| 1. |
- Fors Connolly, Filip, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Does Gender Equality Cause Gender Differences in Values? : Reassessing the Gender-Equality-Personality Paradox
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Sex Roles. - : Springer. - 0360-0025 .- 1573-2762. ; 83, s. 101-113
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Gender-Equality-Personality Paradox (GEPP) is the finding that gender differences in personality are at their largest in the most gender equal countries. Previous known studies have not examined this relationship over time. Examining this linkage is crucial to our understanding of gender differences and personality development. In the present study, we contrast evolutionary perspectives predicting a gender divergence in personality due to progression in gender equality against biosocial perspectives predicting convergence. Using data from all eight rounds of the European Social Survey (n = 235,339) across 32 European countries, we report three findings. First, in accordance with the evolutionary perspective, country-level gender equality is positively associated with gender differences in basic human values. Second, in accordance with the biosocial perspective, we find evidence supporting gender convergence in basic human values. Third, contradicting both evolutionary and biosocial assumptions, we find no evidence that gender equality causes gender differences in values. We argue that there is a need to explore alternative explanations to the observed cross-sectional association between gender equality and personality differences, as well as gender convergence in personality over time.
|
|
| 2. |
- Berg, Linda, 1973, et al.
(författare)
-
National Identity and Political Trust
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Perspectives on European Politics and Society. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1570-5854 .- 1568-0258. ; 11:4, s. 390-407
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article set out to test the almost taken for granted assumption that a minimum form of cohesion amongst the members of society is needed in order for political institutions to exist over time. The problem is that it is rare to find any specifications of the content of the national cohesion to be effective. The debate goes from thin to thick forms of cohesion. We aim to test this idea by examining how two forms of collective national identity (ethnic and civic) affect individual political trust in 18 European countries. We conclude that a strong civic national identity has a positive impact on political trust whereas a strong ethnic national identity has a negative impact on political trust. Individual data comes from the European Social Survey 2004 (ESSII).
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Berggren, Mathias
(författare)
-
Challenges when Generalizing Psychological Measurements across Populations : Applications in Machine Learning and Cross-Cultural Comparisons
- 2023
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to ascertain the validity and applicability of psychological theories, models, and measurements, it is important to examine their generalizability across different assessment situations. In this thesis, I examine how the application of measures outside of their initial domain may cause complications. This is applied to two fields where such considerations of generalizations may be especially beneficial: machine learning models and cross-cultural comparisons. Paper I explored whether text-based machine learning models of personality with a broad set of predictors, or models based on a set of more constrained but more psychologically meaningful predictors, better predicted personality in one of two text domains. The former models provided equal or superior prediction in the same domain in which it was trained compared to the latter models, but equally poor or poorer prediction in the other domain. Paper II reexamined the results of an article that, like the cross-cultural studies re-examined in Paper III, found that over time and across states in the U.S., higher gender equality was associated with larger gender differentiation, here in names given to children. Re-analyses showed that there was no such systematic association across time, and that the differentiation across states was confounded with a more strongly associated cultural/language predictor. Paper III re-examined multiple studies that have assessed that association across countries. Here, it was shown that cultural differences, as indicated by cultural regions, other measures such as individualism, and data quality indicators, better explained the variation in differences across countries. When controlling for cultural/language regions, the association with gender equality disappeared or, sometimes, reversed. These results indicate the degree to which different cultural factors are interrelated, and suggests the need for complementary methods. In conclusion, this thesis exemplifies the importance of considering how models and measures may interact with and generalize across situations. This is true whether it supports greater generality or situational specificity of different psychological measures.
|
|
| 5. |
- Bevelander, Pieter, et al.
(författare)
-
The religious affiliation and anti-Semitism of secondary school-age Swedish youths : an analysis of survey data from 2003 and 2009
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Ethnic and Racial Studies. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0141-9870 .- 1466-4356. ; 38:15, s. 2705-2721
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Not only Swedish studies, but also several international studies, claim an increase in anti-Semitic attitudes in recent decades. As prejudice is acquired in the early years of socialization, and/or is innate and fairly stable over the life cycle, examining adolescents’ attitudes is vitally important. Hence, by controlling for individual demographic and socio-economic background factors, we study two interrelated questions: Has anti-Semitism among Swedish secondary school-age youths changed between 2003 and 2009? Are changes equal across groups, with a specific focus on religious groups? Using two unique cross-section surveys of secondary school-age students in Sweden for the years 2003 and 2009, we try to address the above questions. Our analysis shows, in contrast to the views of the general public and other related studies, that anti-Semitism has decreased slightly during the examined period. Moreover, the study finds a variation in anti-Semitism by religious affiliation: it has increased among Muslim youth, but remains stable in other groups.
|
|
| 6. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-
(författare)
-
Anti-immigrant attitudes in context : The role of rhetoric, religion and political representation
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background. This thesis directs attention to how attitudes towards immigrants evolve under different contextual circumstances. Unlike previous research that primarily focuses on contextual factors related to the availability of material resources, the included studies explore the influence of less tangible aspects of our surroundings, brought together under the term immaterial contexts. Three kinds of immaterial contexts are in focus: political representatives’ use of nationalistic rhetoric, the parliamentary presence of the extreme right, and the religious context. The studies examine the direct effects of these contexts, but also how individuals’ beliefs, loyalties, and experiences interact with the contextual factors to shape peoples’ attitudes.Methods. The thesis takes a comparative approach where countries serve as the main contextual unit. Data on attitudes and other individual features are gathered from the European Social Survey 2002-2012. To be able to analyze these data in the same model as used for country-level data, the thesis applies multi-level models.Results. The findings support a theoretical expectation that immaterial contexts influence anti-immigrant attitudes. How people perceive immigrants and immigration can be traced to political and religious aspects of their surroundings. Also, it is found that individuals are not passive recipients of contextual influences as their reactions depend on their preferences and experiences. While political representatives influence anti-immigrant attitudes, these effects are strongly conditional both on features of the representatives themselves, and on characteristics and experiences of individuals. For example, individuals respond to political rhetoric by traditional political parties but are not influenced by the same kind of message if conveyed by a party belonging to the extreme right.Conclusion. The thesis is an attempt to widen the very notion of contexts in empirical research, and as such, it is a contribution to the literature on anti-immigrant attitudes. It shows that anti-immigrant attitudes depend not only on material circumstances, but also on immaterial circumstances tied to the political and religious arena. Further, the thesis demonstrates how combining the theoretical perspectives of group threat theory and framing theory implies greater possibilities to conceive of the link between contexts and attitudes, as well as improved theoretical tools to understand when and why such effects do not occur. It signals that research on immaterial contexts is necessary to further advance the comparative scholarship on anti-immigrant attitudes and reach a deeper understanding of how such attitudes emerge and evolve.
|
|
| 7. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
COVID-19-induced academic stress and its impact on life satisfaction and optimism : a panel study of Swedish university students between 2020 and 2022
- 2023
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Higher Education. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2156-8235 .- 2156-8243.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we analyse the level of and development in students’ academic stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We devote particular attention to students that first entered university in 2020, ‘the COVID cohort’, who had fewer opportunities to integrate in ways that theoretically should mitigate the impact of pandemic-induced disruption to their studies. Using four waves of data, collected 2020–2022, we find evidence of both pandemic and cohort effects among Swedish university students (N = 3138). During the pandemic’s first year academic stress due to COVID-19 increased regardless of pre-pandemic university experience. The stress, in turn, negatively impacted students’ life satisfaction, a factor theoretically linked to key student outcomes like persistence and academic performance but had limited effect on students’ long-term optimism. The COVID cohort expressed higher levels of academic stress and experienced a greater drop in life satisfaction compared to the most senior students (3 years or more), but largely overlapped with students with some university experience (1–2 years). These group differences persisted in spring 2022. Finally, we found that the higher levels of pandemic-induced academic stress in the COVID cohort were mitigated by experiences that foster academic and social integration, specifically by teacher support and social cohesion.
|
|
| 8. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
En attitydfråga
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Axess. - 1651-0941. ; :5, s. 46-49
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
|
|
| 9. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Europa tycker olika
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Axess. - 1651-0941. ; :5, s. 50-53
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
|
|
| 10. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
How the religious context affects the relationship between religiosity and attitudes towards immigration
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Ethnic and Racial Studies. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0141-9870 .- 1466-4356. ; 37:6, s. 937-957
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article approaches two shortcomings in previous research on religiosity and prejudice: (1) the lack of cross-country comparative studies; and (2) a failure to consider any moderating effects of religious contexts. We examine whether the relationship between religiosity and anti-immigration attitudes varies depending on religious contexts in Europe, and we find two things. First, strongly religious people are on average less likely to oppose immigration than non-religious people. Second, different religious contexts moderate the religiosity–attitude relationship in that religious people in Protestant countries and in countries with a low proportion of majority adherents are more tolerant than religious people in Catholic countries and in religiously homogenous countries. State policies also matter in that religious people are more negative where the government favours the majority religion. This calls into question the taken-for-granted understanding of religiosity and out-group attitudes found in the USA.
|
|
| 11. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
In the wake of extreme right electoral success : A cross-country comparative study of anti-immigration attitudes over time
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This article tests a theoretically assumed relationship between the parliamentary presence of extreme right parties (ERP) and anti-immigration attitudes over time. Data come from six rounds of the European Social Survey between 2002 and 2012 and cover the 16 European countries that participated in all rounds during this time. Using multi-level models with applications for repeated cross-sectional data, the study examines the implications of changes tied to the political advancements of the extreme right with a focus on three possible scenarios: people’s attitudes about immigration have generally become more negative, opposition towards immigration has become more dependent on immigrants’ ethnicity, and attitudes towards immigration have become more polarized. Contrary to expectations, it is found that neither the presence, the representational strength, nor the nationalistic framing of an ERP affect opposition towards immigration over time. Thus, the conclusion is that the ERPs, so far, have not driven anti-immigration attitudes in Europe. Possible explanations for these results are discussed in the concluding section.
|
|
| 12. |
- Bohman, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
-
In the wake of radical right electoral success : a cross-country comparative study of anti-immigration attitudes over time
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of ethnic and migration studies. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1369-183X .- 1469-9451. ; 11:42, s. 1729-1747
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper tests the theoretically assumed relationship between the parliamentary presence of radical right parties (RRPs) and anti-immigration attitudes over time. Data come from six rounds of the European Social Survey between 2002 and 2012. Using multi-level models with applications for repeated cross-sectional data, the study examines the implications of changes tied to the political advancements of the radical right with a focus on three possible scenarios: people's attitudes about immigration have generally become more negative, opposition towards immigration has become more dependent on immigrants' ethnicity, and attitudes towards immigration have become more polarised. Contrary to expectations, it is found that neither the presence, the representational strength, nor the nationalistic framing of an RRP affect opposition towards immigration over time. Thus, the conclusion is that the RRPs, so far, have not driven anti-immigration attitudes in Europe. Possible explanations for these results are discussed in the concluding section.
|
|
| 13. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Politics and prejudice : How political discussion with peers is related to attitudes about immigrants during adolescence
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Sociology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2297-7775. ; 4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on prejudice has shown that with whom we surround ourselves matters for intergroup attitudes, but these studies have paid little attention to the content of those interactions. Studies on political socialization and deliberation have focused on the content of interaction by examining the transmission of norms as well as the direct consequences of political discussion on attitudes and behavior. However, this literature has not focused on prejudice as a potential consequence. In this study, we combine these approaches to examine if political discussions with peers during adolescence matter for prejudice. We rely on five waves of a Swedish panel of adolescents, ages 13-22. Results show an association between political discussion and prejudice over time, and that this relationship increases as adolescents grow older. Results also demonstrate that the effect of political discussions depends on the level of prejudice in one’s peer network. Discussion with low prejudice friends is associated with lower levels of prejudice over time, while political discussion with high prejudice peers is not significantly related to attitudes.
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
- Breznau, Nate, et al.
(författare)
-
Observing many researchers using the same data and hypothesis reveals a hidden universe of uncertainty
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:44
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores how researchers analytical choices affect the reliability of scientific findings. Most discussions of reliability problems in science focus on systematic biases. We broaden the lens to emphasize the idiosyncrasy of conscious and unconscious decisions that researchers make during data analysis. We coordinated 161 researchers in 73 research teams and observed their research decisions as they used the same data to independently test the same prominent social science hypothesis: that greater immigration reduces support for social policies among the public. In this typical case of social science research, research teams reported both widely diverging numerical findings and substantive conclusions despite identical start conditions. Researchers expertise, prior beliefs, and expectations barely predict the wide variation in research outcomes. More than 95% of the total variance in numerical results remains unexplained even after qualitative coding of all identifiable decisions in each teams workflow. This reveals a universe of uncertainty that remains hidden when considering a single study in isolation. The idiosyncratic nature of how researchers results and conclusions varied is a previously underappreciated explanation for why many scientific hypotheses remain contested. These results call for greater epistemic humility and clarity in reporting scientific findings.
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
- Danell, Rickard, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
-
Career prospects for female university researchers have not improved
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Scientometrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0138-9130 .- 1588-2861. ; 94:3, s. 999-1006
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are fewer female than male professors in the world (21–79 distribution in the country of examination). The unequal distribution of male and female professors has usually been taken to indicate that men and women have not had equal opportunities to achieve professorship. At the same time, the increase in the proportion of female professors has been taken as evidence that academia is becoming more gender equal. It is possible that both of these assumptions are flawed, and that the gender distribution among professors is the result of demographic inertia, i.e., affected by the previous distribution of men and women within the system, and how fast the distribution has changed.This study examines whether the chances, for men and women, of becoming a full professor changes over time, and whether gender differences may possibly depend on early career events. It concludes that women are significantly less likely than men to become professors and that this situation is not improving over time. In spite of policies that have tried to increase the proportion of female professors, the chances of a woman becoming a professor do not change over time. We also show that these gender differences in promotion rate can be attributed to early career events.
|
|
| 19. |
- Danell, Rickard, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
-
Kvinnor diskrimineras på lärosätena
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Curie : en tidning från Vetenskapsrådet. - Stockholm : Vetenskapsrådet.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
|
|
| 20. |
- Danell, Rickard, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
-
The importance of early academic career opportunities and gender differences in promotion rates
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Research Evaluation. - : Oxford University Press. - 0958-2029 .- 1471-5449. ; 22:4, s. 210-214
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on previous studies it has been found that women have a smaller chance than men of attaining professorships. It has also been found that gender differences in career development have been observed in many different countries. This study aims to contribute to these discussions by analyzing the extent to which gender differences in career development can be explained by early career opportunities, specifically the prestigious postdoctoral fellowship which is particular to the Swedish university system. This study concluded that women and men have the same probability to achieve a postdoctoral fellowship and that among men and women who have achieved this we observed that they had equal chances of becoming professors. However, it was also shown that women are substantially worse off than men for the study group of those who have not achieved a postdoctoral fellowship. This indicates that a meritocratic system does not seem do discriminate against women whereas as vacancy system seems to do so.
|
|
| 21. |
- Eger, Maureen A., Dr. 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Argumentum ad populum : A reply to Bonikowski and DiMaggio
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Nations and Nationalism. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1354-5078 .- 1469-8129. ; 28:1, s. 366-370
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our reply to Bonikowski and DiMaggio (2021) is in three parts. First, we clarify the aim of our research note (Eger & Hjerm, 2021). Our original critique was based on a replication of their inductive analysis, and we evaluated their work using best practices for the methodology that they chose. Our argument is straightforward: If one is going to use inductive methods to say something meaningful about the real world, one needs to make sure that the model being advanced fits the data. We present additional evidence supporting our original critique. Second, we discuss whether their new analyses bolster their original results and conclusions. Third, because their own results actually suggest that different levels of American nationalism exist rather than qualitatively different types, we question their claim of convergent validity. In short, we stand by our original critique.
|
|
| 22. |
- Eger, Maureen A., Dr. 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Identifying Varieties of Nationalism : A Critique of a Purely Inductive Approach
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Nations and Nationalism. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1354-5078 .- 1469-8129. ; 28:1, s. 341-352
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most theoretical and empirical approaches to nationalism not only distinguish between ethnic and civic notions of national belonging, but also differentiate national identity from national hubris, pride, and attachment. In this article, we examine recently published research on nationalist sentiments in the United States that takes a different approach. The study in question has already become quite influential in the field and has the potential to change how we conceptualize and operationalize attitudes about the nation. In this research note, we revisit its analytical strategy and exploratory methods. We ask two questions. First, does this study allow us to draw conclusions about American nationalism? To answer this, we replicate the original model and then execute additional postestimation analyses, whose results undermine the study's main conclusions. Second, we investigate whether judicious revisions to the study's model generate results that would lead us to the article's same conclusions. 385 additional models lend no support. Based on this evidence, we argue that the original study's conclusions stem from a misinterpretation of its LCA analysis, as our own analyses demonstrate that there is no empirical basis for its claims.
|
|
| 23. |
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
- Eger, Maureen A., Dr. 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Unpacking the liberalizing potential of higher education : an analysis of academic majors, anti-Black prejudice, and opposition to immigration
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Ethnic and Racial Studies. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0141-9870 .- 1466-4356.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we challenge the prevailing assumption about the impact of higher education on attitudes toward racial and ethnic minorities by examining whether educational effects are monolithic or manifold instead. Using data from the General Social Survey (1972-2021), we use a variety of measures of education (years, levels, sectors, and majors) to unpack the relationship between higher education and intergroup attitudes, specifically anti-immigration attitudes among native-born Americans and anti-Black attitudes among non-African Americans. Results show that some higher education graduates hold out-group attitudes that are not much different from those without any higher education. Narrowing our focus to respondents only with higher education, we find significant variation in out-group attitudes across educational sectors and academic majors. These results have implications for how we understand previous scholarship on prejudice and higher education, which may have overestimated the impact higher education has, in general, on prejudice.
|
|
| 26. |
- Eger, Maureen A., Dr. 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
What is tolerance and how much do democracies require?
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Mainstreaming the global radical right. - : Ibidem-Verlag. - 9783838214467 - 9783838274461 ; , s. 362-365
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 27. |
- Eger, Maureen A., Dr. 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
When I was growing up : The lasting impact of immigrant presence on native-born American attitudes towards immigrants and immigration
- 2022
-
Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 38:2, s. 169-188
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scholarship, including seminal research on prejudice, identifies adolescence as a critical period for the development of attitudes. Yet most sociological research on prejudice, especially in the form of anti-immigrant sentiment, focuses on the relationship between contemporaneous social conditions and attitudes towards out-groups while neglecting the demographic context during one’s impressionable years. Therefore, we design research to investigate the relationship among temporally distal and temporally proximal sub-national contexts and native-born attitudes towards immigration and immigrants. To do this, we merge geocoded data from the General Social Survey (1994–2016) with a unique US state-level dataset (1900–2015). Results from multilevel models reveal that immigrant presence during adolescence is a more consistent predictor of attitudes towards immigration and immigrants in adulthood. Thus, while the majority of sociological research on anti-immigrant sentiment asks ifsocietal conditions matter, our results suggest that a more important question is when the context matters.
|
|
| 28. |
- Ekstam, David, 1988-
(författare)
-
The Socialization of Intergroup Attitudes : The Problem of Generations
- 2021
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This doctoral thesis regards long-term aggregate trends in intergroup attitudes and the individual-level mechanisms that underlie change and continuity on the aggregate-level. The thesis focusses primarily on attitudes toward homosexuality in the North American context and attitudes toward immigration in the European context. I approach these subjects from a political socialization perspective, which emphasizes the importance of early-life experiences for the development of political orientations. From this perspective, the expectation is that aggregate-level value change is principally driven by generational replacement.The thesis is comprised of three separate research papers. In the first paper, I address the conflicting findings of prior age-period-cohort studies of long-term change in American attitudes toward homosexuality. The paper demonstrates that the conflicting findings of previous research essentially are a product of different studies using different analytical constraints in order to ensure model identification in the face of the identification problem that exists in age-period-cohort analysis. While this identification problem impedes clear-cut inference with regard to linear cohort effects, I nevertheless propose that generational replacement has been an important factor behind the liberal shift in American public opinion on homosexuality over the past few decades. In the second paper, I examine the lifespan developmental trajectory of attitudes toward homosexuality by the means of American panel data. The paper demonstrates that attitudes toward homosexuality are highly stable on the individual-level but also that attitude stability increases across the human lifespan, which suggest that this kind of attitudes are primarily formed early in life. In the third paper, I look at generational differences in the relationship between education and anti-immigrant sentiment. The paper demonstrates that this relationship has increased in strength across cohorts born over the 20th century in most Western European countries. Importantly, this cross-generational trend has been driven mainly by the highly educated strata of the population. This suggests that the capacity of educational institutions to reduce negative outgroup attitudes through socialization increases as a democratic regime consolidates over time.
|
|
| 29. |
- Ervasti, Heikki, et al.
(författare)
-
Attitudes towards immigrants
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Nordic Social Attitudes in a European Perspective. - : Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Cheltenham. - 978 1 84720 931 3 ; , s. 188-206
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 30. |
- Ervasti, Heikki, et al.
(författare)
-
Conclusions: Nordic uniqueness, reality or myth?
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Nordic Social Attitudes in a European Perspective. - : Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Cheltenham. - 978 1 84720 931 3 ; , s. 249-261
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 31. |
|
|
| 32. |
- Ervasti, Heikki, et al.
(författare)
-
The Nordic Model
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Nordic Social Attitudes in a European Perspective. - : Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Cheltenham. - 978 1 84720 931 3 ; , s. 1-21
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
- Fors Connolly, Filip, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Out-of-home activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden : associations with subjective well-being and the moderating roles of age and personality
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 226
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reduction of frequency of out-of-home activities among Swedes, and its relationship with Subjective Well-Being (SWB), including Life Satisfaction (LS) and Emotional Well-Being (EWB). A considerable decrease in attending cultural events, dining out, shopping, and social activities was observed and to a lesser extent walking and exercise. Reduction in walking and exercise, but none of the other activities, correlated negatively with both LS and EWB. Our study suggests that activity reductions may have similar effects on both dimensions of SWB, rather than the typical finding in previous studies suggesting a stronger influence on EWB. Age moderated the impact of physical activities, indicating that reductions in physical activities were primarily detrimental for older individuals. High Neuroticism was found to moderate the relationship between social activities and SWB, suggesting that decreases in social activities had a slightly negative effect on SWB for people high in Neuroticism.
|
|
| 35. |
- Fors, Filip, 1981-
(författare)
-
Lycklig? : Sju studier om välbefinnandets och livstillfredsställelsens bestämningsfaktorer
- 2012
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Quality of life is often defined in terms of happiness. Happiness can be divided into two components; a cognitive and evaluating form of happiness named life satisfaction and a more emotional form of happiness named affective well-being. The aim of empirical happiness studies is to survey which factors that influence life satisfaction and affective well-being. Despite the fact that the purpose of happiness studies is to understand which factors that impact these two forms of happiness, previous studies have, however, almost exclusively been focused on factors that impact life satisfaction. Whether determinants of life satisfaction and affective well-being are different and if there are factors that are especially important for affective well-being is hence uncertain on the basis of previous research. The first and main question of the dissertation revolves around the attempt to answer these questions. More specifically, this thesis examine the relationship between the two forms of happiness and socioeconomic status, social relationships, health, recreational activities, personality traits and context of society of an individual. These questions are analyzed using statistical data from the European Social Survey and the Swedish SOM-survey.The results of this dissertation indicate that the relationship between different determinants and the two forms of happiness, systematically differ. First and foremost, many important aspects of socioeconomic status, social relationships and societal factors are shown to be more related to life satisfaction than affective well-being. Some aspects of health and personality, on the other hand, show a stronger relation with affective well-being compared to life satisfaction.Besides investigating whether the determinants of life satisfaction and affective well-being diverge, the aim of the dissertation is also to answer whether peoples personality traits and personal values, affect what significance life circumstances have for life satisfaction and affective well-being of the individual. The results of the dissertation indicate that both personality traits, as well as values, affect the significance of a number of different living conditions.In conclusion, the results of the dissertation indicate that the study of people’s happiness should be balanced by studying life satisfaction and affective well-being separately. Furthermore, the study of individual differences in personality traits and personal values can extend the understanding of how living conditions influence life satisfaction and affective well-being of individuals. This knowledge can, in turn, contribute to important awareness about how people’s life satisfaction and affective well-being can be promoted both on a personal as well as on a social level.
|
|
| 36. |
- Frech, Johannes, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
The worst off in Europe - country differences and trends over time in (low) life satisfaction
- 2024
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Sociology. - : Routledge. - 0020-7659 .- 1557-9336.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, policymakers and researchers have shown increased interest in subjective well-being across countries. While previous research primarily focused on country averages, measuring the distribution of subjective well-being through standard deviation has become more frequent. This article introduces a new approach to assess subjective well-being: focusing on the “worst off," or the group with the lowest levels of well-being. Based on several ethical and political theories, this measure is deemed the most relevant when assessing well-being levels in society. The study constructs new measures of low subjective well-being (the bottom 10%) to evaluate differences across countries, changes over time, and associations with economic growth, using data from 33 European countries from 2002 to 2018. The findings indicate significant variations in well-being for the worst off across countries, with improvements observed in almost all countries studied, particularly in Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic. Improvements are generally larger for the worst off compared to the general population. Furthermore, both GDP per capita and financial satisfaction are positively associated with the subjective well-being of the worst off, both over time and when countries are compared cross-sectionally. The implications of these findings for future research and benchmarking quality of life are discussed.
|
|
| 37. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
-
Emotional Well-Being Related to Time Pressure, Impediment to Goal Progress, and Stress-Related Symptoms
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Happiness Studies. - : Springer. - 1389-4978 .- 1573-7780. ; 17:5, s. 1789-1799
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose that emotional well-being in everyday life is partially related to the balance of positive and negative affect associated with everyday routine activities. Factors that interfere with positive affect associated with such activities would therefore have negative impacts on emotional well-being. Supporting that time pressure is one such factor, we find in Study 1 for a representative sample of Swedish employees (n = 1507) answering a survey questionnaire that emotional well-being has a negative relationship to time pressure. In Study 2 we test the hypothesis that the negative effect of time pressure on emotional well-being is jointly mediated by impediment to goal progress and time stress. In another survey questionnaire a sample of Swedish employees (n = 240) answered retrospective questions about emotional well-being at work and off work, experienced impediment to goal progress, experienced time pressure, and stress-related symptoms. Statistical mediation analyses supported the proposed hypothesis.
|
|
| 38. |
- Hjerm, Mikael, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
-
A New Approach to the Study of Tolerance : Conceptualizing and Measuring Acceptance, Respect, and Appreciation of Difference
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Social Indicators Research. - : Springer. - 0303-8300 .- 1573-0921. ; 147, s. 897-919
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous empirical research on tolerance suffers from a number of shortcomings, the most serious being the conceptual and operational conflation of (in)tolerance and prejudice. We design research to remedy this. First, we contribute to the literature by advancing research that distinguishes analytically between the two phenomena. We conceptualize tolerance as a value orientation towards difference. This definition—which is abstract and does not capture attitudes towards specific out-groups, ideas, or behaviors—allows for the analysis of tolerance within and between societies. Second, we improve the measurement of tolerance by developing survey items that are consistent with this conceptualization. We administer two surveys, one national (Sweden) and one cross-national (Australia, Denmark, Great Britain, Sweden, and the United States). Results from structural equation models show that tolerance is best understood as a three-dimensional concept, which includes acceptance of, respect for, and appreciation of difference. Analyses show that measures of tolerance have metric invariance across countries, and additional tests demonstrate convergent and discriminant validity. We also assess tolerance’s relationship to prejudice and find that only an appreciation of difference has the potential to reduce prejudice. We conclude that it is not only possible to measure tolerance in a way that is distinct from prejudice but also necessary if we are to understand the causes and consequences of tolerance.
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
- Hjerm, Mikael, 1969-
(författare)
-
Anti-Immigrant Attitudes and Cross-Municipal Variation in the Proportion of Immigrants
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Acta Sociologica. - : SAGE. - 0001-6993 .- 1502-3869. ; 52:1, s. 47-62
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, I set out to test a specific case of group threat theory, namely the size of the minority population. My general aim is to test whether the proportion of immigrants in Swedish municipalities has any effect on anti-immigrant attitudes. More specifically, I examine whether visibility of immigrants matters, via country of origin, as well as whether different contexts intensify the relation between size of the minority population and anti-immigrant attitudes. I conclude that the proportion of the foreign-born population has no effect on anti-immigrant attitudes, whereas people have fewer anti-immigrant attitudes in municipalities with a high proportion of the most visible groups of immigrants. A recent influx of immigrants to the municipality does not matter for levels of anti-immigrant attitudes. However, the economic context matters in that anti-immigrant attitudes of people are strongest in poor municipalities with a large share of immigrants. The political context, on the other hand, does not matter.
|
|
| 41. |
- Hjerm, Mikael, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
-
Anti-immigration attitudes in different welfare states : do types of labor market policies matter?
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Comparative Sociology. - : Sage Publications. - 0020-7152 .- 1745-2554. ; 56:2, s. 141-162
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research sheds light onto the effects of welfare policies on anti-immigration attitudes by focusing on qualitative differences in these policies over time. Previous studies provide little evidence that welfare policies affect levels of anti-immigration attitudes because they view the welfare state in an overly abstract manner in relation to attitudes toward immigration. From this viewpoint, this research focuses on differences in a specific aspect of welfare policies, i.e. labor market policies, according to level and type of activation. By analyzing cross-national data over time, we determine that labor market policies in the form of activation policies indeed affect attitudes toward immigration. We also show that the effects vary across different types of labor market policies and depend on individual levels of socioeconomic vulnerability. Thus, this article provides a first step to rethinking how we conceptualize the welfare state in relation to anti-immigrant attitudes.
|
|
| 42. |
- Hjerm, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
-
Appendix: data source and statistical methods
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Nordic Social Attitudes in a European Perspective. - : Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Cheltenham. - 978 1 84720 931 3 ; , s. 262-271
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 43. |
|
|
| 44. |
- Hjerm, Mikael
(författare)
-
Arbetsliv
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 41:1, s. 2-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 45. |
|
|
| 46. |
- Hjerm, Mikael
(författare)
-
Barn
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 42:4, s. 2-3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 47. |
- Hjerm, Mikael
(författare)
-
Defending Liberal Nationalism - At what Cost?
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1369-183X .- 1469-9451. ; 30:1, s. 41-57
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article sets out to theoretically and empirically examine the liberal nationalist argument of promotion of cultural nationalism as a means of securing individual autonomy. The claim that a specific national identity needs to be promoted in the name of cultural nationalism in order to facilitate free and autonomous individuals is analysed. The article uses data from 21 of the countries participating in the International Social Survey Programme and examines whether cultural nationalism can be promoted without us having to pay a price for such promotion. It concludes that cultural nationalism only can be promoted as long as we are willing to pay the price of derogatory values aimed at individuals not considered as belonging to the nation. Thus, the liberal nationalist argument is put into question.
|
|
| 48. |
- Hjerm, Mikael
(författare)
-
Do Numbers Really Count? Group Threat Theory Revisited
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. - 1469-9451. ; 33:8, s. 1253-1275
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A specific case of group threat theory states that the size of a given minority has a direct bearing on anti-immigrant attitudes amongst the majority, a hypothesis that has been shown to have some merit, especially in the USA. This article embarks on group threat theory by focusing on the actual as well as the perceived size of a minority under different political circumstances. Data are drawn from the European Social Survey. After using multilevel analysis for 20 European countries, the paper concludes that neither actual nor perceived size matter for anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe. Nor does size have any effect under different economic or political contexts. This challenges both the theoretical foundation of this specific case of group threat as well as the European political discourse that claims that immigration needs to be reduced in order to lessen tension and, in the long run, preserve a stable democracy.
|
|
| 49. |
|
|
| 50. |
|
|
