| 1. |
- Keck, Michaela Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Amplification of the PLAG-family genes—PLAGL1 and PLAGL2—is a key feature of the novel tumor type CNS embryonal tumor with PLAGL amplification
- 2023
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Ingår i: Acta Neuropathologica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0001-6322 .- 1432-0533. ; 145:1, s. 49-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors represent the most common cause of cancer-related death in children aged 0–14 years. They differ from their adult counterparts, showing extensive clinical and molecular heterogeneity as well as a challenging histopathological spectrum that often impairs accurate diagnosis. Here, we use DNA methylation-based CNS tumor classification in combination with copy number, RNA-seq, and ChIP-seq analysis to characterize a newly identified CNS tumor type. In addition, we report histology, patient characteristics, and survival data in this tumor type. We describe a biologically distinct pediatric CNS tumor type (n = 31 cases) that is characterized by focal high-level amplification and resultant overexpression of either PLAGL1 or PLAGL2, and an absence of recurrent genetic alterations characteristic of other pediatric CNS tumor types. Both genes act as transcription factors for a regulatory subset of imprinted genes (IGs), components of the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway, and the potential drug targets RET and CYP2W1, which are also specifically overexpressed in this tumor type. A derived PLAGL-specific gene expression signature indicates dysregulation of imprinting control and differentiation/development. These tumors occurred throughout the neuroaxis including the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem, and were predominantly composed of primitive embryonal-like cells lacking robust expression of markers of glial or neuronal differentiation (e.g., GFAP, OLIG2, and synaptophysin). Tumors with PLAGL1 amplification were typically diagnosed during adolescence (median age 10.5 years), whereas those with PLAGL2 amplification were diagnosed during early childhood (median age 2 years). The 10-year overall survival was 66% for PLAGL1-amplified tumors, 25% for PLAGL2-amplified tumors, 18% for male patients, and 82% for female patients. In summary, we describe a new type of biologically distinct CNS tumor characterized by PLAGL1/2 amplification that occurs predominantly in infants and toddlers (PLAGL2) or adolescents (PLAGL1) which we consider best classified as a CNS embryonal tumor and which is associated with intermediate survival. The cell of origin and optimal treatment strategies remain to be defined.
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| 2. |
- Northcott, Paul A, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancer hijacking activates GFI1 family oncogenes in medulloblastoma.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 511:7510, s. 428-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medulloblastoma is a highly malignant paediatric brain tumour currently treated with a combination of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, posing a considerable burden of toxicity to the developing child. Genomics has illuminated the extensive intertumoral heterogeneity of medulloblastoma, identifying four distinct molecular subgroups. Group 3 and group 4 subgroup medulloblastomas account for most paediatric cases; yet, oncogenic drivers for these subtypes remain largely unidentified. Here we describe a series of prevalent, highly disparate genomic structural variants, restricted to groups 3 and 4, resulting in specific and mutually exclusive activation of the growth factor independent 1 family proto-oncogenes, GFI1 and GFI1B. Somatic structural variants juxtapose GFI1 or GFI1B coding sequences proximal to active enhancer elements, including super-enhancers, instigating oncogenic activity. Our results, supported by evidence from mouse models, identify GFI1 and GFI1B as prominent medulloblastoma oncogenes and implicate 'enhancer hijacking' as an efficient mechanism driving oncogene activation in a childhood cancer.
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| 3. |
- Palmer, Elizabeth E., et al.
(författare)
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Functional and clinical studies reveal pathophysiological complexity of CLCN4-related neurodevelopmental condition
- 2023
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Ingår i: Molecular Psychiatry. - : SPRINGERNATURE. - 1359-4184 .- 1476-5578. ; 28:2, s. 668-697
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Missense and truncating variants in the X-chromosome-linked CLCN4 gene, resulting in reduced or complete loss-of-function (LOF) of the encoded chloride/proton exchanger ClC-4, were recently demonstrated to cause a neurocognitive phenotype in both males and females. Through international clinical matchmaking and interrogation of public variant databases we assembled a database of 90 rare CLCN4 missense variants in 90 families: 41 unique and 18 recurrent variants in 49 families. For 43 families, including 22 males and 33 females, we collated detailed clinical and segregation data. To confirm causality of variants and to obtain insight into disease mechanisms, we investigated the effect on electrophysiological properties of 59 of the variants in Xenopus oocytes using extended voltage and pH ranges. Detailed analyses revealed new pathophysiological mechanisms: 25% (15/59) of variants demonstrated LOF, characterized by a "shift" of the voltage-dependent activation to more positive voltages, and nine variants resulted in a toxic gain-of-function, associated with a disrupted gate allowing inward transport at negative voltages. Functional results were not always in line with in silico pathogenicity scores, highlighting the complexity of pathogenicity assessment for accurate genetic counselling. The complex neurocognitive and psychiatric manifestations of this condition, and hitherto under-recognized impacts on growth, gastrointestinal function, and motor control are discussed. Including published cases, we summarize features in 122 individuals from 67 families with CLCN4-related neurodevelopmental condition and suggest future research directions with the aim of improving the integrated care for individuals with this diagnosis.
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| 4. |
- Vandenput, Liesbeth, et al.
(författare)
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A meta-analysis of previous falls and subsequent fracture risk in cohort studies
- 2024
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Ingår i: Osteoporosis International. - : Springer. - 0937-941X .- 1433-2965. ; 35:3, s. 469-494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SummaryThe relationship between self-reported falls and fracture risk was estimated in an international meta-analysis of individual-level data from 46 prospective cohorts. Previous falls were associated with an increased fracture risk in women and men and should be considered as an additional risk factor in the FRAX® algorithm.IntroductionPrevious falls are a well-documented risk factor for subsequent fracture but have not yet been incorporated into the FRAX algorithm. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an international meta-analysis, the association between previous falls and subsequent fracture risk and its relation to sex, age, duration of follow-up, and bone mineral density (BMD).MethodsThe resource comprised 906,359 women and men (66.9% female) from 46 prospective cohorts. Previous falls were uniformly defined as any fall occurring during the previous year in 43 cohorts; the remaining three cohorts had a different question construct. The association between previous falls and fracture risk (any clinical fracture, osteoporotic fracture, major osteoporotic fracture, and hip fracture) was examined using an extension of the Poisson regression model in each cohort and each sex, followed by random-effects meta-analyses of the weighted beta coefficients.ResultsFalls in the past year were reported in 21.4% of individuals. During a follow-up of 9,102,207 person-years, 87,352 fractures occurred of which 19,509 were hip fractures. A previous fall was associated with a significantly increased risk of any clinical fracture both in women (hazard ratio (HR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33–1.51) and men (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.41–1.67). The HRs were of similar magnitude for osteoporotic, major osteoporotic fracture, and hip fracture. Sex significantly modified the association between previous fall and fracture risk, with predictive values being higher in men than in women (e.g., for major osteoporotic fracture, HR 1.53 (95% CI 1.27–1.84) in men vs. HR 1.32 (95% CI 1.20–1.45) in women, P for interaction = 0.013). The HRs associated with previous falls decreased with age in women and with duration of follow-up in men and women for most fracture outcomes. There was no evidence of an interaction between falls and BMD for fracture risk. Subsequent risk for a major osteoporotic fracture increased with each additional previous fall in women and men.ConclusionsA previous self-reported fall confers an increased risk of fracture that is largely independent of BMD. Previous falls should be considered as an additional risk factor in future iterations of FRAX to improve fracture risk prediction.
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| 5. |
- Niemi, MEK, et al.
(författare)
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- 2021
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 6. |
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August Strindberg und die Aufklärung / och upplysningen / and the Enlightment
- 2020. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Die 21. Internationale Strindberg-Konferenz fand vom 30. Mai bis zum 2. Juni 2019 an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen statt und widmete sich Strindbergs Verhältnis zur Aufklärung. Dieses Thema, das bislang von der Forschung kaum in den Blick genommen worden ist, erwies sich insofern als ausgesprochen fruchtbar, als sich in Strindbergs umfangreichem Werk zahlreiche, direkte wie indirekte, Anknüpfungspunkte an die Ideen der Aufklärung wiederfinden. Die Spuren der Aufklärung in Gesellschaft und Politik der Moderne, in Ästhetik, Ethik und Philosophie sowie in den Naturwissenschaften sind vielfältig. Hier setzte die Tagung an mit der Frage danach, welche Rolle die Aufklärung für Strindberg spielte. War sie für ihn überhaupt von größerer Bedeutung – oder überwog seine Kritik daran? Sind Strindbergs diverse experimentelle Grenzüberschreitungen in der Folge aufgeklärten Denkens zu verstehen – oder nicht vielmehr eine polemische Reaktion darauf?Die Antworten auf diese Fragen liegen nun in den einzelnen Beiträgen dieses Buches in deutscher, schwedischer und englischer Sprache vor. Sie dokumentieren, wie fruchtbar der Austausch über die Spuren sein kann, die die Aufklärung in Strindbergs Werk hinterlassen hat. Zugleich führt die Suche nach Strindbergs Verhältnis zur Aufklärung und ihren Folgen auch wieder zur Erkenntnis einer ständigen Umkehr- und Weiterbewegung. Kants Vorstellung, dass die Aufklärung ein unabgeschlossener Prozess sei, folgt Strindberg insofern, als auch seine Auseinandersetzung mit der Aufklärung ständigen Veränderungen und Neuperspektivierungen unterliegt.Mit dem Thema August Strindberg und die Aufklärung wurde bewusst auf den Standort Göttingen und seine Rolle in der europäischen Aufklärung Bezug genommen. Gegründet 1737 zog die Universität Göttingen im 18. Jahrhundert zahlreiche Gelehrte an, vor allem auch aus Frankreich und Großbritannien an. Die Universität und ihre Bibliothek wurden zu einem wichtigen Knotenpunkt der Aufklärungsliteratur und -forschung. Experiment, Kritik, Grundlagenforschung und die Ästhetik der Aufklärung prägten den wissenschaftlichen und literarischen Diskurs gleichermaßen und haben ihre Spuren bis in die Gegenwart hinterlassen. Zugleich eröffnete die Diskussion über die Möglichkeiten der Vernunft auch die Kritik am Rationalismus – und sie zeigte die Grenzen des aufgeklärten Denkens auf. Göttingen war somit nicht nur ein Zentrum der Aufklärung, sondern auch der Kritik daran. Die frühromantischen Bewegungen bildeten sich hier ebenfalls als Reaktion auf und in Folge der Aufklärung heraus, angeregt u.a. durch Caroline Schlegel-Schelling, Georg Forster und Theres Heyne, die sich in Göttingen trafen. Die europäische Aufklärung und die Aufklärungskritik fanden an diesem Ort also zeitgleich Ausdruck, standen im Zentrum wissenschaftlicher Forschung und akademischen Austauschs und bestimmten die Debatte über die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Vernunft weit über das 18. Jahrhundert hinaus.Während in Strindbergs frühen Schriften eine grundsätzliche Zustimmung zu den Ideen der Aufklärung erkennbar ist, tritt in seinen späteren Arbeiten eine kritische Haltung hinzu, die vom frühromantischen Diskurs bestimmt ist. Auf der einen Seite steht die Faszination der Naturwissenschaften und des wissenschaftlichen Experiments, auf der anderen das Interesse für das Okkulte und Irrationale. Auffallend ist seine Skepsis gegenüber allen Institutionen und etablierten Ordnungen. Daher erscheint es nur konsequent, dass Strindberg auch die eigenen, einmal eingenommenen Positionen kritisch reflektiert und immer wieder umwertet. Sein Verhältnis zur Aufklärung bleibt ambivalent und unterliegt zahlreichen Umdeutungen und Neuperspektivierungen.Die einzelnen Beiträge dieses Tagungsbandes stellen Strindbergs kreativen Umgang mit der Aufklärung und ihren Folgen in der Moderne vor: Die unter der ersten Rubrik Licht und Gegenlicht geführten Texte präsentieren Strindbergs prinzipiell ambivalente Einstellung zur Aufklärung und ihrer Bedeutung für die (ästhetische) Moderne. Magnus Florin verfolgt in seinem Essay über das Licht ein zentrales Bild in Strindbergs Texten, das sowohl eine konkrete als auch eine metaphorische Bedeutung haben kann. Die Leitmetapher der schwedischen Aufklärung „Varde ljus!“ ̶ „Es werde Licht!“ -̶ lässt sich somit als eine Strindbergs Autorschaft prägende und immer wieder aufscheinende Leitmetapher festhalten. Die Lichtmetaphorik bestimmt diesen Band, der zugleich auch die Schattenseiten der Aufklärung mit reflektiert – das Gegenlicht.Lutz Rühling diskutiert in seinem Beitrag diesen Gegensatz zwischen Aufklärung und Gegenaufklärung am Beispiel dramatischer Texte von Strindberg und seinem Antagonisten Henrik Ibsen. Beide Autoren hatten unterschiedliche Perspektiven auf die Rolle der Aufklärung in der Moderne und beide gaben auf jeweils eigene Weise dem Anderen der Vernunft, dem Irrationalen Raum in ihren Bühnenstücken. Die Ambivalenz zwischen Aufklärung und Romantik steht auch im Zentrum von Göran Söderströms Beitrag. Dabei beobachtet Söderström vor allem die intendierten Adressaten von Strindbergs Texten. Als „Dichter für alle“ – „Folkets diktare“ – steht er gleichermaßen in der Tradition der Aufklärung wie in der der Romantik und bewegt sich in unterschiedlichen Lebens- und Schaffensperioden zwischen diesen Polen – aber immer im Bemühen um die Ansprache an ein möglichst breites Publikum. Auf ebenso gegenläufige, nämlich okkulte wie empiristische Tendenzen verweist Andrea Berardini in seinem Beitrag über Strindbergs literarische Produktion der 1890er Jahre. Er macht auf die inhärenten Widersprüche und Provokationen aufmerksam: Sie werden als Ausdruck eines selbstbewussten aufgeklärten Künstlers verstanden, der sich dem Experiment des Neuen stellt.Auf die Aufklärungsphilosophie und -literatur nimmt Strindberg in einzelnen Texten ganz konkret Bezug und zeigt die Schattenseiten und Widersprüche auf, denen die Aufklärung von Beginn an ausgesetzt war. Massimo Ciaravolo folgt diesen Spuren in seiner Lektüre des Gedichts Sömngångarnätter: Das Denkmal des französischen Aufklärungsphilosophen Descartes in der Stockholmer Adolf Frederiks-Kirche ist Anstoß für die Reflexion über das ambivalente Verhältnis von Aufklärung und Religion. Karin Hoff untersucht in ihrem Beitrag über das Historiendrama Gustav III (1902) die Unentschiedenheit des Königs zwischen Voltaire und Rousseau. Thomas Thorild und Johan Henric Kellgren, zwei zentrale literarische Akteure und Antagonisten im Gustavianischen Zeitalter, treten in diesem Stück als Repräsentanten der beiden widersprüchlichen philosophischen und ästhetischen Positionen auf. Diese Ambivalenz zwischen Voltaire und Rousseau wird auch an anderen Stellen in Strindbergs Werk wieder aufgegriffen: Auf der einen Seiten inspirierten ihn Rousseaus naturphilosophische und gesellschaftskritische Ideen so, wie die kaum eines anderen Philosophen. Auf der anderen Seite befürwortet Strindberg wiederholt Voltaires Überlegungen zum Liberalismus und zur Kritik an der traditionellen Ständegesellschaft und stellt seinem Roman Röda rummet ein Voltaire-Zitat als Motto voran. Im Laufe der Zeit nimmt Strindberg jedoch eine immer kritischere Haltung gegenüber vernunftbasierten Denksystemen ein. Die Wirklichkeit erscheint zunehmend das Resultat nicht empirischer Erfahrung, sondern des Wirkens höherer Mächte jenseits eines rationalen Weltbildes: Die Aufklärung wird nun im Gegenlicht romantischen Denkens gesehen.Strindberg als „experimenteller Universalexperimentator“ in der Tradition Lichtenbergs und Swedenborgs steht im Zentrum des zweiten Kapitels dieses Buches über die Universalexperimente. Experimentell arbeitete Strindberg, wie Barbara Lange in ihrem Beitrag zeigt, auch als Bildkünstler, in dem ästhetische Konventionen und Traditionen mit dem modernistischen Zufallsprinzip zusammengeführt werden. Das Experiment in der Malerei ist dabei dem literarischen Experiment durchaus vergleichbar, was ein Blick auf die konkreten Verfahrensweisen des Künstlers zeigt: Klaus Müller-Wille untersucht „Strindbergs experimentelles Schreiben“ auch unter Berücksichtigung der konkreten Materialität des Schreibens und wirft die Frage auf, inwieweit das Material selbst, Papier, Leinwand, Stift, Farbe etc., Einfluss auf das künstlerische Resultat hat. Ulf Olsson setzt sich mit dem „administrativen Diskurs“ in Strindbergs Schriften auseinander. Er beobachtet eine Spannung zwischen der Macht des Autors über den Text, dessen Gestaltung und Machart, sowie den Zwang, den Regeln der formalen Konventionen zu folgen: Diese Spannung findet sich im Vokabular und in den spezifischen Verfahrensweisen der Texte ebenso wieder wie im sozio-kulturellen Kontext, in dem sie situiert sind. Michel Foucaults Feststellung, dass die Aufklärung zwar die Freiheit und Souveränität des Subjekts gefördert habe, aber zugleich auch seine Disziplinierung durch die staatlichen Institutionen, entspricht Strindbergs Umgang mit der Freiheit des Experimentators einerseits und dem Anspruch auf Systematisierung und Ordnung andererseits.Als Reaktion auf die Modernisierungsprozesse liest Arne Florin wiederum die Geschwindigkeit, die sich in Strindbergs literarischem Schaffen auf unterschiedliche Weise bemerkbar macht. Er reflektiert nicht nur eine immer schneller werdende Welt, sondern die Geschwindigkeit bestimmt auch ganz konkret sein Schreiben. Das heißt, eine veränderte Wahrnehmung von Zeit wird in die Ästhetik überführt und treibt sie ebenso wie auch die Lektüre Rezipienten – buchstäblich – voran. Lukas Lehner folgt den Spuren von Kants Aufklärungsphilosophie in einer Vielzahl von Strindbergs Schriften und zeigt insbesondere die Bedeutung von Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft für Strindbergs medienästhetische Versuche auf. Auf die Schw
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| 7. |
- Bai, Xuemei, et al.
(författare)
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Translating Earth system boundaries for cities and businesses
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Sustainability. - 2398-9629. ; 7, s. 108-119
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Operating within safe and just Earth system boundaries requires mobilizing key actors across scale to set targets and take actions accordingly. Robust, transparent and fair cross-scale translation methods are essential to help navigate through the multiple steps of scientific and normative judgements in translation, with clear awareness of associated assumptions, bias and uncertainties. Here, through literature review and expert elicitation, we identify commonly used sharing approaches, illustrate ten principles of translation and present a protocol involving key building blocks and control steps in translation. We pay particular attention to businesses and cities, two understudied but critical actors to bring on board.
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| 8. |
- Bajbouj, Malek, et al.
(författare)
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Two-year outcome of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0271-0749 .- 1533-712X. ; 30:3, s. 273-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the major goals of antidepressant treatment is a sustained response and remission of depressive symptoms. Some of the previous studies of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) have suggested antidepressant effects. Our naturalistic study assessed the efficacy and the safety of VNS in 74 European patients with therapy-resistant major depressive disorder. Psychometric measures were obtained after 3, 12, and 24 months of VNS. Mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant reduction (P < or = 0.05) at all the 3 time points in the 28-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD28) score, the primary outcome measure. After 2 years, 53.1% (26/49) of the patients fulfilled the response criteria (> or =50% reduction in the HRSD28 scores from baseline) and 38.9% (19/49) fulfilled the remission criteria (HRSD28 scores < or = 10). The proportion of patients who fulfilled the remission criteria remained constant as the duration of VNS treatment increased. Voice alteration, cough, and pain were the most frequently reported adverse effects. Two patients committed suicide during the study; no other deaths were reported. No statistically significant differences were seen in the number of concomitant antidepressant medications. The results of this 2-year open-label trial suggest a clinical response and a comparatively benign adverse effect profile among patients with treatment-resistant depression.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Carlsson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Sacred Symbolism as a Moral Force
- 1999
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Ingår i: Social norms & moral feelings. - Lund : Dept. of Sociology [Sociologiska institutionen], Univ.. - 9189078837 ; Lund Series in Sociology of Law, no 7
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
- Carlsson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Testing the Trustworthiness of Individuals of Debt
- 1999
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Ingår i: Social norms & moral feelings. - Lund : Dept. of Sociology [Sociologiska institutionen], Univ.. - 9189078837 ; Lund Series in Sociology of Law, no 7
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 13. |
- Chaitanya, Lakshmi, et al.
(författare)
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Collaborative EDNAP exercise on the IrisPlex system for DNA based prediction of human eye colour
- 2014
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Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - : Elsevier. - 1872-4973 .- 1878-0326. ; 11, s. 241-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The IrisPlex system is a DNA-based test system for the prediction of human eye colour from biological samples and consists of a single forensically validated multiplex genotyping assay together with a statistical prediction model that is based on genotypes and phenotypes from thousands of individuals. IrisPlex predicts blue and brown human eye colour with, on average, >94% precision accuracy using six of the currently most eye colour informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (HERC2 rs12913832, OCA2 rs1800407, SLC24A4 rs12896399, SLC45A2 (MATP) rs16891982, TYR rs1393350, and IRF4 rs12203592) according to a previous study, while the accuracy in predicting non-blue and non-brown eye colours is considerably lower. In an effort to vigorously assess the IrisPlex system at the international level, testing was performed by 21 laboratories in the context of a collaborative exercise divided into three tasks and organised by the European DNA Profiling (EDNAP) Group of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG). Task 1 involved the assessment of 10 blood and saliva samples provided on FTA cards by the organising laboratory together with eye colour phenotypes; 99.4% of the genotypes were correctly reported and 99% of the eye colour phenotypes were correctly predicted. Task 2 involved the assessment of 5 DNA samples extracted by the host laboratory from simulated casework samples, artificially degraded, and provided to the participants in varying DNA concentrations. For this task, 98.7% of the genotypes were correctly determined and 96.2% of eye colour phenotypes were correctly inferred. For Tasks 1 and 2 together, 99.2% (1875) of the 1890 genotypes were correctly generated and of the 15 (0.8%) incorrect genotype calls, only 2 (0.1%) resulted in incorrect eye colour phenotypes. The voluntary Task 3 involved participants choosing their own test subjects for IrisPlex genotyping and eye colour phenotype inference, while eye photographs were provided to the organising laboratory and judged; 96% of the eye colour phenotypes were inferred correctly across 100 samples and 19 laboratories. The high success rates in genotyping and eye colour phenotyping clearly demonstrate the reproducibility and the robustness of the IrisPlex assay as well as the accuracy of the IrisPlex model to predict blue and brown eye colour from DNA. Additionally, this study demonstrates the ease with which the IrisPlex system is implementable and applicable across forensic laboratories around the world with varying pre-existing experiences.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Efverström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Anti-doping and legitimacy : an international survey of elite athletes’ perceptions
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sport Policy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1940-6940 .- 1940-6959. ; , s. 491-514
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anti-doping work is a comprehensive enterprise that entails control and governance of elite athletes’ everyday lives. However, in policy-making regarding doping and anti-doping in elite sports, the athletes’ perspective has not been considered adequately. Focusing on elite athletes’ perceptions of anti-doping as both principle and praxis, the study aimed to analyse how these perceptions can be understood from a legitimacy perspective. A survey study involving 261 elite athletes from 51 different countries and four international sports federations was conducted. The results showed that the athletes did not question the legitimacy of the rules, but had concerns about the legitimacy of the way the rules and principles are enforced in practice, specifically with regard to matters of privacy, lack of efficiency and equal conditions as well as athletes’ involvement in the anti-doping work. The article describes how athletes’ perceptions of the legitimacy of anti-doping work constitute the basis for their willingness to follow regulations as well as a precondition for the work’s functionality and stability. In light of this finding, the article calls for the empowerment of athletes in anti-doping work.
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| 16. |
- Efverström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Contexts and conditions for a level playing field : Elite athletes’ perspectives on anti-doping in practice
- 2016
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Ingår i: Performance Enhancement & Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2669. ; 5:2, s. 77-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The implementation of global anti-doping regulations was intended to provide a level playing field for all athletes entering sports competitions. However, studies have shown that the worldwide harmonization of rules has not been entirely efficacious. For instance, great variation has been found in how anti-doping organizations implement anti-doping regulations, and it has also been shown that athletes distrust the equivalence of the worldwide rules as regards their effects. The purpose of the present article is to examine how elite athletes from different contexts experience anti-doping procedures and to analyse the legitimacy of anti-doping practice. In order to capture a variety of voices and perspectives, 13 elite athletes from five different continents and three international sports federations were interviewed. The analysis shows that when global anti-doping policy is implemented in different contexts and under different conditions, inequities and structural injustices emerge concerning infrastructure, knowledge and support at the individual athlete level. These consequences may have implications for the legitimacy of anti-doping work, because the existence of procedural justice may be called into questioned. We therefore suggest that anti-doping policy-making should be based on taking into account these different conditions and being aware of the perspectives that underpin regulations intended to be applied global.
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| 17. |
- Haller, Daniel G, et al.
(författare)
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Potential regional differences for the tolerability profiles of fluoropyrimidines.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. - 1527-7755. ; 26:13, s. 2118-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: We conducted a retrospective analysis of safety data from randomized, single-agent fluoropyrimidine clinical trials (bolus fluorouracil/leucovorin [FU/LV] and capecitabine) to test the hypothesis that there are regional differences in fluoropyrimidine tolerability. METHODS: Treatment-related safety data from three phase III clinical studies were analyzed by multivariate analysis: two comparing capecitabine with bolus FU/LV in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) and one comparing capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) with bolus FU/LV as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. The United States (US) was compared with non-US countries (all three studies) and with the rest of the world and East Asia (adjuvant study). RESULTS: In the MCRC studies (n = 1,189), more grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs; relative risk [RR], 1.77), dose reductions (RR, 1.72), and discontinuations (RR, 1.83) were reported in US versus non-US patients. Likewise, in the adjuvant colon cancer study (n = 1,864), more grade 3/4 AEs (RR, 1.47) and discontinuations (RR, 2.09) were reported in US versus non-US patients. After further dividing non-US patients into those in East Asia and the rest of the world, differential RRs for related grade 3/4 AEs, grade 4 AEs, and serious AEs were again observed, with East Asian patients having the lowest and US patients the highest RR. CONCLUSION: Regional differences exist in the tolerability profiles of fluoropyrimidines. More treatment-related toxicity was reported in the US compared with the rest of the world for bolus FU/LV and capecitabine in first-line MCRC and adjuvant colon cancer. In the adjuvant setting, a range of fluoropyrimidine tolerability was observed, with East Asian patients having the lowest, and US patients the highest, RR.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Hoff, David
(författare)
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Dopning utanför idrotten – individualisering och muskulösa skönhetsideal: En studie av dopning i grundskola, gymnasium och på gym i Kalmar kommun
- 2013
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum. - 2000-088X. ; 4, s. 1-24
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of performance enhancing drugs, especially anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has emerged as a social problem outside competitive sports, linked to substance abuse and crime. The purpose of this article is to analyze the use of doping and attitudes to doping outside the competitive sports context in relation to age, gender, ethnicity, so¬cio-economic status, and branch of sport. The article is based on a survey study carried out in Kalmar Municipality at elementary schools (age=appr. 14; n=383), high schools (age=appr. 16; n=208) and fitness centers (n=327). The results showed that 1% of the girls and 2% of boys at elementary school, and 2% of girls and boys at high school, reported use of banned substances. 5% of the girls and 15% of the boys at high school had been of¬fered illegal substances. At fitness centers, 4% of the women and 5% of the men reported doping use, most commonly in the age group 31-35 (15%). Gender differences were small¬er than previous studies would suggest. Ethnic and socio-economic factors had only minor effects on prevalence of doping, which was more common among individuals who practiced strength sports and martial arts. Regarding attitudes towards doping, a large proportion of the pupils at elementary schools (45%) and students at high schools (56%) claimed that it is up to the individual to decide whether or not to use doping substances. The results are discussed from the perspective of individualization processes in society and in connection to influences from muscular body ideals, where doping together with work-out are analyzed as effective means for body transformations in individual (body-)identity projects.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Hoff, David, et al.
(författare)
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Miljöproblem – ett subjektivt fenomen
- 1998. - Håkan Hydén
-
Ingår i: Rättssociologiska perspektiv på hållbar utveckling.. - Lund : Sociology of Law – Lund University – Research Report 1998:1. ; Sociology of Law – Lund University – Research Report 1998:1
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 33. |
- Hoff, David
(författare)
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Positiva upplevelser av dopning : En kvalitativ studie av AAS-bruk och reflexiva kroppar
- 2022
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Ingår i: NAD Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. - : SAGE Publications. - 1455-0725 .- 1458-6126. ; 39:2, s. 146-162
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on doping usually has focused on social and individual problems, such as AAS-use in relations to substance abuse, criminality and health issues. The purpose of this study was to analyze the meaning of positive experiences of doping with Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS), outside the traditional sports competition context. Eight respondents with own AAS-experiences were interviewed. The theoretical framework was elaborated from Giddens’ discussion on individuals’ self-reflexivity and the construction of the self-identity in the late modern age. The respondents’ narratives were analyzed in four themes: (1) To be big and strong – masculine self-identity; (2) Revenge and to become a part of a community; (3) AAS and training as an “exit” from risk behavior and substance use; (4) Euphoria generator and anxiety reducer. The themes were analyzed as different processes of the respondents’ constructions of new self-identities and lifestyles using their reflexive bodies in body regimes where weight training and use of AAS were crucial.
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| 34. |
- Hoff, David
(författare)
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Reflections on 'doping in sport' and 'doping in society'
- 2016. - 1
-
Ingår i: Doping and Public Health. - : Routledge. - 9781315688428 - 9781138918559 ; , s. 49-63
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Doping in sport is recognized as an important problem in relation to fair play and health. Anti-doping work in sport has been going on since the beginning of the 1960s, and has been accentuated on several occasions by ‘doping scandals’. Until recently doping has been addressed solely as an internal sport issue, and not as a social problem outside sport. However, increasing evidence is showing that doping outside the elite sports context without any competitive reasons is not uncommon. Frequent use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been reported at gyms, among high school and college students, in criminal contexts and in relation to other types of substance abuse – where the competitive reasons for using illicit performance enhancing substances are of minor importance. Instead, the use of doping substances such as AAS is motivated by cosmetic reasons (to be more muscular, gain or loss weight), by criminal strategic reasons (to be stronger and more fearsome) and as a component in general substanceabuse behaviour. The use of ‘doping in society’ has been acknowledged in research, but still the issue is not publicly well known, and anti-doping efforts, prevention programmes and treatment strategies are underdeveloped, contrary to what is going on in relation to doping in sport. There is a need for more research on how widespread doping is outside sport, on social driving forces and motives for use of different doping preparations, and on physiological, psychological and social consequences of its use. In this article I discuss four issues in relation to the use of doping preparations – both within and outside sport (in society). In the first section – ‘Different types of doping and reasons for doping’ – I argue that ‘doping in sport’ differs from ‘doping in society’. For instance, doping in sport is something different from doping in a criminal context. But there are also common dominators between different types of doping behaviours, which will be discussed in the article. In the second section – ‘Doping use has to be understood in its own right’ – I argue that there are specific elements in the doping behaviour that differentiate use of doping preparations from substance abuse (alcohol and narcotics). In the third section – ‘Doping use is a sign of the times’ – I am arguing that the use of doping preparations should not only be analysed from an individual perspective.Until now, many studies have analysed doping as an individual problem (e.g. individual morals, a pessimistic personality, a risk-taking personality). I argue we have to consider the significance of current social processes and ideals in society to fully understand the interest in doping, not least concerning doping outside the competitive sports context. In the article I discuss some important social processes in relation to doping. In the fourth and last discussion I focus on today’s strong health ideals in society, in the section ‘The pursuit of good health could become unhealthy’. I argue that this is a double-edged development in relation to doping. To strive for better health through physical activities and a more healthy diet is of course a good thing, but when training and dieting become an obsession this can lead to eating disorders as well as use of doping substances.
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| 35. |
- Hoff, David, et al.
(författare)
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Rättsregler, normer och socialt handlande
- 1999
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Ingår i: Aspekter av och perspektiv på normer. - Lund : Sociology of Law, Lund Univ.. - 9172670010
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 36. |
- Hoff, David, et al.
(författare)
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Rättsregler, normer och socialt handlande
- 1999
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Ingår i: Aspekter av och perspektiv på normer: rättssociologer reflekterar kring normer. - 9172670010 ; Research Report, Sociology of Law 1999:3, s. 65-80
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Denna artikel syftar till att kortfattat beskriva utvecklingen av en normvetenskap samt att diskutera betydelsen av normanalyser inom samhällsvetenskap. En av sociologins främsta uppgifter ligger i att studera och förstå handlingar. Särskilt viktigt är studiet av interaktion eller samhandling. Genom olika processer av ömsesidig påverkan interagerar aktörer på olika nivåer av samhället. Interaktionen genererar mönster utifrån vilka aktörerna navigerar och gör val. Dessa mönster tar sig olika uttryck men kan med en gemensam term benämnas normer. Normerna utgör den grund utifrån vilken samhället eller gruppen utövar sin påverkan på olika aktörers val av handlingar. De påverkar valet av handlingar genom att bidra med kunskaper om hur man bör handla. Normerna kan i sin enklaste form beskrivas som sociala handlingsdirektiv.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Hoff, David
(författare)
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The significance of ‘situated learning’ for doping in an elite sports community : an interview study of AAS-using powerlifters
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sport in Society. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1743-0437 .- 1743-0445. ; 25:1, s. 197-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article investigates social learning of doping among elite athletes, based on qualitative interviews with 10 former competitive powerlifters, which were analyzed with Lave and Wenger’s learning theories. The constitution of the social context–the sports community–and specific situations were decisive for how the informants acted in relation to doping. The informants were situated in a powerlifting community where doping was common. Experienced lifters, central in the community, approached and encouraged the peripheral informants, and they gradually became more involved in the practice by doping activities, due to expectations, curiosity, in an endeavour for results, to be like the ‘big guy’s’, and to compete on a level playfield. They received help with supply and administration of doping substances in the interactions with the experienced lifters. To gain a central role in the community, and for identity formation, doping was a crucial and defining activity.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Hoff, David
(författare)
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Varför etiska kommittéer?
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis analyses the development of ethics committees from a sociology of law perspective and a social steerage perspective ("social control"). The main question is: Why are ethics committees established? Institutionalised ethics committee is a rather new phenomenon, which has become widely spread in the last 20 years. The study points out the public ethical debate since the 1980s as a major explanation for the growth of ethics committees. The thesis also discusses social factors that are in the background of the ethical debate. Here we can see changes in the Swedish ideological-economic policies at the same time as the ethical debates begin and when a lot of ethics committees are established. From the social steerage perspective the ethics committees can be described as specialised social control units, and these organisations create norms or normative expectations for a special field. The ethics committees emanate from a need for regulations in relation to criticism of a special branch or profession, and committees are established to manage, and in the future avoid, criticism, and to create social steerage in the area. The dissertation also focuses on the fact that ethics committees can be established to avoid legislation. If a profession establishes a social control unit, like an ethics committee, the profession has a better chance to avoid legislation; the field will already be regulated and there would be no need for legislation. Professions want to protect their right to self-determination. But the internal steerage could suffer from lack of legitimacy in society. The focus on ethics in social steerage is a tool for gaining public acceptance or legitimacy.
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| 44. |
- Hoff, David
(författare)
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Varför idrottare dopar sig : En intervjustudie om vad som underbygger dopingbruk hos svenska idrottare
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna studie har elva svenska idrottare som dopat sig intervjuats – tio styrkelyftare och en tyngdlyftare. Idrottarna har varit verksamma på tävlings- till elitnivå, och har fällts för minst en dopingförseelse 1990 till och med 2006. Syftet med studien har varit att identifiera och analysera sociala processer som ligger bakom bruket. Anabola Androgena Steroider (AAS) var det preparat som samtliga respondenter hade använt under olika lång tidsperiod. Respondenterna upplevde att bruket gav tydliga förtjänster avseende idrottsprestation och begränsade biverkningar som bland annat handlade om sexuell förmåga. En respondent som hade använt relativt stora doser rapporterade om mer omfattande biverkningar i form och hjärt- och leverproblem, samt aggressivitet och våldsamhet. Den idrottsmiljö, främst styrkelyftmiljön, som respondenterna beskrev, kännetecknades vid tidpunkten då respondenterna var aktiva av vad som får kallas en dopingkultur. Det verkade finnas en tyst förväntan om att framgångsrika utövare använde AAS, och detta blev också en anledning till att respondenterna själva började använda – för att kunna konkurrera på lika villkor. När respondenterna berättade om första gången de använde dopingmedel, så framstår det mer som att de anpassade sig till en rådande kultur än att de avvek från den genom att dopa sig. Var de framgångsrika fick de frågor om vilka preparat de använde, och i omklädningsrum såg de vad andra gjorde, det vill säga använde AAS. Det viktigaste motivet till bruk av AAS som angavs var: ”alla andra använder”, men även en nyfikenhet var motiverande. Kopplingen mellan social bakgrund och dopingbruk var begränsad, åtminstone så som det beskrivs av respondenterna. Det rapporterades om ett par fall av mobbning och ett par fall av uppväxt med föräldrar med missbruksproblematik som möjligen kan kopplas till respondenternas senare dopingbruk. Respondenterna beskrev sig inte heller som typiska ”riskpersonligheter”, utan flera pekade snarare på att de försökte minimera risker genom att till exempel använda förhållandevis låga doser av AAS, och minimera risken att fastna i en dopingkontroll genom att avsluta kurer en viss bestämd tid före tävlingar. En teori om idrottares dopingbruk handlar om att idrottare som dopar sig är överkonforma i relation till ”idrottens etik” (vilket här ungefär kan översättas till ”idrottens prestationslogik”). Coakley och Pike (2009) menar att dopade idrottare drivs aven överdriven och okritisk inställning till idrottens grundläggande prestationsvärden. Det kan till exempel handla om att man idrottar fast man är skadad eller att man sätter idrotten före allt annat i livet, som till exempel familjen. Men det innebär också att man tar hjälp av alla möjliga medel för att till varje pris uppnå bästa resultat och vinna tävlingar, och ett sådant medel kan vara AAS. Bland idrottarna i denna studie var inte denna inställning kännetecknande, dock berättade en av respondenterna om ett tidigare idrottsliv som innehöll handlingar som i studien tolkas som möjliga uttryck för en överkonformitet – vilket är ett intressant resultat, men ett enhetligt mönster bland respondenterna gick inte att utläsa.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Lawniczak, Mara K. N., et al.
(författare)
-
Standards recommendations for the Earth BioGenome Project
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A global international initiative, such as the Earth BioGenome Project (EBP), requires both agreement and coordination on standards to ensure that the collective effort generates rapid progress toward its goals. To this end, the EBP initiated five technical standards committees comprising volunteer members from the global genomics scientific community: Sample Collection and Processing, Sequencing and Assembly, Annotation, Analysis, and IT and Informatics. The current versions of the resulting standards documents are available on the EBP website, with the recognition that opportunities, technologies, and challenges may improve or change in the future, requiring flexibility for the EBP to meet its goals. Here, we describe some highlights from the proposed standards, and areas where additional challenges will need to be met.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Maxwell, Christopher A., et al.
(författare)
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Interplay between BRCA1 and RHAMM Regulates Epithelial Apicobasal Polarization and May Influence Risk of Breast Cancer
- 2011
-
Ingår i: PLoS Biology. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1545-7885 .- 1544-9173. ; 9:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Differentiated mammary epithelium shows apicobasal polarity, and loss of tissue organization is an early hallmark of breast carcinogenesis. In BRCA1 mutation carriers, accumulation of stem and progenitor cells in normal breast tissue and increased risk of developing tumors of basal-like type suggest that BRCA1 regulates stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the function of BRCA1 in this process and its link to carcinogenesis remain unknown. Here we depict a molecular mechanism involving BRCA1 and RHAMM that regulates apicobasal polarity and, when perturbed, may increase risk of breast cancer. Starting from complementary genetic analyses across families and populations, we identified common genetic variation at the low-penetrance susceptibility HMMR locus (encoding for RHAMM) that modifies breast cancer risk among BRCA1, but probably not BRCA2, mutation carriers: n = 7,584, weighted hazard ratio ((w)HR) = 1.09 (95% CI 1.02-1.16), p(trend) = 0.017; and n = 3,965, (w)HR = 1.04 (95% CI 0.94-1.16), p(trend) = 0.43; respectively. Subsequently, studies of MCF10A apicobasal polarization revealed a central role for BRCA1 and RHAMM, together with AURKA and TPX2, in essential reorganization of microtubules. Mechanistically, reorganization is facilitated by BRCA1 and impaired by AURKA, which is regulated by negative feedback involving RHAMM and TPX2. Taken together, our data provide fundamental insight into apicobasal polarization through BRCA1 function, which may explain the expanded cell subsets and characteristic tumor type accompanying BRCA1 mutation, while also linking this process to sporadic breast cancer through perturbation of HMMR/RHAMM.
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| 49. |
- Qvarfordt, Anna, 1965-
(författare)
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Anti-doping – a legitimate effort? : Elite athletes' perspectives on policy and practice
- 2019
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The global anti-doping enterprise in sport is a comprehensive system in which the athlete is at the centre of regulation, scrutiny and control. There is limited knowledge about the implications of this extensive control system for athletes and about how athletes perceive the system; little is known about possible consequences of these implications and perceptions for the legitimacy of the system. The overall aim of this thesis is to analyse the legitimacy of global anti-doping policy and practice from the perspectives of international elite athletes.Four articles are included in this compilation thesis. The first illustrates, based on a discourse analytical approach, how claims for legitimacy of the anti-doping system are produced in policy documents aimed at athletes. The second explores the perceptions and legitimacy of anti-doping policy and practice through a survey aimed at elite athletes in different sports and from different regions of the world. The third article examines, through an interview study, how athletes in different contexts experience the practice of anti-doping and what consequences this may have for the system's legitimacy. The interview study was also the basis for the fourth article, focusing on the athletes' experiences and perceptions of their opportunities for compliance and how this is related to their view of the system's legitimacy. Using the four articles as a basis, the analysis of legitimacy within the anti-doping system is expanded in the thesis through an overarching analytical framework inspired by David Beetham.The results show that the legitimacy of the policy documents is based on essentially authoritative, but also rational, arguments for justifying the anti-doping enterprise. Elite athletes are generally in favour of anti-doping policy and the principle that doping should be prohibited. However, when the rules are implemented into practice, problems to do with lack of procedural justice arise which may have an impact on the system's legitimacy. Procedures in the system are perceived as having a negative effect on sportspersons' private life, and as ineffective and unequally implemented across the world; also, athletes have little influence over decision-making processes. Anti-doping practice is moreover perceived to cause structural inequalities due to inequality in access to technology, education and knowledge as well as supportive systems. Most athletes wish to comply with the rules, but many struggle with lack of control and have limited scope for taking responsibility regarding compliance with the doping rules. Even when athletes are dutiful and perform acts that confer legitimacy to the rules and the authorities, some experiences and perceptions could endanger the legitimacy of antidoping, as seen in the overall legitimacy analysis of the thesis. Athletes' perceptions of inequality, ineffectiveness and lack of leeway can be interpreted as a lack of rule conformity to the anti-doping authority. There also appears to be a lack of shared normative beliefs between sportspersons and the anti-doping authorities, as many athletes feel that their opinions are not taken into account. Decision-making processes that do not pay attention to the perceptions of those involved can result in a discrepancy between the rules and the norms.The international anti-doping system is a major international enterprise with comprehensive rules that need to be applied equally around the world, and that also need to be legitimated in different countries where athletes have different conditions to comply with the regulations. In this thesis, I have shown that these different conditions have consequences for the ability to comply with the rules and also for the application of the regulations. The far-reaching rules mean that procedures within the system are experienced as causing a number of negative consequences. I have shown that this poses a risk to the legitimacy of the system if these problems are not addressed.
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| 50. |
- Qvarfordt, Anna, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
-
From fighting the bad to protecting the good : Legitimation strategies in WADA’s athlete guides
- 2019
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Ingår i: Performance Enhancement & Health. - : Elsevier. - 2211-2669. ; 7:1-2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global anti-doping effort in sport is based upon perceptions of the system as desirable, proper and appropriate and thus considered legitimate. The legitimacy of the anti-doping system has earlier been studied bottom-up, based on the views of athletes. In order to gain greater understanding of legitimation processes, it is also important to study legitimation strategies top-down, used by decision-making and governing bodies. The aim of this study was to use Fairclough’s critical discourse analytical approach to analyse the social construction of legitimacy in the World Anti-Doping Agency’s three editions of a guide to anti-doping rules aimed at athletes. The analysis was performed based on van Leeuwen’s four specific legitimation strategies: authorization, rationalization, moral evaluation and mythopoesis. Our analysis shows that the legitimation of the anti-doping discourse as constructed in the athlete guides that has accompanied anti-doping regulations for more than a decade is characterized by continuity as regards an authoritarian attitude, but also by change towards a more rational and athlete-centred stance. A shift can be seen in the construction of legitimacy in the anti-doping discourse from “fighting the bad” to “protecting the good”. We discuss the moral evaluation strategy as a way to construct legitimacy for anti-doping efforts and sport in general towards a wider public. In the light of the results of this study, we conclude that policymaking in relation to doping issues should take into account the dimension of the discursive top-down legitimation, which could affect how the policy is received at the level of the athletes and provide conditions for a sustainable anti-doping system.
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