is tracing the disk around the G24 HC H ii region previously identified by the CH3CN lines. We derive the (CH3CN)-C-13/(HCCCN)-C-13 abundance ratios around G24 and compare them to the CH3CN/HC3N abundance ratios in disks around Herbig Ae and T Tauri stars. The (CH3CN)-C-13/(HCCCN)-C-13 ratios around G24 (similar to 3.0-3.5) are higher than the CH3CN/HC3N ratios in the other disks (similar to 0.03-0.11) by more than 1 order of magnitude. The higher CH3CN/HC3N ratios around G24 suggest that the thermal desorption of CH3CN in the hot dense gas and efficient destruction of HC3N in the region irradiated by the strong UV radiation are occurring. Our results indicate that the vibrationally excited HC3N lines can be used as a disk tracer of massive protostars at the HC H ii region stage, and the combination of these nitrile species will provide information of not only chemistry but also physical conditions of the disk structures.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- van Dishoeck, E. F., et al.
(författare)
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Triennial Report, International Astronomical Union, Division VI/Commission 34/Working Group Astrochemistry
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. - 1743-9213 .- 1743-9221. ; 7:Transactions T28A, s. 236-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study of molecules in space, known as astrochemistry or molecular astrophysics, is a rapidly growing field. Molecules exist in a wide range of environments in both gaseous and solid form, from our own solar system to the distant early universe. To astronomers, molecules are indispensable and unique probes of the physical conditions and dynamics of regions in which they are detected, especially the interstellar medium. In particular, the many stages of both low-mass and high-mass star formation are better understood today thanks to the analysis of molecular observations. Molecules can also yield a global picture of the past and present of sources. Moreover, molecules affect their environment by contributing to the heating and cooling processes that occur.
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