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- Bergin, Michael J., et al.
(författare)
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Fuel Injection and Mean Swirl Effects on Combustion and Soot Formation in Heavy Duty Diesel Engines
- 2007
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Ingår i: SAE, Session: Compression Ignition Combustion Processes (Part 2of 2)..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-speed video imaging in a swirl-supported (Rs = 1.7), direct-injection heavy-duty diesel engine operated with moderate-to-high EGR rates reveals a distinct correlation between the spatial distribution of luminous soot and mean flow vorticity in the horizontal plane. The temporal behavior of the experimental images, as well as the results of multi-dimensional numerical simulations, show that this soot-vorticity correlation is caused by the presence of a greater amount of soot on the windward side of the jet. The simulations indicate that while flow swirl can influence pre-ignition mixing processes as well as post-combustion soot oxidation processes, interactions between the swirl and the heat release can also influence mixing processes. Without swirl, combustion-generated gas flows influence mixing on both sides of the jet equally. In the presence of swirl, the heat release occurs on the leeward side of the fuel sprays. Asymmetric combustion-induced flows alter the vorticity on the leeward side of the jet and lead to better entrainment and fuel-air mixing during the period of peak heat release. This leads to lower local equivalence ratio and lower soot production rates with swirl.
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- Hildingsson, Ingegerd, et al.
(författare)
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African midwifery students’ self-assessed confidence in antenatal care : a multi-country study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Evidence-based antenatal care is one cornerstone in Safe Motherhood and educated and confident midwives remain to be optimal caregivers in Africa. Confidence in antenatal midwifery skills is important and could differ depending on the provision of education among the training institutions across Africa. Objective: The aim of the study was to describe and compare midwifery students’ confidence in basic antenatal skills, in relation to age, sex, program type and level of program. Methods: A survey in seven sub-Saharan African countries was conducted. Enrolled midwifery students from selected midwifery institutions in each country presented selfreported data on confidence to provide antenatal care. Data were collected using a selfadministered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 22 antenatal skills based on the competency framework from the International Confederation of Midwives. The skills were grouped into three domains; Identify fetal and maternal risk factors and educate parents; Manage and document emergent complications and Physical assessment and nutrition. Results: In total, 1407 midwifery students from seven Sub-Saharan countries responded. Almost one third (25-32%) of the students reported high levels of confidence in all three domains. Direct entry programs were associated with higher levels of confidence in all three domains, compared to post-nursing and double degree programs. Students enrolled at education with diploma level presented with high levels of confidence in two out of three domains. Conclusions: A significant proportion of student midwives rated themselves low on confidence to provide ANC. Midwifery students enrolled in direct entry programs reported higher levels of confidence in all domains. It is important that local governments develop education standards, based on recommendations from the International Confederation of midwives. Further research is needed for the evaluation of actual competence.
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| 8. |
- HILDINGSSON, L, et al.
(författare)
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HIGH-SPIN PHENOMENA IN OS-174
- 1992
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Ingår i: Nuclear Physics A. - 0375-9474 .- 1873-1554. ; 545:4, s. 871-888
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-spin states of 174Os have been investigated by means of the (Nd(S, 4n)Os)-Nd-146-S-32-Os-174 reaction using the ESSA30 multidetector system. The decay is dominated by the ground-state positive-parity band, two negative-parity 4- and 5- bands and another band starting at spin 9. Deformed shell-model calculations have been carried out to interpret the observed band structures. The role of the strongly shape-driving, non-aligned, pi-h9/2 configuration in the low-spin region of the ground-state band is discussed. The first band crossing is interpreted as due to the nu-i13/2 alignment. The two lowest side-bands are understood in terms of coupling to octupole excitations.
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- Jansen, Jean Pierre, et al.
(författare)
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A minimum protocol for randomised homeopathic drug proving as basis for further research.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Forschende Komplementärmedizin. - : S. Karger AG. - 1661-4119 .- 1661-4127. ; 21:4, s. 232-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: In order to further improve the methodology and quality of data collection in homeopathic drug provings (HDP), there is a need for a minimum standardised HDP protocol. The objective of the present study was to test the feasibility of this type of protocol.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study protocol embraced a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 2 parallel groups. It was approved by an ethics review committee. During the pre-approval phase, discordances between the regulatory and homeopathic requirements for the protocol were checked and solutions found. The study medication was Potentilla anserina. 6 participants received verum and 4 placebo. The resulting symptom list will be published elsewhere. The procedure was accepted by all participants.RESULTS: Three important issues were addressed: the requirement to keep all participants blinded; the adverse events reporting to regulatory authorities; and the necessity of a placebo control group. Other issues that need further investigations were identified, e.g. sample size, observation period and dosage regimen.CONCLUSIONS: A minimum protocol of a HDP is feasible. All important design elements of HDP could be solved in discussions with the respective regulatory authorities, and participating homeopaths accepted the procedure.
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- Lindgren, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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The three pathways to becoming a midwife : self-assessed confidence in selected competencies in intrapartum care from seven African countries
- 2021
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Ingår i: African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. - : Mark Allen Group. - 2052-4293. ; 15:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/AimsGlobally, there are three pathways to become a midwife: midwifery post nursing, direct entry midwifery and integrated nursing and midwifery. There is limited knowledge on the effectiveness of pre-service midwifery education. The aim of this study was to describe and compare midwifery students' confidence in intrapartum skills and associated factors such as type and level of education.MethodsA multi-country cross-sectional study was conducted, where midwifery students were approached in the final months of their education programme. Data were collected using a questionnaire, based on the basic skills by the International Confederation of Midwives. Intrapartum care comprised 40 skills.ResultsIn total, 1407 midwifery students from seven sub-Saharan countries responded. The 40 skills were grouped into six domains; three related to care during the first and second stage of labour and three related to care during the third stage of labour. Sex and age were significantly associated with confidence, with female students and those 26–35 years old having higher levels of confidence. Students enrolled in a direct entry programme were more confident than other students in all three domains of care related to the first and second stage of labour.ConclusionsDirect entry was found to result in higher confidence for midwifery students than post nursing programmes or integrated programmes. Further research is needed for evaluation of competence.
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| 15. |
- Miles, Paul C., et al.
(författare)
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Combined measurements of flow structure, partially oxidized fuel, and soot in a high-speed, direct-injection diesel engine
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. - : Elsevier BV. - 1540-7489. ; 31:2, s. 2963-2970
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolution of bulk flow structures and their influence on the spatial distribution of heat release zones and of partially oxidized fuel and particulate matter (soot) is examined experimentally in a swirl-supported, direct-injection diesel engine. Vector fields describing the bulk flow structures are measured with particle image velocimetry (PIV), while complementary scalar field measurements of partially oxidized fuel and soot are obtained in the same vertical plane using broadband laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and laser-induced incandescence (LII) techniques, respectively. The two-dimensional divergence of the mean velocity fields is also employed to provide information on the mean locations of heat release. Measurements are performed at a highly dilute, 12% O-2, operating condition characteristic of low-NO,, low-temperature diesel combustion systems. The spatial distributions of unburned fuel rapidly develop a structure characterized by two separate zones of high fuel concentration, an inner zone in the cylinder center and an outer zone in the squish volume. Single-cycle measurements show that this two-zone structure is present on an individual cycle basis, and is not an artifact of averaging distinct, single-zone distributions. For this engine build, the mean flow structures developed do not actively promote mixing of either zone, although bulk flow structures in the upper-central region of the cylinder vary significantly on a cycle-by-cycle basis. The measured spatial distributions of particulates indicate that particulates are formed primarily in the inner zone-and remain un-oxidized late in the cycle. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute.
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| 16. |
- Miles, Paul C., et al.
(författare)
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The influence of fuel injection and heat release on bulk flow structures in a direct-injection, swirl-supported diesel engine
- 2007
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Ingår i: Experiments in Fluids. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 0723-4864 .- 1432-1114. ; 43:2-3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Particle image velocimetry is applied to measure the vertical (r-z) plane flow structures in a light-duty direct-injection diesel engine with a realistic piston geometry. The measurements are corrected for optical distortions due to the curved piston bowl walls and the cylindrical liner. Mean flow fields are presented and contrasted for operation both with and without fuel injection and combustion. For operation with combustion, the two-dimensional divergence of the measured mean velocity fields is employed as a qualitative indicator of the locations of mean heat release. In agreement with numerical simulations, dual-vortex, vertical plane mean flow structures that may enhance mixing rates are formed approximately mid-way through the combustion event. Late in the cycle a toroidal vortex forms outside the bowl mouth. Imaging studies suggest that soot and partially oxidized fuel trapped within this vortex are slow to mix with surrounding fluid; moreover, the vortex impedes mixing of fluid exiting the bowl with air within the squish volume.
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| 17. |
- Sharma, Bharati, et al.
(författare)
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African midwifery students' self-assessed confidence in postnatal and newborn care : A multi-country survey
- 2021
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Ingår i: Midwifery. - : Elsevier. - 0266-6138 .- 1532-3099. ; 101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Majority of maternal and new-born deaths occur within 28 hours and one week after birth. These can be prevented by well-educated midwives. Confidence in postnatal and newborn care skills depend on the quality of midwifery education. Objective: To assess confidence and its associated factors for basic postnatal and new-born care skills of final year midwifery students , from seven African countries. Methods: A multi-country cross-sectional study where final year midwifery students answered a questionnaire consisting of basic skills of postnatal and newborn care listed by the International Confederation of Midwives. The postnatal care area had 16 and newborn care area had 19 skill statements. The 16 skills of postnatal care were grouped into three domains through principle component analysis (PCA); Basic postnatal care; postnatal complications and educating parents and documentation . The 19 skills under the newborn care area were grouped into three domains; Basic care and care for newborn complications; Support parents for newborn care ; and Care for newborns of HIV positive mothers and documentation. Results: In total 1408 midwifery students from seven Sub-Saharan countries participated in the study namely; Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Somaliland Overall high confidence for all domains under Post Natal Care ranged from 30%-50% and for Newborn care from 39-55%. High confidence for postnatal skills was not found to be associated with any background variables (Age, sex, type and level of educational programme). High confidence for newborn care was associated with being female students, those aged 26-35 years, students from the direct entry programmes and those enrolled in diploma programmes. Conclusions: Almost half of the study participants expressed lack of confidence for skills under postnatal and newborn care. No association was found between high confidence for domains of postnatal care and background variables. High confidence was associated with being a female, between 26-35 years of age, from direct entry or diploma programmes for newborn care area. The results of the study indicate gaps in midwifery education. Countries could use the ICM list of competencies to develop country specific standards for midwifery education. However, actual competence remains to be measured.
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| 20. |
- van Vliet, Marja
(författare)
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Integrative Medicine in the Dutch healthcare system : prerequisites and tools for implementation
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Integrative Medicine (IM) is a care approach that focuses on the overall well-being and healing process of patients rather than solely on their disease. IM educates and empowers people to be active players in their own care, emphasizes the therapeutic relationship, and makes use of all appropriate evidence-based approaches. The health-oriented foundations of IM are in line with the recently posed concept that describes health as ”the ability to adapt and to self-manage”. Due to the shared underpinnings of both IM and the new concept of health, incorporation of this new concept of health may serve as a facilitator for the development and implementation of IM. From a practical viewpoint, working from an integrative care approach requires specific competences from healthcare providers, such as socio-communicative and self-reflective skills, and reflexivity towards a holistic perspective on health. Previous studies have shown that a Mind-Body Medicine (MBM) course can potentially foster these competences among future healthcare providers. This thesis intended to gain increased insight into the prerequisites and tools for implementation of IM. Therefore, in the first part it aimed to explore the attitudes and practice of IM among Dutch nurses and the support for the new dynamic concept of health as ”the ability to adapt and to self-manage” among main stakeholders within the Dutch healthcare community. Furthermore, in the second part it aimed to evaluate the possibilities of an MBM course among medical and nursing students as a tool to foster an integrative care approach.Methods Both quantitative and qualitative research designs were used. Attitudes and practice of IM were assessed in a semi-structured survey study among 355 Dutch nurses (study I). Support for the new concept of health was explored in a mixed method study, where in the first step data from interviews and focus-groups among 140 stakeholders were investigated by use of manifest content analysis, and in the second step a cross-sectional survey was performed among 1938 stakeholders to verify the findings of the first step (study II). The MBM course was evaluated by a controlled, quasi-experimental intervention study (74 participants / 61 controls among medical students and 47 participants / 64 controls among nursing students) in which validated questionnaires were used (study III). Furthermore, in-depth interviews with 11 medical and 15 nursing students were employed and analysed by a Phenomenological Hermeneutical method to obtain an in-depth understanding of the meaning of the MBM course for the participants (study IV).Findings Study I showed an overall positive attitude towards IM among nurses. Patient-centeredness and a focus on individuals’ own resources and responsibility to promote health met the most support among both nurses and other stakeholders. These elements were considered to be the main positive aspects of the new dynamic concept of health among stakeholders as well (study II). Use of evidence-based and safe complementary therapies and a healing environment received some support from the nurses, but lack of knowledge and lack of evidence seems to hinder further incorporation in the current healthcare practice (study I). Additionally, study II revealed that health was perceived to comprise six dimensions: bodily functions, mental functions & perception, spiritual / existential dimension, quality of life, social and societal participation and daily functioning. In line with patients, nurses had a more broad conception of health in comparison to other healthcare professionals. Study III showed long-term beneficial effects of the MBM course on two dimensions of empathy (personal distress and empathic concern) among medical students, and on perceived stress and empathy (personal distress) among nursing students. Study IV brought forth that the MBM course can be understood as a pathway to inner awareness and a support to connecting with others as well as the outside world. The following themes were identified: “ability to be more present”, “an increased perception and awareness of self”, and “connecting on a deeper level with others”.Conclusion It can be concluded from the results in the first explorative part of this thesis that the observed positive attitudes and perceptions among healthcare professionals toward IM and the newly proposed health concept can serve as important facilitators for further implementation of IM within the Dutch healthcare system. Furthermore, the increased ability to deal with stress, improved empathic abilities and more openness toward different perspectives on health and new treatment options among medical and nursing students following a MBM course, as reported in the second part of this thesis, suggest that this course might be a suitable tool to foster an integrative care approach among future healthcare professionals.
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