| 1. |
- Artman, Henrik, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Chapter 1 Introduction
- 2016
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Ingår i: Efficient Environmental Inspections and Enforcemen. - : Naturvårdsverket. - 9789162067137 ; , s. 246-
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Artman, Henrik, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Effektiv miljötillsyn : slutrapport
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Målsättningen har varit att ta fram ny kunskap inom miljötillsynen och därigenom uppnå en effektivare miljötillsyn samt att få in nya vetenskapliga perspektiv på miljötillsyn.I rapporten studeras metoder för inspektioner och det kommunikativa samspelet mellan inspektören och företrädare för den verksamhet som inspekteras, hur den institutionella ramen för inspektionsprocessen fungerar samt visar på möjligheter att mäta effekterna av inspektioner och tillsyn.Naturvårdsverket kommer att ha resultatet som ett kunskapsunderlag i fortsatt arbete med tillsynsvägledning och utveckling av hur tillsyn och tillsynsvägledning kan följas upp och utvärderas.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Forslid, Rikard, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the consequences of quarantines during a pandemic
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes the epidemiological and economic effects of quarantines. We use a basic epidemiological model, a SEIR-model, that is calibrated to roughly resemble the COVID-19 pandemic, and we assume that individuals that become infected or are isolated on average lose a share of their productivity. An early quarantine postpones but does not alter the course of the pandemic at a cost that increases in the duration and the extent of the quarantine. For quarantines at later stages of the pandemic there is a trade-off between lowering the peak level of infectious people on the one hand and minimizing fatalities and economic losses on the other hand. A longer quarantine dampens the peak level of infectious people and also reduces the total number of infected persons but increases economic losses. Both the peak level of infectious individuals and the total share of the population that will have been infected are U-shaped in relation to the share of the population in quarantine, while economic costs increase in this share. In particular, a quarantine covering a moderate share of the population leads to a lower peak, fewer deaths and lower economic costs, but it implies that the peak of the pandemic occurs earlier.
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| 5. |
- Forslid, Rikard, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the consequences of quarantines during a pandemic
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Journal of Health Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-7598 .- 1618-7601. ; 22:7, s. 1115-1128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the epidemiological and economic effects of quarantines. We use a basic epidemiological model, a SEIR-model, that is calibrated to roughly resemble the COVID-19 pandemic, and we assume that individuals that become infected or are isolated on average lose a share of their productivity. An early quarantine postpones but does not alter the course of the pandemic at a cost that increases in the duration and the extent of the quarantine. For quarantines at later stages of the pandemic there is a trade-off between lowering the peak level of infectious people on the one hand and minimizing fatalities and economic losses on the other hand. A longer quarantine dampens the peak level of infectious people and also reduces the total number of infected persons but increases economic losses. Both the peak level of infectious individuals and the total share of the population that will have been infected are U-shaped in relation to the share of the population in quarantine, while economic costs increase in this share. In particular, a quarantine covering a moderate share of the population leads to a lower peak, fewer deaths and lower economic costs, but it implies that the peak of the pandemic occurs earlier.
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| 6. |
- Forslid, Rikard, et al.
(författare)
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ON THE OPTIMAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY FOR INFLUENZA VACCINE
- 2015
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Ingår i: Health Economics. - : Wiley. - 1057-9230 .- 1099-1050. ; 24:6, s. 726-741
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the profit maximizing capacity choice of a monopolistic vaccine producer facing the uncertain event of a pandemic in a homogenous population of forward-looking individuals. For any capacity level, the monopolist solves the intertemporal price discrimination problem within the dynamic setting generated by the standard mathematical epidemiological model of infectious diseases. Even though consumers are assumed to be identical, the monopolist will be able to exploit the ex post heterogeneity between infected and susceptible individuals by raising the price of vaccine in response to the increasing hazard rate. The monopolist thus bases its investment decision on the expected profits from the optimal price path given the infection dynamics. It is shown that the monopolist will always choose to invest in a lower production capacity than the social planner. Through numerical simulation, it is demonstrated how the loss to society of having a monopoly producer decreases with the speed of infection transmission. Moreover, it is illustrated how the monopolist's optimal vaccination rate increases as its discount rate rises for cost parameters based on Swedish data. However, the effect of the firm discount rate on its investment decision is sensitive to assumptions regarding the cost of production capacity.
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| 7. |
- Forslid, Rikard, et al.
(författare)
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Whom to Vaccinate First - Some Important Trade-offs
- 2021
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Ingår i: Discussion paper series - Centre for Economic Policy Research. - 0265-8003 .- 2045-6573. ; 79, s. 93-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper models the current pandemic to analyze vaccination strategies in a setting with three age groups that differ with respect to their fatality rates. The model also accounts for heterogeneity in the transmission rates between and within these age groups. We compare the outcomes in terms of the total number of deceased, the total number of infected, the peak infection rate and the economic consequences. We find that fatalities are almost always minimized by first vaccinating the elderly, except when vaccination is slow and the general transmission rate is relatively low. In this case deaths are minimized by first vaccinating the middle-aged as this group is responsible for substantial spreading of the virus to the elderly. With regard to the other outcome variables it is always best to vaccinate the middle-aged group first. A trade-off may therefore emerge between reducing fatalities on the one hand and lowering the number of infected as well as maximizing the economic gains from vaccinations on the other hand.
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| 8. |
- Herzing, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Att utvärdera och mäta tillsyn
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Flera olika studier har utförts inom ramen för forskningsprojektet Utvärdering avtillsynen som styrmedel för att uppnå miljökvalitetsmålen (rapport 6912, 2019).Tre av studierna handlar om hur metoden Motiverande samtal kan användas i samband med inspektioner som rör avfallssortering och djurskydd. Den fjärde studien sammanställer forskarnas erfarenheter av att analysera tillsyn, med fokus på hur en tillsynsmyndighet kan mäta effekten av sina olika metoder.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Herzing, Mathias
(författare)
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Does hidden information make trade liberalization more fragile?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Canadian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 0008-4085 .- 1540-5982. ; 44:2, s. 561-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- P>This paper focuses on the impact of hidden information on strategic interaction in the context of trade agreements. In the presence of informational asymmetry it is possible that a tradeoff between liberalization and sustainability of cooperation emerges. It is shown that it may be optimal to agree on a degree of liberalization associated with a strictly positive ex ante probability of deviation occurring. In that case, cooperation will break down in finite time, and the optimal degree of liberalization cannot be applied indefinitely.Ce memoire etudie l'impact de l'information cachee sur l'interaction strategique dans le contexte des accords de commerce. Quand il y a asymetrie de l'information, il est possible qu'emerge une relation d'equivalence entre la liberalisation et la viabilite de la cooperation. On montre qu'il peut etre optimal de s'entendre sur un degre de liberalisation associe a une probabilite ex ante strictement positive qu'une deviation va se produire. Dans ce cas, la cooperation va s'effriter dans une periode finie, et le degre optimal de liberalisation ne tient pas indefiniment.
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| 11. |
- Herzing, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient Environmental Inspections and Enforcement : Translation of "Effektiv miljötillsyn", report 6558, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Naturvårdsverket), 2013
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Naturvårdsverket) has financed the interdisciplinary research program “Efficient Environmental Inspections and Enforcement” (“Effektiv miljötillsyn”). The researchers are affiliated to Stockholm University, which is the responsible research institution, the Royal Institute of Technology (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan), the Karolinska Institutet, and the Swedish Defense Research Agency (Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut). The goal has been to develop new knowledge, thereby achieving more efficient environmental inspections and enforcement and obtaining new scientific perspectives on environmental inspections and enforcement.The report studies methods for inspections and the communication between the inspector and the representative of the inspected facility, how the institutional framework for the inspection process works, and demonstrates the possibilities of measuring the effects of inspections and enforcement. The researchers involved in the program are fully responsible for the content of this report.The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency will use the results as a base for its continuing efforts to improve inspection and enforcement guidance and to develop the following up and evaluation of inspections and enforcement and guidance.
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| 12. |
- Herzing, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancing compliance with waste sorting regulations through inspections and motivational interviewing
- 2023
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Ingår i: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 41:8, s. 1342-1348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This field experiment investigates the effect of first-time inspections of restaurants' waste sorting and explores whether motivational interviewing (MI) training of inspectors in this specific setting enhances the propensity of restaurants to be compliant with regulations. Our results show strong positive effects of first inspections with an average improvement of 55%. Also, the MI training of inspectors seems to affect compliance. However, this may also be a combined effect of the first inspection, MI training and more days between inspections. Further research is needed.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Herzing, Mathias, 1969-
(författare)
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Essays on Uncertainty and Escape in Trade Agreements
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis comprises three theoretical essays on trade agreements."Can Self-Destructive Trade Agreements Be Optimal?" focuses on the impact of hidden information on strategic interaction in the context of trade agreements. In an infinitely repeated tariff setting game between two symmetric countries, informational asymmetry is introduced by letting the weight a government attributes to present vis-à-vis future payoffs be stochastically determined and non-observable to the trading partner. It is demonstrated that countries may face a tradeoff, when higher degrees of liberalization are associated with decreasing probabilities of cooperation being maintained. It may nevertheless be optimal to agree on a degree of liberalization such that there is a strictly positive likelihood of cooperation breaking down in finite time."Escape and Optimal Compensation in Trade Agreements" addresses the issue of safeguard provisions in trade agreements. In an infinitely repeated Prisoner's Dilemma tariff setting game between two countries, shocks influencing the incentive to deviate are introduced. Under asymmetric information about these shocks, liberalization is associated with a positive probability of cooperation breaking down in finite time. By introducing an escape clause allowing for temporary deviation while compensating the trading partner, cooperation can be sustained for any degree of trade liberalization. If the optimal fixed compensation cost scheme is implemented, the expected per-period payoff increases for any given degree of liberalization. Moreover, the scope for liberalization unambiguously increases as compared to the case when there is no escape clause."Optimal Time Limits on Safeguards in Trade Agreements" addresses the issue of having time limits on how long countries should be permitted to withdraw liberalization commitments under a trade agreement. It is shown that, by limiting the time the safeguard can be applied, the interests of winners and losers from liberalization are balanced across countries. However, an ex ante agreed-upon finite time limit on the use of the safeguard will eventually be perceived as too restrictive.
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| 15. |
- Herzing, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring the effects of feedback from inspections on cleanliness in Swedish pre-schools - A field experiment
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-8043 .- 2214-8051. ; 78, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High hygienic standards are essential to avoid the spread of infectious diseases, not least in environments with many children. This paper uses an experimental design to examine the impact of feedback information following a public health safety inspection on future behavior of pre-schools in three Swedish municipalities. We find no effects of information at the municipality level. However, we find that pre-schools that were informed about a bad result improved more than comparable pre-schools that received no feedback. Conversely, informed pre-schools with a good result worsened their results compared to similarly performing uninformed pre-schools. Our results thus lend support to the so called boomerang effect.
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| 16. |
- Herzing, Mathias
(författare)
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Multiple equilibria in the context of inspection probabilities depending on firms' relative emissions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Resources and Energy Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-7655 .- 1873-0221. ; 63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a model of environmental regulations with firms that are heterogeneous with respect to the cost for reducing emissions to the legally permitted level. Given that the enforcement capacity is limited due to budgetary constraints and that each firm's inspection probability depends on its emissions relative to other firms’ emissions, the likelihood of being punished for violations is endogenously determined and multiple equilibria may therefore arise. Hence, both good outcomes with high compliance rates and bad outcomes with many violations are possible. Multiple equilibria are most likely to emerge at intermediate levels of deterrence and at low permitted emission levels. However, it is generally not straightforward how stricter legislation impacts on equilibrium outcomes, indicating that behavioral expectations among regulated firms are an important factor to consider when adapting enforcement to changes in the law.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Herzing, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Tillsynen som styrmedel – Uppföljning av tidigare forskningsprogram
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten redovisar fyra studier inom forskningsprogrammet ”Utvärdering av tillsynen som styrmedel för att uppnå miljökvalitetsmålen”. Tre av studierna följer upp och kompletterar analyser av användbarheten av metoden Motiverande samtal (MI) vid inspektioner, vilka genomförts i ett tidigare forskningsprogram, ”Tillsynen som styrmedel för ett förbättrat miljöbeteende” (NV rapport6801). Resultaten visar generellt att inspektörer genom MI-utbildning förbättrar sina kommunikativa färdigheter, och att detta i kombination med återkommande inspektioner har positiva effekter på lagefterlevnaden bland inspekterade verksamhetsutövare. Den fjärde studien sammanställer forskarnas erfarenheter av att analysera tillsyn, med fokus på hur en tillsynsmyndighet kan mäta effekten av sina olika metoder. Rapporten vänder sig främst till dem som arbetar med vägledning, analys och utveckling av operativ tillsyn. Forskningen har finansierats av Naturvårdsverkets miljöforskningsanslag till stöd för Naturvårdsverket och Havs- och vattenmyndighetens verksamhet.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Häckner, Jonas, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Tax incidence in oligopolistic markets?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1765 .- 1873-7374. ; 213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses how incidences of unit taxes and ad valorem taxes are related to various market characteristics under imperfect competition. Incidence is higher the more competitive markets are. More specifically, it is higher the wider the firms' product ranges, the lower the degree of market concentration and the lower the degree of product differentiation, and higher in Bertrand markets compared to Cournot markets. Furthermore, the incidence is higher for unit taxes than for ad valorem taxes. The relative difference between unit and ad valorem tax incidence is larger the lower marginal costs and taxes are.
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| 21. |
- Häckner, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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The effectiveness of environmental inspections in oligopolistic markets
- 2017
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Ingår i: Resources and Energy Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-7655 .- 1873-0221. ; 48, s. 83-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study focuses on the consequences of inducing compliance with environmental legislation through inspections in oligopolistic markets. Adherence to the law is associated with environmental gains, but also with losses in surpluses as firms incur abatement costs. By relating the net social benefit of deterring breaches of legislation to inspection costs, the impact of various market characteristics on the effectiveness of inspections can be assessed, thus providing guidance for environmental inspection agencies that have to prioritize among sectors given a fixed budget.
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| 22. |
- Häckner, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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The equilibrium compliance rate among regulated firms
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Review of Law and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0144-8188 .- 1873-6394. ; 63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study develops a framework for the strategic interaction of firms that have to decide between adhering to and violating legislation. Depending on how deterring enforcement is various degrees of compliance with the law will arise in equilibrium. For an agency that targets a certain compliance rate more resources per firm should be allocated to industries with strong demand and high costs for adhering to legislation. Whenever some degree of non-compliance among competing firms can be expected, more inspection resources are needed in markets where products are highly differentiated and/or the number of firms is small.
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| 23. |
- Häckner, Jonas, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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The strategic interaction between cartels and anti-trust authorities
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Review of Law and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0144-8188 .- 1873-6394. ; 70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a model of the interaction between firms agreeing on a degree of collusion and a competition authority that simultaneously determines the allocation of resources to enforcement of anti-trust legislation. An increase in demand is associated with tougher enforcement and a lower degree of collusion. A stronger competitive pressure first decreases the degree of collusion and increases the level of enforcement, then increases both the degree of collusion and the level of enforcement, and eventually increases the degree of collusion and decreases the level of enforcement. Simulation results indicate that a move from the EU penalty regime to the tougher US standard with treble damages would mainly impact on the enforcement intensity and to a much lesser extent affect the degree of collusion.
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| 24. |
- Häckner, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Welfare effects of taxation in oligopolistic markets
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Theory. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0531 .- 1095-7235. ; 163, s. 141-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses how marginal costs of public funds are related to various market characteristics under imperfect competition. Under a quite general tax scheme, these costs turn out to be lower the wider the firms' product ranges, the lower the degree of market concentration and the lower the degree of product differentiation. Moreover, marginal costs of taxation are lower in Bertrand markets compared to Cournot markets. In cases when marginal costs of public funds cannot easily be assessed we ask if pass-through rates can provide useful information for policy makers. The market characteristics that we analyze are shown to have opposite effects on pass-through and marginal costs of public funds. It is also demonstrated that the marginal cost of public funds is generally lower for ad valorem taxes than for unit taxes. The main results are based on a linear demand system, but a number of extensions confirm that our main results are reasonably robust.
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| 25. |
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Inspections and enforcement as instruments for enhancing environmental behavior
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The research program ”Inspections and enforcement as instruments for enhancing environmental behavior” has focused on evaluating the effectiveness of inspections and enforcement. The results presented in this report build on the previous research program ”Efficient environmental inspections and enforcement” (Swedish EPA, Report 6558). In total, six studies have been carried out. In three studies, the communicative method ”Motivational Interviewing” has been tested in specific inspection contexts with the purpose of studying and improving the interaction between inspector and the inspectee. In addition, a theoretical, an empirical and an experimental study on the effectiveness of inspection and enforcement activities have been conducted. The aim has been to provide a wide range of analytical approaches and practical applications that can be used for both guidance and development of operational inspections and enforcement methods.
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| 26. |
- Wickström, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Applying Motivational Interviewing To Induce Compliance with Radon Gas Radiation Legislation – A Feasibility Study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychology and Education Journal. - 1553-6939. ; 54:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we report how the communicative method “Motivational Interviewing” (MI) is adapted to the context of health safety inspections. The principal aim is to analyze the effect of MI training on inspectors’ communicative skills and to discuss the outcome in relation to a previous study that involved training of inspectors in a broader context. A further aim of this study is to explore whether it is possible to establish an effect of MI-trained inspectors on property owners’ compliance with the request for reporting radon gas radiation measurement results.
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