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- Rühm, W., et al.
(författare)
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Vancouver call for action to strengthen expertise in radiological protection worldwide
- 2023
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Ingår i: Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. - 0301-634X .- 1432-2099. ; 62:2, s. 175-180
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ionising radiation has been used for over a century for peaceful purposes, revolutionising health care and promoting well-being through its application in industry, science, and medicine. For almost as long, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has promoted understanding of health and environmental risks of ionising radiation and developed a protection system that enables the safe use of ionising radiation in justified and beneficial practices, providing protection from all sources of radiation. However, we are concerned that a shortage of investment in training, education, research, and infrastructure seen in many sectors and countries may compromise society’s ability to properly manage radiation risks, leading to unjustified exposure to or unwarranted fear of radiation, impacting the physical, mental, and social well-being of our peoples. This could unduly limit the potential for research and development in new radiation technologies (healthcare, energy, and the environment) for beneficial purposes. ICRP therefore calls for action to strengthen expertise in radiological protection worldwide through: (1) National governments and funding agencies strengthening resources for radiological protection research allocated by governments and international organisations, (2) National research laboratories and other institutions launching and sustaining long-term research programmes, (3) Universities developing undergraduate and graduate university programmes and making students aware of job opportunities in radiation-related fields, (4) Using plain language when interacting with the public and decision makers about radiological protection, and (5) Fostering general awareness of proper uses of radiation and radiological protection through education and training of information multipliers. The draft call was discussed with international organisations in formal relations with ICRP in October 2022 at the European Radiation Protection Week in Estoril, Portugal, and the final call announced at the 6th International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection of ICRP in November 2022 in Vancouver, Canada.
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- Schneider, A, et al.
(författare)
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Risk of Cancer in Patients with Autoimmune Pancreatitis: A Single-Center Experience from Germany
- 2017
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Ingår i: Digestion. - : S. Karger AG. - 1421-9867 .- 0012-2823. ; 95:2, s. 172-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) has been associated with an increased risk of malignant diseases. We aimed to describe the incidence of malignant diseases in patients with AIP compared to the general population and to characterize the clinical presentation of these patients. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We retrospectively analyzed data from 28 patients with AIP presenting to the clinic (periods 1998 until 2010, 2012 until September 2015). We retrieved the expected cancer incidence of the general population from the German cancer registry. We determined the ratio of patients with malignant disease, characterized the clinical presentation of these patients, and calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIR). <b><i>Results:</i></b> We observed 6 malignant diseases in 5 patients with AIP (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colon cancer, breast cancer and ovarian carcinoma, breast cancer, bladder cancer, <i>n</i> = 5/28, 17.9%) during an overall observation period of 223 person-years (2,675 months). The overall SIR of cancer in patients with AIP was 17.3 (95% CI 5.9-35.8), and the overall incidence rate of malignant diseases in these patients was significantly increased compared to the expected incidence in the German population (Fisher's exact test, <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The incidence of malignant diseases in patients with AIP is significantly increased compared to the general population. Careful clinical monitoring is required in individuals with AIP to exclude the occurrence of malignancy.
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- Bernardi, R. E., et al.
(författare)
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A gene-by-sex interaction for nicotine reward: evidence from humanized mice and epidemiology
- 2016
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Ingår i: Translational Psychiatry. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2158-3188. ; 6:e861
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been proposed that vulnerability to nicotine addiction is moderated by variation at the mu-opioid receptor locus (OPRM1), but results from human studies vary and prospective studies based on genotype are lacking. We have developed a humanized mouse model of the most common functional OPRM1 polymorphism rs1799971_A4G (A118G). Here we use this model system together with a cohort of German youth to examine the role of the OPRM1 A118G variation on nicotine reward. Nicotine reinforcement was examined in the humanized mouse model using i.v. self-administration. Male (n = 17) and female (n = 26) mice homozygous either for the major human A allele (AA) or the minor G allele (GG) underwent eight daily 2 h sessions of nicotine self-administration. Furthermore, male (n = 104) and female (n = 118) subjects homozygous for the A allele or carrying the G allele from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk were evaluated for pleasurable and unpleasant experiences during their initial smoking experience. A significant sex-by-genotype effect was observed for nicotine self-administration. Male 118GG mice demonstrated higher nicotine intake than male 118AA mice, suggesting increased nicotine reinforcement. In contrast, there was no genotype effect in female mice. Human male G allele carriers reported increased pleasurable effects from their first smoking experience, as compared to male homozygous A, female G and female homozygous A allele carriers. The 118G allele appears to confer greater sensitivity to nicotine reinforcement in males, but not females.
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- Rühm, W., et al.
(författare)
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Summary of the 2021 ICRP workshop on the future of radiological protection
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Radiological Protection. - : IOP Publishing. - 0952-4746 .- 1361-6498. ; 42:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has embarked on a process to review and revise the current System of Radiological Protection ('the System'). To stimulate discussion, the ICRP published two open-access articles: one on aspects of the System that might require review, and another on research that might improve the scientific foundation of the System. Building on these articles, the ICRP organized a Workshop on the Future of Radiological Protection as an opportunity to engage in the review and revision of the System. This digital workshop took place from 14 October–3 November 2021 and included 20 live-streamed and 43 on-demand presentations. Approximately 1500 individuals from 100 countries participated. Based on the subjects covered by the presentations, this summary is organized into four broad areas: the scientific basis, concepts and application of the System; and the role of the ICRP. Some of the key topics that emerged included the following: classification of radiation-induced effects; adverse outcome pathway methodologies; better understanding of the dose–response relationship; holistic and reasonable approaches to optimization of protection; radiological protection of the environment; ethical basis of the System; clarity, consistency and communication of the System; application of the System in medicine and application of the principles of justification and optimization of protection.
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- Schneider, A, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence and Incidence of Autoimmune Pancreatitis in the Population Living in the Southwest of Germany
- 2017
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Ingår i: Digestion. - : S. Karger AG. - 1421-9867 .- 0012-2823. ; 96:4, s. 187-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> The prevalence and incidence of autoimmune pancreatitis (AiP) in those living in western countries are largely unknown. We aimed to determine the prevalence of AiP among patients with pancreatitis presenting to our tertiary referral center in Mannheim, Germany; and to estimate the incidence of AiP in the Southwest of Germany. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis and determined the prevalence of AiP in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) or chronic pancreatitis (CP). Patients (<i>n</i> = 704; alcoholic pancreatitis <i>n</i> = 373, nonalcoholic pancreatitis <i>n</i> = 331) were stratified into the Retrospective-Pancreas-Cohort (RPC, period 1998-2008, <i>n</i> = 534) and the Pancreas-Clinic-Cohort (PCC, periods 2008-2010 and 2013-2014, <i>n</i> = 170, with detailed investigation for features of AiP). Diagnosis of AiP was established by International-Consensus-Diagnostic-Criteria and Unifying-Autoimmune-Pancreatitis-Criteria. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In the RPC, the prevalence of AiP was 5.9% (<i>n</i> = 13/221) among individuals with nonalcoholic pancreatitis (<i>n</i> = 1/61 with AP, 1.6%; <i>n</i> = 12/160 with CP, 7.5%). In the PCC, the prevalence of AiP was 9.1% (<i>n</i> = 10/110) among patients with nonalcoholic pancreatitis (<i>n</i> = 2/24 with AP, 8.3%; <i>n</i> = 8/86 with CP, 9.3%), and 1.7% (<i>n</i> = 1/60) among subjects with alcoholic pancreatitis. We estimated the incidence of AiP with 0.29 per 100,000 population each year. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The prevalence rate of AiP may account for 9% of patients with nonalcoholic pancreatitis but is almost never observed in patients with alcoholic pancreatitis. The incidence of AiP in Germany appears lower than 1 per 100,000 population.
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