| 1. |
- Karlsson, Isabella, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Photodegradation of Dibenzoylmethanes: Potential Cause of Photocontact Allergy to Sunscreens
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemical Research in Toxicology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0893-228X .- 1520-5010. ; 22:11, s. 1881-1892
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most frequently observed photoallergens today is the sunscreen agent 4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxy dibenzoylmethane (1a). The structurally similar compound, 4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane (1b), was a common cause of sunscreen allergy in the eighties and early nineties but was removed from the market in 1993 and replaced with dibenzoylmethane 1a. We have studied the photodegradation of the dibenzoylmethane 1a, to better understand how these substances cause an immune reaction. Several expected degradation products were formed and identified. Of these, arylglyoxals and benzils were of particular interest because they were unexplored as potential contact allergens. The allergenic potential of photodegraded 1a was evaluated by screening the formed arylglyoxals and benzils for their sensitizing capacity in the murine local lymph node assay. The arylglyoxals were found to be strong sensitizers. They were also found to be highly reactive toward the nucleophile arginine, which indicates that the immunogenic hapten-protein complex could be formed via an electrophilic-nucleophilic pathway. By varying the electron-withdrawing or -donating capacity of the substituent in the para position of the arylglyoxal, the electronic effects were shown to have no significant impact on either the sensitizing or the electrophilic power of arylglyoxals. Thus, a change in the substitution pattern of the parent dibenzoylmethane will not influence the sensitizing capacity of the products formed from them upon photodegradation. Furthermore, the combined studies of benzils, using the local lymph node assay and a cell proliferation assay, indicate that the benzils are cytotoxic rather than allergenic. Taken together, this study presents strong indication that photocontact allergy to dibenzoylmethanes is caused by the arylglyoxals that are formed upon photodegradation.
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| 2. |
- Hillerström, Anna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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A Two-Step method for the Synthesis of a Hydrophilic PDMS Interpenetrating Polymer Network
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Polymer Science. - : Wiley. - 0021-8995 .- 1097-4628. ; 110:5, s. 3059-3067
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A hydrophilic PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) surface was formed by the synthesis of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) in a two-step process. In the first step, PDMS was loaded with crosslinker and initiator using a solvent that swells the PDMS. In the second step, the PDMS sample was submerged into a solution containing the hydrophilic monomer followed by a UV-polymerization step. The choice of solvent in the second step is critical to obtain a hydrophilic surface. It can be concluded that the solubility parameter of the solvent should be above a threshold value. Hence, in the second step only sufficiently polar solvents will result in hydrophilic PDMS-IPNs. These principles are illustrated by using N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone as the hydrophilic monomer forming PVP/PDMS-IPNs.
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| 3. |
- Hillerström, Anna, 1978-
(författare)
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Effect of solvents during material treatment applications : tuning hydrophilicity of silicone rubber and drug loading in mesoporous silica
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Choosing the right solvent is critical for many industrial applications. A useful property for selection of solvents is their solubility parameters. This concept of solubility parameters is central to this thesis and has been used in two different case studies of material treatment applications.Silicone rubber (crosslinked poly(dimethyl siloxane), PDMS) has many favorable material properties making it useful in biomedical devices. However, a limiting aspect of its material properties is a hydrophobic surface. The aim of this work was to prepare a hydrophilic PDMS material while retaining the transparency of the material. To do this, PDMS was combined with a hydrophilic polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). A two-step IPN synthesis method was developed and it was found that the solvent used for polymerization of PVP had a significant influence on the water-wettability and the transparency of the PVP/PDMS IPN. Several different analytical techniques were used for determining the degree of phase separation in the PVP/PDMS IPN. It was found, by using microscopy techniques, that the PVP phase domains varied between 200 nm up to a few micrometers, and the size of the phase domains was correlated to the solvent used for polymerization of the IPN.The second topic for which solvent effects were explored was for the use of mesoporous silica particles as potential drug delivery devices. In the present work a drug molecule, ibuprofen, was loaded into mesoporous silica particles using different solvents, and in addition adsorption isotherms were established in each solvent. The maximum loading of ibuprofen in the mesoporous material was achieved when using a nonpolar solvent, in particular liquid carbon dioxide was successfully used. One of the advantages of using liquid carbon dioxide is that no solvent residues are left in the final material, which is important for pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, it was concluded that ibuprofen was stored in an X-ray amorphous form in the mesoporous particles. Release studies in water showed a rapid release of ibuprofen from the mesoporous silica particles, while the dissolution of samples with crystalline ibuprofen was slower. This was verified to be an effect of a larger exposed ibuprofen area in the ibuprofen-loaded mesoporous silica particles, and it was concluded that the intrinsic dissolution rate for the samples were identical.
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| 4. |
- Hillerström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Ibuprofen loading into mesostructured silica using liquid carbon dioxide as a solvent
- 2009
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Ingår i: Green Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9262 .- 1463-9270. ; 11:5, s. 662-667
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been demonstrated that the pharmaceutical molecule, Ibuprofen, can be loaded into mesoporous silica using liquid (near-critical) carbon dioxide as the solvent, and that the resulting material had a high Ibuprofen content (300 mg Ibuprofen/g SiO2). A high enrichment (300 times) of Ibuprofen in the pores was observed in comparison to the Ibuprofen concentration in the solution. When similar experiments were performed in CO2 (l) mixed with minor amounts (5 mol-%) of other organic cosolvents (cyclohexane, acetone or methanol), a significantly lower loading capacity of Ibuprofen into the mesoporous material was achieved. The drug-loaded mesoporous silica material was analyzed with Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), confocal Raman microscopy, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was found that the Ibuprofen loaded into the mesoporous silica host was amorphous and that Ibuprofen was present both at the surface and in the centre of the mesoporous silica particles. Furthermore, the SEM images did not reveal any large flakes of Ibuprofen molecules outside the mesoporous silica particles.
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| 5. |
- Hillerström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Solvent strategies for loading and release in mesoporous silica
- 2014
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Ingår i: Colloid and Interface Science Communications. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 2215-0382. ; 3, s. 5-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A model molecule, ibuprofen, was loaded in the pores of mesoporous silica by adsorption from nonpolar solvents (liquid carbon dioxide and cyclohexane) and from a polar solvent (methanol). It was sufficient with a very low concentration of ibuprofen in the nonpolar solvents to achieve maximum loading of ibuprofen in the mesoporous particles. When using liquid carbon dioxide, the pores of the mesoporous silica particles were filled completely with ibuprofen at a lower ibuprofen concentration than similar experiments performed with cyclohexane. When methanol was used, the maximum amount of loaded ibuprofen was never achieved. Furthermore, x-ray scattering showed that all ibuprofen loaded into the mesoporous particles were in an amorphous state. Ibuprofen was released from the mesoporous particles to water within a couple of minutes, regardless of solvent used for loading. It was found that the release of ibuprofen from mesoporous silica was much faster than that of crystalline ibuprofen.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Kelly, Catherine, et al.
(författare)
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Production of Biodegradable Foams Using Supercritical CO2
- 2014
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Ingår i: Polymer-plastics technology and engineering (Softcover ed.). - : Informa UK Limited. - 0360-2559 .- 1525-6111. ; 53:11, s. 1169-1177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A single screw extrusion process in which CO2 is injected into the polymer melt has been utilized to produce low density biodegradable poly(DL-lactic acid) (PDLLA) foams. High pressure differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheology are used to observe the melting point and viscosity depression of PDLLA 3051D in the presence of CO2. Foams of PDLLA 3051D are produced in a static environment under a range of conditions, and these data are utilized to extrude PDLLA 3051D into foamed sheets for packaging applications. The density, crystallinity, mechanical properties and microstructure of these foams are evaluated.
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