| 1. |
- Back, Pär-Erik, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Markmiljöns skyddsvärde – En härledning med utgångspunkt i miljöetik och lagstiftning
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vid riskbedömning av förorenade områden ska riskerna som föroreningen utgör bedömas för olika skyddsobjekt, främst människor, markmiljö, grund- och ytvatten. I fördjupade riskbedömningar kan det även vara aktuellt att bestämma lämpliga skyddsnivåer för skyddsobjekten. Till vilken nivå vi väljer att skydda ett objekt beror i hög grad på objektets skyddsvärde. Vad detta skyddsvärde består av och hur stort det anses vara beror i sin tur på vem det är som gör värderingen och vilket miljöetiskt synsätt som tillämpas. När skyddsobjektet markmiljö ska värderas uppstår ofta många frågor och oenigheten mellan olika aktörer kan ibland vara stor.Syftet med publikationen är att tydliggöra vad som avses med begreppet markmiljöns skyddsvärde och beskriva vad det består av. Olika miljöetiska synsätt kan leda till att vår markmiljö värderas olika högt beroende på vem som utför värderingen. I syfte att skapa en gemensam grund för denna typ av värderingar har vi här valt att utgå från den miljöetik som ligger till grund för vår miljölagstiftning. Målet med publikationen är att presentera en härledning av markmiljöns skyddsvärde och ge en grund för hur man kan resonera kring flera av de besvärliga frågor som ställs beträffande skyddet av markmiljön.Rapporten innehåller också en allmän diskussion av skyddsvärdet men beskriver inte konkret hur markmiljön bör värderas vid ett enskilt objekt. Publikationen är med andra ord ingen vägledning i den bemärkelsen att den är direkt tillämpbar för värdering i verkliga projekt. Vår förhoppning är istället att publikationen kommer att utgöra en viktig grund för arbetet med att ta fram framtida vägledningsmaterial för ekologisk riskbedömning samt riskvärdering.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bernin, Diana, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure of polymer hydrogels studied by pulsed field gradient NMR diffusion and TEM methods
- 2011
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Ingår i: Soft Matter. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1744-683X .- 1744-6848. ; 7:12, s. 5711-5716
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The microstructure of various alginate gels have been studied by pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG NMR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reduced diffusivity of dendrimer diffusion within the gels has been obtained from PFG NMR diffusion experiments. The polymer strand radius, an important microstructural property, has been extracted from various diffusion models. The results agree well with the polymer strand radii obtained from image analysis of the corresponding TEM micrographs.
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| 4. |
- Fransson, S., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of confinement and kinetics on the morphology of phase separating gelatin-maltodextrin droplets
- 2009
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 10:6, s. 1446-1453
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of confinement on the structure evolution and final morphology during phase separation and gelation of gelatin and maltodextrin was investigated and compared to the structures seen in bulk phase. Emulsion droplets with diameters from 4 to 300 ?m were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis. With the confocal laser scanning microscope it was possible to follow the entire phase separating process inside the droplets in real-time. The samples were either quenched directly from 70°C down to 20°C or exposed to holding times at 40°C. Different cooling procedures were studied to examine the structure evolution both before and after gelation in the restricted geometries. The concentration of the biopolymer mixture was kept constant at 4 w/w% gelatin and 6 w/w% maltodextrin. The results revealed that the size of the confinement had a great effect on both the initiation of phase separation and the final morphology of the microstructure inside the emulsion droplets. The phase separation in small droplets was observed to occur at a temperature above the phase separating temperature for bulk. Small droplets had either a microstructure with a shell of maltodextrin and core of gelatin or a microstructure where the two biopolymers had formed two separate bicontinuous halves. The initiation of phase separation in large droplets was similar to what was seen in bulk. The microstructure in large droplets was discontinuous, resembling the morphology in bulk phase. The kinetics had an effect on the character of the maltodextrin inclusions, as the cooling procedure of a direct quench gave spherical inclusions with an even size distribution, while a holding time at 40°C resulted in asymmetrical and elongated inclusions. © 2009 American Chemical Society.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Hamngren Blomqvist, Charlotte, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Interconnectivity imaged in three dimensions : Nano-particulate silica-hydrogel structure revealed using electron tomography
- 2017
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Ingår i: Micron. - : Elsevier BV. - 0968-4328 .- 1878-4291. ; 100, s. 91-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have used Electron Tomography (ET) to reveal the detailed three-dimensional structure of particulate hydrogels, a material category common in e.g. controlled release, food science, battery and biomedical applications. A full understanding of the transport properties of these gels requires knowledge about the pore structure and in particular the interconnectivity in three dimensions, since the transport takes the path of lowest resistance. The image series for ET were recorded using High-Angle Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HAADF-STEM). We have studied three different particulate silica hydrogels based on primary particles with sizes ranging from 3.6 nm to 22 nm and with pore-size averages from 18 nm to 310 nm. Here, we highlight the nanostructure of the particle network and the interpenetrating pore network in two and three dimensions. The interconnectivity and distribution of width of the porous channels were obtained from the three-dimensional tomography studies while they cannot unambiguously be obtained from the two-dimensional data. Using ET, we compared the interconnectivity and accessible pore volume fraction as a function of pore size, based on direct images on the nanoscale of three different hydrogels. From this comparison, it was clear that the finest of the gels differentiated from the other two. Despite the almost identical flow properties of the two finer gels, they showed large differences concerning the accessible pore volume fraction for probes corresponding to their (two-dimensional) mean pore size. Using 2D pore size data, the finest gel provided an accessible pore volume fraction of over 90%, but for the other two gels the equivalent was only 10–20%. However, all the gels provided an accessible pore volume fraction of 30–40% when taking the third dimension into account.
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| 7. |
- Hamngren Blomqvist, Charlotte, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Pore size effects on convective flow and diffusion through nanoporous silica gels
- 2015
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Ingår i: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-7757 .- 1873-4359. ; 484, s. 288-296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Material structure has great impact on mass transport properties, a relationship that needs to be understood on several length scales. Describing and controlling the properties of flow through soft materials are both challenges concerning the industrial use of gel structures. This paper reports on how the porous structure in nanoporous materials affects the water transport through them. We used three different silica gels with large differences in the pore sizes but of equal silica concentration. Particle morphology and gel structure were studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and image analysis to estimate the pore size distribution and intrinsic surface area of each gel. The mass transport was studied using a flow measurement setup and nuclear magnetic resonance diffusometry. The average pore size ranged from approximately 500. nm down to approximately 40. nm. An acknowledged limit for convective flow to occur is in the pore size range between 100 and 200. nm. The results verified the existence of a non-linear relationship between pore size and liquid flow at length scales below 500. nm, experimentally. A factor of 4.3 in flow speed separated the coarser gel from the other two, which presented almost identical flow speed data despite a factor 3 in pore size difference. In the setup, the mass transport in the gel with the largest pores was flow dominated, while the mass transport in the finer gels was diffusion dominated. Besides providing new insights into mass transport as a function of pore sizes, we conclude that three-dimensional analysis of the structures is needed for a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between structure and mass transport properties.
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| 8. |
- Hermansson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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DN Debatt: Klimatlagen kräver att regeringen ändrar politik
- 2022
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Ingår i: Dagens nyheter (DN debatt). - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Nästa år ska regeringen enligt klimatlagen presentera en handlingsplan för hur Sverige ska nå klimatmålen. Minst ett dussin myndigheter har bidragit med underlag. Men inte ens om samtliga förslag i dessa rapporter genomförs kommer det att räcka för att fylla det gap som har uppstått med den nya regeringens politik, skriver Klimatpolitiska rådet.
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| 9. |
- Hermansson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Klimatpolitiska rådets rapport 2023
- 2023
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Stigande halter av växthusgaser i atmosfären har rubbat balansen i jordens klimatsystem vilket har medfört en snabbt stigande global medeltemperatur. Den globala uppvärmningen ligger nu på drygt 1,1 grader jämfört med förindustriell tid. Utöver högre temperaturer har detta lett till fler extrema väderhändelser, smältande isar och stigande havsnivåer. De ekologiska, ekonomiska och sociala effekterna av klimatförändringarna blir allt påtagligare.
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| 10. |
- Hermansson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Macrophage CD14 expression in human carotid plaques is associated with complicated lesions, correlates with thrombosis, and is reduced by angiotensin receptor blocker treatment
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Immunopharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1567-5769. ; 22:2, s. 318-323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CD14 is a predictor of inflammation and associated with atherosclerosis. We analyzed 118 carotid plaques from patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis for expression of the macrophage markers CD14, CD68 and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)-R). CD14 staining was significantly increased in thrombotic carotid plaques. AT1-R staining was found in macrophage-rich areas, and AT1-R mRNA was detected in plaque macrophages isolated with anti-CD14 immunobeads. In patients treated with an angiotensin receptor blocker, expression of CD14 and CD68 in carotid plaque and serum levels of inflammatory markers were lower than in untreated patients. In vitro, expression of CD14 in human monocyte-derived macrophages was increased by exposure to lipopolysaccharide and decreased by exposure to an angiotensin receptor blocker. Thus, inhibition of the innate immune responsive lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 in macrophages, rather than AT(1)-R inhibition, may help explain the anti-inflammatory effects of angiotensin receptor blockade. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 11. |
- Hermansson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Reduced expression of NLRP3 and MEFV in human ischemic heart tissue.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Biochemical and biophysical research communications. - : Elsevier BV. - 1090-2104 .- 0006-291X. ; 430:1, s. 425-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The innate immune system and, in particular, activation of the multi-protein complex known as the inflammasome complex are involved in ischemic injury in myocardial cells. The nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing pyrin receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been linked to inflammation and NLRP3 is especially important for increased inflammation in atherosclerosis, which may lead to myocardial infarction. Here we investigated how inflammasome molecules are affected in human ischemic heart tissue. Surprisingly the important member of the inflammasome complex, NLRP3, displayed markedly decreased levels in human ischemic heart tissue compared with non ischemic control heart tissue. However, subsequent gene analysis revealed mutations in NLRP3 in human ischemic heart tissues but not in non-ischemic control tissue. Gene polymorphisms in the NLRP3 inflammasome have been shown to be associated with increased IL-1β and IL-18 production and severe inflammation. The autoinflammatory disorder familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is associated with decreased expression of the Mediterranean fever gene (MEFV) and increased inflammation. We also observed reduced expression of MEFV in ischemic versus non-ischemic heart tissue. Further analyses showed a mutation in MEFV in human ischemic heart tissue but not in non-ischemic control tissue. Our data show that defects in the inflammasome and associated proteins may be involved in promoting ischemic heart disease.
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| 12. |
- Hermansson, Carina, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Skrivande och skrivdidaktik
- 2022. - 1
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Ingår i: Skrivdidaktik i grundskolan. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144144931 ; , s. 21-41
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 13. |
- Hermansson, Carina, et al.
(författare)
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Teaching for a monolingual school? (In)visibility of multilingual perspectives in Swedish teacher education
- 2022
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Ingår i: Education Inquiry. - : Routledge. - 2000-4508. ; 13:3, s. 321-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyses the knowledge about linguistic and cultural diversity that is delineated in the syllabi of teacher education programmes for pre-, primary and secondary schools at two Swedish universities. A quantitative search for 14 chosen keywords preceded a closer analysis of the concepts *language* and *cultur*, when using truncation, in 192 syllabi. This showed that linguistic diversity was to a certain extent evident, mainly through the subjects Swedish and English, while for one university cultural diversity was mainly identified in the syllabi of Educational Work and English. If knowledge about linguistic and cultural diversity is limited to language subjects, and to some extent to pre-school and earlier school years, the risk is high that student teachers are not prepared to support equity in education for multilingual and non-dominant groups. Thus, we find that students studying the current Swedish teacher education programme are unlikely to be well equipped to meet the challenges related to creating equal educational opportunities for students in situations of linguistic and cultural diversity.
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| 14. |
- Hermansson, Carina, et al.
(författare)
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The (non)effect of Joint Construction in a genre-based approach to teaching writing
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Journal of educational research (Washington, D.C.). - : Routledge. - 0022-0671 .- 1940-0675. ; 112:4, s. 483-494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This quasi-experimental intervention study examines the effect of genre-based instructional practices on 90 primary students’ narrative writing achievements and is a result of six teachers’ action to meet the educational goals of the Swedish national curriculum. Specifically, the authors examine the effects of Joint Construction, the phase in the genre pedagogical model of the Sydney School known as the Teaching and Learning Cycle, in which teachers and students work together to co-construct texts. Joint Construction has been put forward as the most powerful part of the Teaching and Learning Cycle. The authors challenge this argument, presenting findings that are inconsistent with this widely held belief. Using a pretest-posttest control group design, the study shows that the Joint Construction stage did not significantly improve the quality of students’ narrative writing or increase the text length of their writings.
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| 15. |
- Hermansson, Elin Linnea, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of solvent quality on the network strength and structure of alginate gels
- 2016
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Ingår i: Carbohydrate Polymers. - : Elsevier BV. - 0144-8617 .- 1879-1344. ; 144, s. 289-296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of the mixture of water and alcohols on the solubility and properties of alginate and its calcium-induced gels is of interest for the food, wound care and pharmaceutical industries. The solvent quality of water with increasing amounts of ethanol (0-20%) on alginate was studied using intrinsic viscosity. The effect of ethanol addition on the rheological and mechanical properties of calcium alginate gels was determined. Small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the network structure. It is shown that the addition of ethanol up to 15% (wt) increases the extension of the alginate chain, which correlates with increased moduli and stress being required to fracture the gels. The extension of the polymer chain is reduced at 20% (wt) ethanol, which is followed by reduced moduli and stress at breakage of the gels. The network structure of gels at high ethanol concentrations (24%) is characterized by thick and poorly connected network strands.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Hermansson, Ruth S., et al.
(författare)
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Elderly women's experiences of self-sampling for HPV testing.
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMC Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2407. ; 20:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Self-sampling for HPV testing, as an alternative to the conventional speculum based sampling, is highly acceptable to women of screening ages. The aim of this study was to describe older women's (60 to 75 years) experiences of self-sampling.METHODS: In Sweden a descriptive study with quantitative and qualitative methods was designed to collect data from a survey of women who participated in self-sampling for HPV testing. Individual interviews were done with women who tested positive in the first self-sampling, and were either negative in their second HPV test or were positive in their second HPV test, but without precancerous lesions or cancer.RESULTS: Of 893 eligible women, 868 (97.2%) answered the survey. Among the surveyed women, 49.2% reported it was very easy to perform self-sampling, 46.8% answered it was easy and 2.0% answered it was not easy. A majority (58.9%) answered that they prefer self-sampling, 16.5% that they prefer sample collection by a healthcare provider, 23.7% did not have any preference and 0.9% did not answer the question. In the interviews, 13 of 16 invited women participated. Most of them reported that they prefer self-sampling because it was easy to perform, less embarrassing and less time consuming than a visit to a clinic. The majority of women reported that they were not worried when informed about having an HPV positive test. Overall, participating women with better knowledge about the significance of an HPV infection were more worried about having a positive HPV test.CONCLUSION: Cervical cancer remains a highly preventable disease through screening and early treatment. Our results indicated that vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing was a well-accepted method for cervical cancer prevention in this group of older women.TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://www.researchweb.org/is/en/fouckfuu/project/272587. Registered 24 June 2019-retrospectively registered. www.researchweb.org.
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| 20. |
- Hermansson, Ruth S., et al.
(författare)
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History of HPV in HPV-positive elderly women
- 2024
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Ingår i: European journal of obstetrics & gynecology and reproductive biology: X. - : Elsevier. - 2590-1613. ; 22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the natural course of HPV infection in women of 60 years and older who were HPV positive at inclusion, and any association between HPV positivity in historical samples and dysplasia outcome. METHODS: Eighty-nine women aged 60-82 years, who tested positive for HPV between 2012 and 2016 were included. Sampling for cytology and/or histology was also performed. HPV genotyping was carried out on archived material back to 1999.RESULTS: Of the 89 HPV-positive women 16 had HSIL, 34 had LSIL and 39 were benign at inclusion. Of the women with HSIL, 50.0% had the same HPV type in the archive samples, 12.5% had another type, and 37.5% were HPV negative. Among the 34 women with LSIL, 47.1% had the same HPV type in archive samples, 5.8% had another type, and 47.1% were HPV negative. Of the 39 women without dysplasia at inclusion, 25.6% had the same HPV type in archive samples, 5.1% had another HPV type and 69.2% were HPV negative.CONCLUSION: Surprisingly few of the elderly women thus seem to have a history with the same or any HPV infection the years before being diagnosed with an HPV infection and dysplasia. The significance of an HPV infection for dysplasia development in elderly women is still not fully understood.
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| 21. |
- Hermansson, Ruth S., et al.
(författare)
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HPV prevalence and HPV-related dysplasia in elderly women
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - San Francisco, USA : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: In Sweden, where screening ends at the age of 60, about 30% of the cervical cancer cases occur in women older than 60. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of HPV and cervical dysplasia in women of 60 years and above.PATIENTS AND METHODS: From September 2013 until June 2015, 1051 women aged 60-89 years (mean 68 years) were sampled for an HPV test when attending an outpatient gynecology clinic. Women with positive results had a second HPV test and liquid based cytology (LBC), after 3.5 months on average. Those with a positive second HPV test were examined by colposcopy, and biopsy and a sample for LBC was obtained.RESULTS: The prevalence of HPV was 4.1%, (95%CI 3.0-5.5, n = 43) at the first test, and at the second test 2.6% remained positive (95%CI 1.7-3.8, n = 27). The majority of women positive in both HPV tests, had dysplasia in histology, 81.5% (22/27) (4 CIN 2-0.4%, 18 CIN 1-1.7%). HPV-related dysplasia was found in 2.1%, (95%CI 1.3-3.2, n = 22) of the 1051 women. Four of the 22 women with positive HPV tests also had abnormal cytology, one ASCUS and three CIN 1. No cancer or glandular dysplasia was detected.CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of elderly women were found to have a persistent cervical HPV infection. Among them there was a high prevalence of CIN diagnosed by histology. The HPV test showed high sensitivity and specificity in detecting CIN in elderly women, while cytology showed extremely low sensitivity.
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| 22. |
- Hermansson, Ruth S., et al.
(författare)
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Incidence of oncogenic HPV and HPV-related dysplasia five years after a negative HPV test by self-sampling in elderly women
- 2022
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Ingår i: Infectious Agents and Cancer. - : Springer Nature. - 1750-9378. ; 17:42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Cervical cancer prevention for older women can be challenging since there are no specific guidelines for this group. This study aimed to determine the incidence of oncogenic HPV and HPV-related dysplasia in elderly women 5 years after being HPV negative.Methods: Invited women participated five years earlier in a study where self-sampling for HPV testing was applied, at this time, they were all HPV negative. The women were now, five years later invited to perform self-sampling for HPV testing. Women with a positive result performed a repeat HPV test. Those with a positive repeat HPV test were examined by colposcopy, biopsy and cytology.Results: Of the 804 invited women, 634 (76.9%) agreed to participate in the study and a self-sampling kit was sent to them. Of these, 99.6% (632/634) sent a sample to the HPV laboratory. The participation rate in each age group was 93.3% at age 65, 74.0% at age 70, 80.7% at age 75 and 64.6% at age 80. Overall 18 women (2.8%, 95% CI 3.2 to 6.0) were HPV positive in the first test and 8 (1.3%, 95% CI 0.6 to 2.6) in the second test. Sampling for the second test was done on average 5.4 months after the first test. Fifty per cent (4/8) of the women with a positive repeat test had dysplasia in histology.Conclusions: The incidence of HPV in previously HPV-negative elderly women was low. Among women who were HPV positive in a repeat test, there was a high prevalence of low grade dysplasia.
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| 23. |
- Idahl, Annika, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Social support and ovarian cancer incidence : a Swedish prospective population-based study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Gynecologic Oncology. - : Elsevier. - 0090-8258 .- 1095-6859. ; 149:2, s. 324-328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Low social support is associated with worse prognosis for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. However, few studies have explored the relation between low social support and incidence of EOC. The aim of this prospective nested case-control study was to examine whether self-perceived low social support was associated with the incidence of EOC.Methods: The Swedish Cancer Registry was used to identify participants in the Vasterbotten Intervention Programme (VIP) comprising 58,000 women, who later developed EOC. Each case was matched to four cancer free controls. The VIP uses the Social Support questionnaire, a modified version of the validated questionnaire "The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction" (ISSI) measuring quantitative (AVSI) and qualitative (AVAT) aspects of social support.Results: The risk of EOC in relation to AVSI and AVAT was similar between the 239 cases and the 941 controls after adjustment for educational level, smoking, BMI, Cambridge Physical Activity Index and age (aOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.72-1.01 and aOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.16-1.81). Lagtime was found to have no impact. A decreased risk of serous ovarian cancer was seen in women with fewer persons available for informal socializing (aOR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59-0.95). Adjusted analyses showed non-significant odds ratios below 1.0 in the vast majority of histotypes.Conclusions: A general trend towards a decreased risk of ovarian cancer associated with low AVSI and AVAT was identified. Solely the serous subtype was significantly associated with low scores of AVSI. Prospective pathophysiological and epidemiological studies regarding social support are needed.
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| 24. |
- Itoh, Susumu, et al.
(författare)
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Transforming Growth Factor β1 Induces Nuclear Export of Inhibitory Smad7
- 1998
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 273:44, s. 29195-29201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signals from membrane to nucleus through serine/threonine kinase receptors and their downstream effector molecules, termed Smad proteins. Recently, Smad6 and Smad7 were identified, which antagonize TGF-beta family signaling by preventing the activation of signal-transducing Smad complexes. Here we report that Smad7, but not Smad6, inhibits TGF-beta1-induced growth inhibition and the expression of immediate early response genes, including Smad7. Interestingly, in the absence of ligand, Smad7 was found to be predominantly localized in the nucleus, whereas Smad7 accumulated in the cytoplasm upon TGF-beta receptor activation. The latter is in accordance with the physical association of Smad7 with the ligand-activated TGF-beta receptor complex in the cell membrane. Whereas the ectopically expressed C-terminal domain of Smad7 was also exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon TGF-beta challenge, a Smad7 mutant with a small deletion at the C terminus or only the N-terminal domain of Smad7 was localized mainly in the cytoplasm in the absence or presence of ligand. This suggests that an intact Mad homology 2 domain is important for nuclear localization of Smad7. The nuclear localization of Smad7 suggests a functional role distinct from its antagonistic effect in receptor-mediated Smad activation.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Johnson, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Överutnyttjandediskursen. En innehålls- och konsekvensanalys av diskursen kring överutnyttjande av sjukförsäkringen
- 2007
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Ingår i: Arbetsliv i omvandling. - : Arbetslivsinstitutet. - 1404-8426. ; :9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Debatten om den höga svenska sjukfrånvaron har under senare år alltmer kommit att kretsa kring överutnyttjande och fusk. Det har etablerats en överutnyttjandediskurs, som bygger på föreställningen om en sjukfrånvaroepidemi i den arbetande befolkningen. I denna skrift görs en närgången och detaljerad analys av överutnyttjandediskursens innehåll och verklighetsbeskrivningar. Mer specifikt intresserar vi oss för hur diskursen byggs upp och legitimeras av två statliga aktörer, Socialförsäkringsutredningen och Försäkringskassan. Skriften ingår som en delstudie i Arbetslivsinstitutets projekt Den svenska sjukfrånvaron – problemdefiniering och policyförändring. Vår analys tar sin utgångspunkt i ett problemdefinieringsperspektiv. I fokus för detta perspektiv står frågan om hur olika samhällsproblem framträder, etableras och institutionaliseras. Själva begreppet problemdefiniering hänsyftar på en social och politisk process där olika individer, grupper eller organisationer framför anspråk med avseende på ett visst samhällsproblem. När den svenska sjukfrånvaron började öka under slutet av 1990-talet uppfattades den till en början främst som ett ohälso- och arbetsmiljöproblem, men inom några år kom denna problemdefinition att utmanas av överutnyttjandedefinitionen. I samband med att sjukfrånvaron under 2000-talet började betraktas som ett av landets allvarligaste samhällsproblem blev överutnyttjandedefinitionen mer och mer förhärskande – diskursen växte fram. I vår analys av överutnyttjandediskursen har vi använt oss av kritisk diskursanalys, en diskursanalytisk tradition som också är en väl utvecklad metod för empiriska studier. Kritisk diskursanalys omfattar de tre analysdimensionerna text (lingvistisk analys av olika egenskaper hos en text), diskursiv praktik (analys av sambandet mellan texten och andra texter och diskurser) samt social praktik analys av de sociala sammanhang som texten och den diskursiva praktiken ingår i). Materialet till analysen hämtas dels från den statliga Socialförsäkringsutredningen – en utredning som hade till uppgift att analysera och bilda opinion kring det svenska sjukförsäkringssystemet – och dels från den informationskampanj som Försäkringskassan lanserade år 2004 i syfte att upplysa medborgarna om vad som gäller vid sjukskrivning. Resultaten av analysen visar att förekomsten av ett omfattande överutnyttjande av sjukförsäkringen är något som tas för givet i de studerade texterna. Sjukskrivning framstår i dessa som något som medvetet väljs av många sjukskrivna. Betydelsen av sjukdom tonas ner och den diskursiva praktiken får karaktären av en diskursiv kamp, som handlar om att söka kringgärda och begränsa sjukdomsbegreppet. Genom att sjukskrivning framställs som ett val skuldbeläggs sådana grupper som är överrepresenterade i sjukfrånvarostatistiken – framför allt arbetslösa, kvinnor och norrlänningar – och därigenom läggs också ansvaret för sjukfrånvaroproblemet på dessa grupper. Faktorer som lyfts fram som förklaringar till den uppkomna situationen handlar bland annat om att läkarna förlorat kontrollen över sjukskrivningarna och om attityd- och värderingsförändringar inom befolkningen. Sjukförsäkringens alltför liberala utformning antas dessutom ha bidragit till att förvärra situationen. Diskurser får ofta påtagliga konsekvenser, såväl för enskilda människor som för samhället i stort. Vår analys avslutas med en diskussion om diskursens observerbara och potentiella konsekvenser för olika sociala praktiker – både på individplanet och inom ramen för sjukförsäkringssystemet. Konsekvenserna rör bland annat möjliga effekter på individers sjukskrivningsbeteende och policyförändringar i form av ett ökat fokus på kontrollåtgärder, men också oönskade och oavsedda effekter, såsom stämpling av sjukskrivna och andra grupper. Överutnyttjandediskursen kan också i förlängningen medföra en avlegitimering och underminering av hela eller delar av socialförsäkringssystemet.
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| 31. |
- Langton, Maud, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of the microstructure on the sensory quality of whey protein gels
- 1997
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Ingår i: Food Hydrocolloids. - 0268-005X .- 1873-7137. ; 11:2, s. 217-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A full two-level factorial experimental design was used to study particulate whey protein gels. The processing conditions, pH, heating rate and the addition of salt were used as design factors. The results were evaluated by using a response surface model, and analysis of variance, M(ANOVA), was performed. The microstructure of particulate whey protein gels has been characterized previously, and the two-dimensional images from light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were quantified by a stereological approach, while the more three-dimensional scanning electron micrographs were quantified by an expert panel of microscopists. In this study the texture of the same gels was analysed by a sensory panel. Correlations were made between the microstructure and sensory descriptors, and the panellists were able to detect differences between very small particles <1 ?m3 in volume. The sensory descriptors grainy appearance, gritty texture, creamy texture and tendency to fall apart had a logarithmic dependence on the microstructural parameters, particle size, and size of small and large pores. Multivariate techniques were used to create models to describe groups of the sensory descriptors by some of the microstructural parameters. A model with good correlation (r ? 0.8-0.9) was found for grainy appearance, gritty texture, creamy texture and falling apart. They were all dependent on the star volume of particles and small and large pores. The soft and springy textures were influenced by combinations of microstructural parameters, where the formation of strands into strings of beads or in clusters and conglomerates seemed to play an important role. The sticky texture was negatively correlated to the proportion of threads within the pores. © Oxford University Press.
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| 32. |
- Langton, Maud, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure and image analysis of mayonnaises
- 1999
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Ingår i: Food Hydrocolloids. - 0268-005X .- 1873-7137. ; 13:2, s. 113-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The microstructure of full-fat mayonnaise was characterised at different structural levels by using confocal laser scanning microscopy, CLSM, and transmission electron microscopy on freeze-etched samples. The size of droplets varied, and in 80% mayonnaise many very small droplets were found between larger droplets. The colloidal structural parameters were quantified on CLSM images. A stereological approach was used to estimate the droplet size, the interfacial surface area between the fat phase and water phase, and the size of the egg yolk aggregates. The mayonnaise samples were produced by a cold process line in a pilot plant equipment. A two-level fully factorial experimental design was used, with the processing parameters, (speed of the emulsification cylinder, the speed of the visco-rotor and the out-temperature) as design variables. The results showed that the speed of the emulsification cylinder had a main effect on the size of the droplets. No other effects were found when the speed of the emulsification cylinder was high. When the speed was slow, however, an interaction effect was found on the size of the droplets. The distribution of egg yolk was affected by the processing conditions and by the quality of the egg yolk. The storage modulus G? had higher values when the mayonnaise was formed of smaller droplets at a high emulsification cylinder speed. Lower values of G? were found when the mayonnaise was formed of larger droplets produced by a slower emulsification cylinder speed. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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| 33. |
- Langton, Maud, et al.
(författare)
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Texture as a reflection of microstructure
- 1996
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Ingår i: Food Quality and Preference. - 0950-3293 .- 1873-6343. ; 7:42067, s. 185-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The perception of texture has been correlated to the micro-structure of particulate whey protein gels. A full, two-level, factorial experimental design was used in which the processing conditions, pH, heating rate and addition of salt were used as design factors. The texture of the gels was analyzed by a sensory panel, and the microstructure was analysed by light and electron microscopy. The microstructure was quantified by using different types of image analysis. In this study of particulate whey protein gels, the test principles of analysing texture were divided into two groups: destructive tests and non-destructive tests. The micro-structural parameters can also be divided into two groups: overall network dimensions (pore size and particle size) and strand characteristics. The texture as measured with destructive methods was sensitive to overall network dimensions, whereas texture as measured with non-destructive methods was sensitive to the strand characteristics of particulate protein gels.
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| 34. |
- Lindström, Annika K., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Cervical dysplasia in elderly women performing repeated self-sampling for HPV testing
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 13:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: About 30% of the cervical cancer cases in Sweden occur in women older than 60. The primary aim was to evaluate the acceptability of repeated self-sampling at home for HPV-testing in elderly women. The prevalence of HPV and HPV related dysplasia as well as the sensitivity of cytology was evaluated.METHODS: Repeated self-sampling at home for HPV testing was offered 375 women in each of the four age groups 60, 65, 70 and 75 years. Women with two consecutive positive HPV tests were examined with sampling for histology and cytology.FINDINGS: A self-sample was provided by 59.5% (893/1500) of the invited women. The overall prevalence of HPV was 4.4% (95% CI 3.2-6.0, n = 39) in the first test, and 2.5% were persistent positive in the second test (95% C 1.6-3.8, n = 22) collected on average 5.5 months later. Dysplasia, was found in 1.8% (16/893) (95% CI 1.1-3.0) and CIN 2+ in 1.0% (9/893) (95%CI 0.5-2.0) of the women. Of the 16 women with dysplasia in histology, 13 (81.2%) had a normal cytology.INTERPRETATION: Repeated self-sampling at home combined with HPV testing was well accepted among elderly women. A high prevalence of CIN was diagnosed by histology. Cytology showed extremely low sensitivity and should not be recommended for this age group.
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| 35. |
- Loren, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Structure evolution during gelation at later stages of spinodal decomposition in gelatin/maltodextrin mixtures
- 2001
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Ingår i: Macromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0024-9297 .- 1520-5835. ; 34:23, s. 8117-8128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The kinetics of phase separation and gelation in kinetically trapped gelatin/maltodextrin/water gels was studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The time evolution of the morphology was followed by CLSM during temperature quenches from 60°C to between 1 and 40°C. The maltodextrin concentration was varied between 2.25% and 7.5% (w/w), and the gelatin concentration was held constant at 4% (w/w). Spinodal decomposition, self-similar growth, percolation-to-cluster transition, coalescence, and diffusion of maltodextrin inclusions were observed during the progress of gelation. The start and completion of these processes, the onset of phase separation, and the relative rates of phase separation and gelation were found to determine the morphology. The characteristic wavelength showed a crossover in its growth rate power law from one-third to one in a slowly gelling, near-symmetric system. Droplet and bicontinuous morphologies were observed in off-symmetric and near-symmetric quenches, respectively. Secondary phase separation occurred at low temperatures and near-symmetric composition. Partial coalescence and contracted flocculation were observed during the progress of gelation. Stereological measurements showed that the size of maltodextrin inclusions increases and that the volume fraction decreases with increasing quench temperature. In addition, the number of the maltodextrin inclusions decreases with increasing quench temperature.
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| 36. |
- Mu, Yabing, et al.
(författare)
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TRAF6 ubiquitinates TGFβ type I receptor to promote its cleavage and nuclear translocation in cancer
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - London : Macmillan Publishers Limited. - 2041-1723. ; 2:330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a pluripotent cytokine promoting epithelial cell plasticity during morphogenesis and tumour progression. TGFβ binding to type II and type I serine/threonine kinase receptors (TβRII and TβRI) causes activation of different intracellular signaling pathways. TβRI is associated with the ubiquitin ligase tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Here we show that TGFβ, via TRAF6, causes Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of TβRI, promoting cleavage of TβRI by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), in a PKCζ-dependent manner. The liberated intracellular domain (ICD) of TβRI associates with the transcriptional regulator p300 to activate genes involved in tumour cell invasiveness, such as Snail and MMP2. Moreover, TGFβ-induced invasion of cancer cells is TACE- and PKCζ- dependent and the TβRI ICD is localized in the nuclei of different kinds of tumour cells in tissue sections. Thus, our data reveal a specific role for TβRI in TGFβ mediated tumour invasion.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Schuster, Erich, et al.
(författare)
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Interplay between flow and diffusion in capillary alginate hydrogels
- 2016
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Ingår i: Soft Matter. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1744-683X .- 1744-6848. ; 12:17, s. 3897-3907
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alginate gels with naturally occurring macroscopic capillaries have been used as a model system to study the interplay between laminar flow and diffusion of nanometer-sized solutes in real time. Calcium alginate gels that contain homogeneously distributed parallel-aligned capillary structures were formed by external addition of crosslinking ions to an alginate sol. The effects of different flow rates (0, 1, 10, 50 and 100 μl min-1) and three different probes (fluorescein, 10 kDa and 500 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran) on the diffusion rates of the solutes across the capillary wall and in the bulk gel in between the capillaries were investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The flow in the capillaries was produced using a syringe pump that was connected to the capillaries via a tube. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an open aggregated structure close to the capillary wall, followed by an aligned network layer and the isotropic network of the bulk gel. The most pronounced effect was observed for the 1 nm-diameter fluorescein probe, for which an increase in flow rate increased the mobility of the probe in the gel. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching confirmed increased mobility close to the channel, with increasing flow rate. Mobility maps derived using raster image correlation spectroscopy showed that the layer with the lowest mobility corresponded to the anisotropic layer of ordered network chains. The combination of microscopy techniques used in the present study elucidates the flow and diffusion behaviors visually, qualitatively and quantitatively, and represents a promising tool for future studies of mass transport in non-equilibrium systems.
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| 41. |
- Schuster, Erich, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructural, mechanical and mass transport properties of isotropic and capillary alginate gels
- 2014
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Ingår i: Soft Matter. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1744-683X .- 1744-6848. ; 10:2, s. 357-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Macroscopically homogeneous and inhomogeneous calcium alginate gels are formed via internal or external addition of various amounts of calcium to an alginate solution. The externally formed gels contain parallel aligned capillary structures. The mechanical and mass transport properties and the microstructure of the differently set gels were characterized by rheological measurements, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images show a zone of distorted anisotropic gel structure in the vicinity of the capillaries as well as indications of a lower degree of void connectivity. The diffusion rates of dextran at large distances from the capillaries were fast and capillary gels showed a plastic behaviour in comparison to the internally set gels. The results presented show large functional differences between the internally and externally set gels, which cannot be explained by the presence of capillaries alone.
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| 42. |
- Segerman, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Clonal Variation in Drug and Radiation Response among Glioma-Initiating Cells Is Linked to Proneural-Mesenchymal Transition
- 2016
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Ingår i: Cell Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-1247. ; 17:11, s. 2994-3009
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intratumoral heterogeneity is a hallmark of glioblastoma multiforme and thought to negatively affect treatment efficacy. Here, we establish libraries of glioma-initiating cell (GIC) clones from patient samples and find extensive molecular and phenotypic variability among clones, including a range of responses to radiation and drugs. This widespread variability was observed as a continuumof multitherapy resistance phenotypes linked to a proneural-mesenchymal shift in the transcriptome. Multitherapy resistance was associated with a semi-stable cell state that was characterized by an altered DNA methylation pattern at promoter regions of mesenchymal master regulators and enhancers. The gradient of cell states within the GIC compartment constitutes a distinct form of heterogeneity. Our findings may open an avenue toward the development of new therapeutic rationales designed to reverse resistant cell states.
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| 43. |
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Skrivdidaktik i grundskolan
- 2022. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Skrivandet är en självklar del av skolans alla ämnen, kanske till och med så självklar att vi inte riktigt tänker på den mängd av färdigheter som ingår. Så vad är då viktigt att ha kunskap om för att kunna stötta elevers skrivutveckling? Och hur går man till väga rent praktiskt?I den här boken tar författarna avstamp i skrivdidaktisk forskning. I tydliga resonemang lyfter de fram en rad viktiga aspekter på skrivande och skrivundervisning, men också hur vi kan förstå dem i samspel och som en helhet. I kapitlen ryms bland mycket annat interaktionen mellan läsande och skrivande, multimodalt skrivande, skrivande genom dataspelande och lek, svårigheter i skrivande och skrivande i flerspråkiga klassrum. Målet är att ge lärare redskap för att tänka bredare och djupare om sin skrivundervisning och därmed kunna utveckla den.Boken riktar sig till såväl lärarstudenter som lärare i grundskolan. Samtliga kapitel visar forskningens potential att göra skillnad för elevers skrivutveckling och ger många konkreta undervisningsexempel från grundskolans alla stadier.
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| 44. |
- Sköld, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Development and evidence of validity for the children’s hand-use experience questionnaire (CHEQ)
- 2011
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Ingår i: Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0012-1622 .- 1469-8749. ; 53:5, s. 436-442
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To describe the development of the Children's Hand-use Experience Questionnaire (CHEQ), and investigate the evidence of its validity based on test content and internal structure of the three scales in it.METHOD: The selection of items and questions was based on a literature review, expert opinion, and interviews with families. Data on the final questionnaire were collected from 86 children and adolescents (42 males, 44 females) aged 6 to 18 years (mean 12 y, SD 3 y), with unilateral cerebral palsy, upper limb reduction deficiency, or obstetric brachial plexus palsy.RESULTS: After item reduction and evaluation, CHEQ was designed to include 29 bimanual activities, each rated on three scales of perceived efficacy of the grasp, time taken to perform the activity, and degree of feeling bothered. The appropriateness of the included activities was confirmed by their reported relevance and bimanual nature. The internal structure of the scales was confirmed by Rasch analysis.INTERPRETATION CHEQ can be used to assess children and adolescents with a unilateral hand dysfunction on their experiences of using the affected hand to perform bimanual tasks. In clinical work, CHEQ has the potential to become a useful tool for treatment planning and follow-up.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Wee, Shimei, et al.
(författare)
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Selective Calcium Sensitivity in Immature Glioma Cancer Stem Cells
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tumor-initiating cells are a subpopulation in aggressive cancers that exhibit traits shared with stem cells, including the ability to self-renew and differentiate, commonly referred to as stemness. In addition, such cells are resistant to chemo- and radiation therapy posing a therapeutic challenge. To uncover stemness-associated functions in glioma-initiating cells (GICs), transcriptome profiles were compared to neural stem cells (NSCs) and gene ontology analysis identified an enrichment of Ca2+ signaling genes in NSCs and the more stem-like (NSC-proximal) GICs. Functional analysis in a set of different GIC lines regarding sensitivity to disturbed homeostasis using A23187 and Thapsigargin, revealed that NSC-proximal GICs were more sensitive, corroborating the transcriptome data. Furthermore, Ca2+ drug sensitivity was reduced in GICs after differentiation, with most potent effect in the NSC-proximal GIC, supporting a stemness-associated Ca2+ sensitivity. NSCs and the NSC-proximal GIC line expressed a larger number of ion channels permeable to potassium, sodium and Ca2+. Conversely, a higher number of and higher expression levels of Ca2+ binding genes that may buffer Ca2+, were expressed in NSC-distal GICs. In particular, expression of the AMPA glutamate receptor subunit GRIA1, was found to associate with Ca2+ sensitive NSC-proximal GICs, and decreased as GICs differentiated along with reduced Ca2+ drug sensitivity. The correlation between high expression of Ca2+ channels (such as GRIA1) and sensitivity to Ca2+ drugs was confirmed in an additional nine novel GIC lines. Calcium drug sensitivity also correlated with expression of the NSC markers nestin (NES) and FABP7 (BLBP, brain lipid-binding protein) in this extended analysis. In summary, NSC-associated NES+/FABP7(+)/GRIA1(+) GICs were selectively sensitive to disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis, providing a potential target mechanism for eradication of an immature population of malignant cells.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Xie, Yuan, et al.
(författare)
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The Human Glioblastoma Cell Culture Resource : Validated Cell Models Representing All Molecular Subtypes
- 2015
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Ingår i: EBioMedicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-3964. ; 2:10, s. 1351-1363
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and malignant form of primary brain tumor. GBM is essentially incurable and its resistance to therapy is attributed to a subpopulation of cells called gliomastem cells (GSCs). To meet the present shortage of relevant GBM cell (GC) lines we developed a library of annotated and validated cell lines derived from surgical samples of GBM patients, maintained under conditions to preserve GSC characteristics. This collection, which we call the Human Glioblastoma Cell Culture (HGCC) resource, consists of a biobank of 48 GC lines and an associated database containing high-resolution molecular data. We demonstrate that the HGCC lines are tumorigenic, harbor genomic lesions characteristic of GBMs, and represent all four transcriptional sub-types. The HGCC panel provides an open resource for in vitro and in vivo modeling of a large part of GBM diversity useful to both basic and translational GBM research.
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| 50. |
- Öhgren, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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Surface-directed structure formation of β-lactoglobulin inside droplets
- 2011
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 12:6, s. 2235-2242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The morphology of β-lactoglobulin structures inside droplets was studied during aggregation and gelation using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) equipped with a temperature stage and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that there is a strong driving force for the protein to move to the interface between oil and water in the droplet, and the β-lactoglobulin formed a dense shell around the droplet built up from the inside of the droplets. Less protein was found inside the droplets. The longer the β-lactoglobulin was allowed to aggregate prior to gel formation, the larger the part of the protein went to the interface, resulting in a thicker shell and very little material being left inside the droplets. The droplets were easily deformed because no network stabilizes them. When 0.5% emulsifier, polyglycerol polyresinoleat (PGPR), was added to the oil phase, the β-lactoglobulin was situated both inside the droplets and at the interface between the droplets and the oil phase; when 2% PGPR was added, the β-lactoglobulin structure was concentrated to the inside of the droplets. The possibility to use the different morphological structures of β-lactoglobulin in droplets to control the diffusion rate through a β-lactoglobulin network was evaluated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The results show differences in the diffusion rate due to heterogeneities in the structure: the diffusion of a large water-soluble molecule, FITC-dextran, in a dense particulate gel was 1/4 of the diffusion rate in a more open particulate β-lactoglobulin gel in which the diffusion rate was similar to that in pure water.
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