| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Brönmark, Christer, et al.
(författare)
-
Costs of inducible defence along a resource gradient.
- 2012
-
Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In addition to having constitutive defence traits, many organisms also respond to predation by phenotypic plasticity. In order for plasticity to be adaptive, induced defences should incur a benefit to the organism in, for example, decreased risk of predation. However, the production of defence traits may include costs in fitness components such as growth, time to reproduction, or fecundity. To test the hypothesis that the expression of phenotypic plasticity incurs costs, we performed a common garden experiment with a freshwater snail, Radix balthica, a species known to change morphology in the presence of molluscivorous fish. We measured a number of predator-induced morphological and behavioural defence traits in snails that we reared in the presence or absence of chemical cues from fish. Further, we quantified the costs of plasticity in fitness characters related to fecundity and growth. Since plastic responses may be inhibited under limited resource conditions, we reared snails in different densities and thereby levels of competition. Snails exposed to predator cues grew rounder and thicker shells, traits confirmed to be adaptive in environments with fish. Defence traits were consistently expressed independent of density, suggesting strong selection from predatory molluscivorous fish. However, the expression of defence traits resulted in reduced growth rate and fecundity, particularly with limited resources. Our results suggest full defence in predator related traits regardless of resource availability, and costs of defence consequently paid in traits related to fitness.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Hollander, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Rates of gene flow in a freshwater snail and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4066 .- 1095-8312. ; 121:4, s. 764-770
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolution of phenotypic plasticity requires a number of conditions. Selection of plasticity is favoured when the organism experience environmental change, costs are low and cues are reliable about the environmental heterogeneity. However, organisms living in stable environments, not showing constitutive traits but a large amount of plasticity, are predicted to demonstrate high rates of gene flow in order for selection to favour the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, which accordingly should provide weak genetic structures across populations. We used the pulmonate freshwater gastropod Radix balthica, a species with known and considerable shell shape variation due to predator-induced plasticity, and used amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to test if the rate of gene flow can explain the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Since R. balthica inhabit water bodies with different but consistent predator regimes, we envisaged a large dispersal rate. However, we found a contradictory result with clear population structures, even among adjacent ponds in southern Sweden. We discuss this apparent paradox in contrast to the evolution of ecotype formation, colonization mechanisms that have the potential to reduce gene flow and, in the context of costs of plasticity, we consider new perspectives about relaxed and variable selection that may drive the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.
|
|
| 5. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
-
Readiness of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter for LHC collisions
- 2010
-
Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 70:4, s. 1193-1236
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Tile hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS detector has undergone extensive testing in the experimental hall since its installation in late 2005. The readout, control and calibration systems have been fully operational since 2007 and the detector has successfully collected data from the LHC single beams in 2008 and first collisions in 2009. This paper gives an overview of the Tile Calorimeter performance as measured using random triggers, calibration data, data from cosmic ray muons and single beam data. The detector operation status, noise characteristics and performance of the calibration systems are presented, as well as the validation of the timing and energy calibration carried out with minimum ionising cosmic ray muons data. The calibration systems' precision is well below the design value of 1%. The determination of the global energy scale was performed with an uncertainty of 4%.
|
|
| 6. |
- Bourdeau, P. E., et al.
(författare)
-
What can aquatic gastropods tell us about phenotypic plasticity? A review and meta-analysis
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Heredity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0018-067X .- 1365-2540. ; 115:4, s. 312-321
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There have been few attempts to synthesise the growing body of literature on phenotypic plasticity to reveal patterns and generalities about the extent and magnitude of plastic responses. Here, we conduct a review and meta-analysis of published literature on phenotypic plasticity in aquatic (marine and freshwater) gastropods, a common system for studying plasticity. We identified 96 studies, using pre-determined search terms, published between 1985 and November 2013. The literature was dominated by studies of predator-induced shell form, snail growth rates and life history parameters of a few model taxa, accounting for 67% of all studies reviewed. Meta-analyses indicated average plastic responses in shell thickness, shell shape, and growth and fecundity of freshwater species was at least three times larger than in marine species. Within marine gastropods, species with planktonic development had similar average plastic responses to species with benthic development. We discuss these findings in the context of the role of costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity and environmental heterogeneity as important constraints on the evolution of plasticity. We also consider potential publication biases and discuss areas for future research, indicating well-studied areas and important knowledge gaps.
|
|
| 7. |
- Brönmark, Christer, et al.
(författare)
-
Predator induced morphological plasticity across local populations of a fresh water snail
- 2011
-
Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 6:7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expression of anti-predator adaptations may vary on a spatial scale, favouring traits that are advantageous in a given predation regime. Besides, evolution of different developmental strategies depends to a large extent on the grain of the environment and may result in locally canalized adaptations or, alternatively, the evolution of phenotypic plasticity as different predation regimes may vary across habitats. We investigated the potential for predator-driven variability in shell morphology in a freshwater snail, Radix balthica, and whether found differences were a specialized ecotype adaptation or a result of phenotypic plasticity. Shell shape was quantified in snails from geographically separated pond populations with and without molluscivorous fish. Subsequently, in a common garden experiment we investigated reaction norms of snails from populations' with/without fish when exposed to chemical cues from tench (Tinca tinca), a molluscivorous fish. We found that snails from fish-free ponds had a narrow shell with a well developed spire, whereas snails that coexisted with fish had more rotund shells with a low spire, a shell morphology known to increase survival rate from shell-crushing predators. The common garden experiment mirrored the results from the field survey and showed that snails had similar reaction norms in response to chemical predator cues, i.e. the expression of shell shape was independent of population origin. Finally, we found significant differences for the trait means among populations, within each pond category (fish/fish free), suggesting a genetic component in the determination of shell morphology that has evolved independently across ponds.
|
|
| 8. |
- Conde-Padin, P., et al.
(författare)
-
Revealing the mechanisms of sexual isolation in a case of sympatric and parallel ecological divergence
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4066 .- 1095-8312. ; 94:3, s. 513-526
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two ecotypes of a marine intertidal snail (Littorina saxatilis), living at different microhabitats and shore levels, have evolved in sympatry and in parallel across the Galician rocky shore. These ecotypes differ in many traits (including size) due to differential adaptation. They meet, mate assortatively, and partially hybridize at the mid shore where the two microhabitats overlap. The partial sexual isolation observed is claimed to be a side-effect of the size differences between ecotypes combined with a size assortative mating found in most populations of this species. We investigated this hypothesis using three complementary experimental approaches. First, we investigated which of the different shell variables contributed most to the variation in individual sexual isolation in the field by using two new statistics developed for that purpose: (1) pair sexual isolation and (2) r(i), which is based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. We found that size is the most important trait explaining the sexual isolation and, in particular, the males appear to be the key sex contributing to sexual isolation. Second, we compared the size assortative mating between regions: exposed rocky shore populations from north-westwern Spain (showing incomplete reproductive isolation due to size assortative mating) and protected Spanish and Swedish populations (showing size assortative mating but not reproductive isolation between ecomorphs). Most of the variation in size assortative mating between localities was significantly explained by the within-population level of variation on size. Third, we performed a laboratory male choice experiment, which further suggested that the choice is made predominantly on the basis of size. These results confirm the mechanism proposed to explain the sexual isolation in the Galician hybrid zone and thus support this case as a putative example of parallel incipient speciation. (C) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Edgell, Timothy, et al.
(författare)
-
The Evolutionary Ecology of European Green Crab, Carcinus maenas, in North America
- 2011
-
Ingår i: In the wrong place: alien marine Crustaceans - distribution, biology and impacts. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 9789400705913 - 9789400705906 ; , s. 641-659
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological invasions offer fertile grounds for studying evolutionary ecology because species’ contact histories are uncharacteristically well-defined. As a result, invasions can be used to gain glimpses of the earliest micro-evolutionary responses of natural populations to new species’ interactions by studying changes in behaviour, physiology or morphology in space and time. Here, the known history of range expansion by the European green crab Carcinus maenas in North America is used to illustrate factors affecting invasion success and the resilience of native American prey. We situate our discussion in the bourgeoning field of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity is the phenomenon where an individual’s genotype interacts with its environment to produce better-fit behaviour, physiology, morphology, or life-history. Plasticity is considered adaptive when the environmentally-induced phenotype increases an individual’s fitness. Below, theory about phenotypic plasticity is reviewed as to why it may benefit invasive species in general and specifically Carcinus maenas. The plasticity-invasion hypothesis (i.e., biological invaders benefit from high levels of phenotypic plasticity) is then tested directly by comparing known levels in C. maenas and other invaders to plasticity in a diversity of non-invasive, marine invertebrates. This study also analyses whether phenotypic plasticity has helped North American prey species defend against escalated bouts of predation caused by the C. maenas invasion, and elucidates the role plasticity plays in an apparent case of predatorprey coevolution between C. maenas and at least one species of native gastropod, Littorina obtusata. Finally, knowledge gaps in the case studies presented are discussed along with suggestions for future research aimed at gaining a better appreciation for how plasticity guides phenotypic evolution after a biological invasion.
|
|
| 11. |
- Gholiha, Alex R., et al.
(författare)
-
Immune-Proteome Profiling in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Tumor Diagnostic Tissue
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Cancers. - : MDPI. - 2072-6694. ; 14:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL), immunoediting via protein signaling is key to evading tumor surveillance. We aimed to identify immune-related proteins that distinguish diagnostic cHL tissues (=diagnostic tumor lysates, n = 27) from control tissues (reactive lymph node lysates, n = 30). Further, we correlated our findings with the proteome plasma profile between cHL patients (n = 26) and healthy controls (n = 27). We used the proximity extension assay (PEA) with the OlinkTM multiplex Immuno-Oncology panel, consisting of 92 proteins. Univariate, multivariate-adjusted analysis and Benjamini–Hochberg’s false discovery testing (=Padj) were performed to detect significant discrepancies. Proteins distinguishing cHL cases from controls were more numerous in plasma (30 proteins) than tissue (17 proteins), all Padj < 0.05. Eight of the identified proteins in cHL tissue (PD-L1, IL-6, CCL17, CCL3, IL-13, MMP12, TNFRS4, and LAG3) were elevated in both cHL tissues and cHL plasma compared with control samples. Six proteins distinguishing cHL tissues from controls tissues were significantly correlated to PD-L1 expression in cHL tissue (IL-6, MCP-2, CCL3, CCL4, GZMB, and IFN-gamma, all p ≤0.05). In conclusion, this study introduces a distinguishing proteomic profile in cHL tissue and potential immune-related markers of pathophysiological relevance
|
|
| 12. |
- Hansson, L-A, et al.
(författare)
-
A synthesis of animal movement across scales
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Animal Movement Across Scales. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780199677184 ; , s. 259-267
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter aims at synthesizing the knowledge presented in the chapters of the book’s three sections by addressing evolutionary compromises, dispersal, gene flow, and assisted movements. How climate change and other environmental changes at different scales may affect animal movement, migration, and dispersal in the future are also summarized here. Moreover, how the different senses are utilized for navigation and orientation and how these may lead to different movement and migration patterns are also discussed. Finally, how the recent technical revolution has affected animal movement research is addressed and the view on future perspectives of animal movement research is also provided.
|
|
| 13. |
- Harlos, Christian, et al.
(författare)
-
No evidence of publication bias in climate change science
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Climatic Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 140:3, s. 375-385
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-significant results are less likely to be reported by authors and, when submitted for peer review, are less likely to be published by journal editors. This phenomenon, known collectively as publication bias, is seen in a variety of scientific disciplines and can erode public trust in the scientific method and the validity of scientific theories. Public trust in science is especially important for fields like climate change science, where scientific consensus can influence state policies on a global scale, including strategies for industrial and agricultural management and development. Here, we used meta-analysis to test for biases in the statistical results of climate change articles, including 1154 experimental results from a sample of 120 articles. Funnel plots revealed no evidence of publication bias given no pattern of non-significant results being under-reported, even at low sample sizes. However, we discovered three other types of systematic bias relating to writing style, the relative prestige of journals, and the apparent rise in popularity of this field: First, the magnitude of statistical effects was significantly larger in the abstract than the main body of articles. Second, the difference in effect sizes in abstracts versus main body of articles was especially pronounced in journals with high impact factors. Finally, the number of published articles about climate change and the magnitude of effect sizes therein both increased within 2 years of the seminal report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007.
|
|
| 14. |
- Hollander, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Are assortative mating and genital divergence driven by reinforcement?
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Evolution Letters. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2056-3744. ; 2:6, s. 557-566
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolution of assortative mating is a key part of the speciation process. Stronger assortment, or greater divergence in mating traits, between species pairs with overlapping ranges is commonly observed, but possible causes of this pattern of reproductive character displacement are difficult to distinguish. We use a multidisciplinary approach to provide a rare example where it is possible to distinguish among hypotheses concerning the evolution of reproductive character displacement. We build on an earlier comparative analysis that illustrated a strong pattern of greater divergence in penis form between pairs of sister species with overlapping ranges than between allopatric sister-species pairs, in a large clade of marine gastropods (Littorinidae). We investigate both assortative mating and divergence in male genitalia in one of the sister-species pairs, discriminating among three contrasting processes each of which can generate a pattern of reproductive character displacement: reinforcement, reproductive interference and the Templeton effect. We demonstrate reproductive character displacement in assortative mating, but not in genital form between this pair of sister species and use demographic models to distinguish among the different processes. Our results support a model with no gene flow since secondary contact and thus favor reproductive interference as the cause of reproductive character displacement for mate choice, rather than reinforcement. High gene flow within species argues against the Templeton effect. Secondary contact appears to have had little impact on genital divergence.
|
|
| 15. |
- Hollander, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Dispersal and phenotypic plasticity
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Animal movement across scales. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780199677184 ; , s. 110-125
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 16. |
- Hollander, Johan, 1969, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of the alien Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) on subtidal macrozoobenthos communities
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 162:3, s. 547-555
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since 2006, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas has been a permanent resident on the west cost of Sweden. Because C. gigas is nonindigenous in Scandinavia, it may modify ecosystems and affect the resident biota. Individuals of C. gigas often settle in large aggregations, and the physical structure of the resulting reef provides attachment points and refuges for many secondary species. However, C. gigas also has the potential to change the macrofaunal community structure of the associated sediment, for example by stabilization or enrichment of the sediment. Here, we assess the macrozoobenthos community of sediments within C. gigas reefs and contrast the results with the comparable community within beds of the native blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and with that of uniform bare sediment. We show that the communities within oyster reefs and mussel beds contained more species and had a higher abundance of organisms compared with the bare sediment. In addition, we show significant differences between the communities within oyster reefs and mussel beds and consistently a larger total abundance in the former.
|
|
| 17. |
- Hollander, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Evidence of weaker phenotypic plasticity by prey to novel cues from non-native predators
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 6:15, s. 5358-5365
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A central question in evolutionary biology is how coevolutionary history between predator and prey influences their interactions. Contemporary global change and range expansion of exotic organisms impose a great challenge for prey species, which are increasingly exposed to invading non-native predators, with which they share no evolutionary history. Here, we complete a comprehensive survey of empirical studies of coevolved and naive predator−prey interactions to assess whether a shared evolutionary history with predators influences the magnitude of predator-induced defenses mounted by prey. Using marine bivalves and gastropods as model prey, we found that coevolved prey and predator-naive prey showed large discrepancies in magnitude of predator-induced phenotypic plasticity. Although naive prey, predominantly among bivalve species, did exhibit some level of plasticity – prey exposed to native predators showed significantly larger amounts of phenotypic plasticity. We discuss these results and the implications they may have for native communities and ecosystems.
|
|
| 18. |
- Hollander, Johan, 1969, et al.
(författare)
-
Evolution of adaptation through allometric shifts in a marine snail
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Evolution. - : Wiley. - 0014-3820 .- 1558-5646. ; 60:12, s. 2490-2497
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Variation in ontogenetic development among individuals may be a major contributor to morphological variation within species. Evolution of different growth trajectories might, for example, evolve as a response to varying ecological contexts of individuals living in different environments, or by life-stage or gender differences. The intertidal periwinkle Littorina saxatilis is strongly polymorphic in shell shape. We compared ontogenetic trajectories between life stages, local populations, and sexes to understand how different morphological end points are reached during ontogeny and what might cause these differences. Applying landmark-based geometric morphometrics, we captured shell shape variation for four Swedish populations of this species. We also derived a method to visualize ontogenetic trajectories described by the relationship of size to the multivariate shape space. We found that growth trajectories differed between individuals living in different habitats, as well as between sexes and maturity stages. Males living on rocky cliffs grew isometrically throughout life, whereas females from the same habitat switched from isometric growth as juveniles to allometric growth as adults. In contrast, males and females living on boulders grew allometrically as juveniles but changed to isometric growth at sexual maturity. Thus, in this species, ontogenetic growth seems influenced by habitat-associated selection as well as by gender and age-specific selection. These differing selection regimes result in ontogenetic shifts in allometry in three of the four groups examined.
|
|
| 19. |
- Hollander, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Evolution of adaptation through allometric shifts in a marine snail
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Evolution. - : Wiley. - 1558-5646 .- 0014-3820. ; 60:12, s. 2490-2497
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Variation in ontogenetic development among individuals may be a major contributor to morphological variation within species. Evolution of different growth trajectories might, for example, evolve as a response to varying ecological contexts of individuals living in different environments, or by life-stage or gender differences. The intertidal periwinkle Littorina saxatilis is strongly polymorphic in shell shape. We compared ontogenetic trajectories between life stages, local populations, and sexes to understand how different morphological end points are reached during ontogeny and what might cause these differences. Applying landmark-based geometric morphometrics, we captured shell shape variation for four Swedish populations of this species. We also derived a method to visualize ontogenetic trajectories described by the relationship of size to the multivariate shape space. We found that growth trajectories differed between individuals living in different habitats, as well as between sexes and maturity stages. Males living on rocky cliffs grew isometrically throughout life, whereas females from the same habitat switched from isometric growth as juveniles to allometric growth as adults. In contrast, males and females living on boulders grew allometrically as juveniles but changed to isometric growth at sexual maturity. Thus, in this species, ontogenetic growth seems influenced by habitat-associated selection as well as by gender and age-specific selection. These differing selection regimes result in ontogenetic shifts in allometry in three of the four groups examined.
|
|
| 20. |
|
|
| 21. |
- Hollander, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Genital divergence in sympatric sister snails.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of evolutionary biology. - : Wiley. - 1420-9101 .- 1010-061X. ; 26:1, s. 210-215
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A pattern of greater divergence in mating traits between sister-species pairs with overlapping ranges than between allopatric species pairs is expected if reinforcement commonly contributes to speciation. Few large-scale comparative analyses have addressed this prediction, especially for genital form. Here, we show that penial morphology follows the predicted pattern in 40 robustly identified sister-species pairs in the marine gastropod subfamily Littorininae. Further work is needed to exclude other processes that may contribute to genital divergence between sympatric species, but the clear pattern we observe strongly suggests a role for genital form in reproductive isolation in this large clade.
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Hollander, Johan, 1969, et al.
(författare)
-
Local adaptation but not geographical separation promotes assortative mating in a snail
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-3472. ; 70:5, s. 1209-1219
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A crucial assumption in models of ecological speciation is that reproductive barriers evolve as a consequence of ecological divergence of populations, rather than geographical separation. To test the prediction that barriers between populations might evolve in the face of gene flow, we studied reproductive barriers between populations of two Swedish ecotypes of the marine snail Littorina saxatilis with inherited differences in shell size and shape, living in adjacent rocky shore microhabitats with zones of overlap making gene flow between ecotypes possible. We compared mounting frequency and duration between mates of different ecotypes with that between mates of the same ecotype but from populations at various geographical distances. (In this species gene flow is substantially reduced over distances of a few kilometres owing to poor dispersal.) Mates of the same ecotype mated more frequently and for longer than mates of different ecotypes, whereas increased geographical distance did not affect this pattern. Snails of similar sizes more frequently initiated copulation than did snails of different sizes, whereas the duration of copulation was affected by shape. Mating between mates of similar sizes but of different ecotype was more frequently interrupted than mating between the same ecotype. Thus ecological rather than geographical separation in this species has resulted in the evolution of local reproductive barriers. This lends support to models of ecological speciation
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
- Hollander, Johan, 1969, et al.
(författare)
-
Phenotypic plasticity in two marine snails: constraints superseding life history
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 19:6, s. 1861-1872
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In organisms encountering predictable environments, fixed development is expected, whereas in organisms that cannot predict their future environment, phenotypic plasticity would be optimal to increase local adaptation. To test this prediction we experimentally compared phenotypic plasticity in two rocky-shore snail species; Littorina saxatilis releasing miniature snails on the shore, and Littorina littorea releasing drifting larvae settling on various shores, expecting L. littorea to show more phenotypic plasticity than L. saxatilis. We compared magnitude and direction of vectors of phenotypic difference in juvenile shell traits after 3 months exposure to different stimuli simulating sheltered and crab-rich shores, or wave-exposed and crab-free shores. Both species showed similar direction and magnitude of vectors of phenotypic difference with minor differences only between ecotypes of the nondispersing species, indicating that plasticity is an evolving trait in L. saxatilis. The lack of a strong plastic response in L. littorea might be explained by limits rather than costs to plasticity.
|
|
| 26. |
- Hollander, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Selection on outlier loci and their association with adaptive phenotypes in Littorina saxatilis contact zones
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 28:2, s. 328-337
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A fundamental issue in speciation research is to evaluate phenotypic variation and the genomics driving the evolution of reproductive isolation between sister taxa. Above all, hybrid zones are excellent study systems for researchers to examine the association of genetic differentiation, phenotypic variation and the strength of selection. We investigated two contact zones in the marine gastropod Littorina saxatilis and utilized landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis together with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to assess phenotypic and genomic divergence between ecotypes under divergent selection. From genetic markers, we calculated the cline width, linkage disequilibrium and the average effective selection on a locus. Additionally, we conducted an association analysis linking the outlier loci and phenotypic variation between ecotypes and show that a proportion of outlier loci are associated with key adaptive phenotypic traits.
|
|
| 27. |
- Hollander, Johan
(författare)
-
We looked at 1,154 climate science results and found no evidence of ‘publication bias’
- 2017
-
Ingår i: The Conversation. - 2201-5639.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- It is rare to encounter a scientific fact that stirs widespread debate and distrust quite like the matter of climate change.Despite consensus among climate specialists about a theory that is supported by a mountain of facts from the physical, natural, and cultural sciences, the debate continues to be perpetrated by politicians, industrialists, academics, and armchair scientists.When governments reject science, the rest of us are put at risk. By refusing to accept the facts and potential ramifications of climate change, as a society, we stand to delay or overlook actions that are urgently needed to reduce our impact on the environment and adapt our cities and farmlands to a different future.
|
|
| 28. |
- Hu, Nan, et al.
(författare)
-
Marine gastropods at higher trophic level show stronger tolerance to ocean acidification
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 0030-1299 .- 1600-0706.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change and anthropogenic activities are producing a range of new selection pressures, both abiotic and biotic, on marine organisms. Although it is known that climate change can differentially affect fitness-related traits at different trophic levels of the food web, it is not clear if different trophic levels will respond via phenotypic plasticity in the form of maintenance of phenotypes in the face of abiotic and biotic environmental stress similarly. To answer this question, we combined a mesocosm experiment (120 days) using a food web comprising three gastropod species from two trophic levels (grazers and meso-predators) and a meta-analysis including 38 studies to address whether different trophic levels exhibit similar phenotypic responses to abiotic and biotic variables. Abiotic (ocean acidification) and biotic (predation) stress significantly influenced body mass, shell mass, shell thickness and shell strength in both grazers and meso-predators in the mesocosm experiment, with the magnitude of OA effects greater on the meso-predator than the grazers; a result supported by the meta-analysis. In contrast, both mesocosm experiment and meta-analysis found that predation risk induced stronger responses in shell morphology for grazers compared to meso-predators. Together, our findings indicate that higher trophic level species are better able to maintain aspects of their phenotype under OA, suggesting that they may show greater tolerance to climate change effects in general, while lower trophic levels express higher levels of plastic inducible defences to maintain function when under threat of predation. By using marine snails as a model, our study provides new knowledge for understanding how changing environmental conditions may alter biological interactions, and increases our understanding of how climate change may affect ecological communities in which gastropods play a key role.
|
|
| 29. |
- Hu, Nan, et al.
(författare)
-
Meta-analysis reveals variance in tolerance to climate change across marine trophic levels
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697. ; 827
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine ecosystems are currently facing a variety of anthropogenic perturbations, including climate change. Trophic differences in response to climate change may disrupt ecological interactions and thereby threaten marine ecosystem function. Yet, we still do not have a comprehensive understanding of how different trophic levels respond to climate change stressors in marine ecosystems. By including 1278 experiments, comprising 236 different marine species from 18 different phyla in a meta-analysis of studies measuring the direct effect of ocean acidification and ocean warming on marine organisms, we found that higher trophic level species display greater tolerance to ocean acidification but greater sensitivity to warming. In contrast, marine herbivores were the most vulnerable trophic level to both acidification and warming. Such imbalances in the community and a general reduction of biodiversity and biomass in lower trophic levels can significantly disrupt the system and could drive negative bottom-up effects. In conclusion, with ocean acidification and elevated temperatures, there is an alarming risk that trophic disparity may disrupt species interactions, and thereby drive community destabilization under ocean climate change.
|
|
| 30. |
- Hu, Nan, et al.
(författare)
-
Responses of marine trophic levels to the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - 2041-1723. ; 15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors associated with ocean acidification and ocean warming, with expected interactive effects. Species from different trophic levels with dissimilar characteristics and evolutionary histories are likely to respond differently. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of controlled experiments including both ocean acidification and ocean warming factors to investigate single and interactive effects of these stressors on marine species. Contrary to expectations, we find that synergistic interactions are less common (16%) than additive (40%) and antagonistic (44%) interactions overall and their proportion decreases with increasing trophic level. Predators are the most tolerant trophic level to both individual and combined effects. For interactive effects, calcifying and non-calcifying species show similar patterns. We also identify climate region-specific patterns, with interactive effects ranging from synergistic in temperate regions to compensatory in subtropical regions, to positive in tropical regions. Our findings improve understanding of how ocean warming, and acidification affect marine trophic levels and highlight the need for deeper consideration of multiple stressors in conservation efforts.
|
|
| 31. |
- Hulthén, Kaj, et al.
(författare)
-
Express yourself: bold individuals induce enhanced morphological defences.
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Royal Society of London. Proceedings B. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 1471-2954 .- 0962-8452. ; 281:1776
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organisms display an impressive array of defence strategies in nature. Inducible defences (changes in morphology and/or behaviour within a prey's lifetime) allow prey to decrease vulnerability to predators and avoid unnecessary costs of expression. Many studies report considerable interindividual variation in the degree to which inducible defences are expressed, yet what underlies this variation is poorly understood. Here, we show that individuals differing in a key personality trait also differ in the magnitude of morphological defence expression. Crucian carp showing risky behaviours (bold individuals) expressed a significantly greater morphological defence response when exposed to a natural enemy when compared with shy individuals. Furthermore, we show that fish of different personality types differ in their behavioural plasticity, with shy fish exhibiting greater absolute plasticity than bold fish. Our data suggest that individuals with bold personalities may be able to compensate for their risk-prone behavioural type by expressing enhanced morphological defences.
|
|
| 32. |
- Hydbom, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
Reduced tillage stimulated symbiotic fungi and microbial saprotrophs, but did not lead to a shift in the saprotrophic microorganism community structure
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Applied Soil Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0929-1393 .- 1873-0272. ; 119, s. 104-114
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The need for sustainable agricultural systems, which for example enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) content, has increased the interest for management with reduced tillage. In this study we used a Swedish long-term (20 yrs.) systems experiment, including reduced tillage (harrowing 10 cm) and plowing (moldboard plow 0–20 cm) combined with three levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization. With this setup we tested if (1) the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) concentration and (2) the fungi to bacteria (F:B) ratio would be higher under reduced tillage than under conventional tillage, and if this would be associated with higher SOC concentrations. We also tested if (3) the microbial biomass C close to the surface would be higher under reduced tillage than conventional tillage. Furthermore, since disturbance can reduce respiration and microbial growth we tested if (4) this occurred in our reduced tillage system. In addition, we tested if (5) fertilization increased the growth rate of fungi and decreased that of bacteria. We collected soil samples in July and October and found that the microbial biomass C, measured in October only, was higher close to the surface in the reduced tillage treatment and so was the microbial respiration. The fungal and bacterial growth rate, on the other hand, were not affected by tillage treatment. Fertilization did not affect the bacterial growth rate but did have a positive effect on fungal growth rate. In accordance with our expectations reduced tillage had a stimulating effect on AMF and saprotrophic fungi, and contrary to our expectation, also bacteria were positively affected by reduced tillage. In line with the unchanged F:B ratio, we found no indication that even 20 years of reduced tillage increased SOC concentrations in the long term.
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
- Kindeberg, Theodor, et al.
(författare)
-
Toward a multifunctional nature-based coastal defense: a review of the interaction between beach nourishment and ecological restoration
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Botany. - : Wiley. - 1756-1051 .- 0107-055X.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coastal protection has evolved from focusing on hard solutions such as breakwaters and groynes to include soft or nature-based solutions (NbS). NbS have been pro- posed as cost-effective means to offer long-term coastal protection and at the same time strengthen coastal resilience and biodiversity. However, projects utilizing NbS for coastal protection have often focused on a single solution and the evidence of improved biodiversity remain equivocal.In this paper, we review solutions traditionally used for disparate purposes – namely beach nourishment and the establishment of vascular plants such as seagrass and dune grass. The main incentives behind large-scale beach nourishment projects are often the cost-effectiveness, multifunctionality and dynamic shoreline protection whereas the focus of vegetation restoration has typically been on recreating important habitats and not specifically as a coastal protection measure. Based on previous studies and an on-going large-scale coastal adaptation project in southern Sweden, we investigate the feasibility of combining these seemingly dichotomous management strategies to yield a viable physical defense and at the same time strengthen coastal biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Given the urgency in combatting biodiversity loss and adapting to a changing climate, management interventions for coastal protection should explicitly incorporate ecological values into every coastal protection measure and seek innovative, integrated approaches that consider both geomorphological and ecological values and the possible complementarity between the two.
|
|
| 35. |
- Laugen, Ane T, et al.
(författare)
-
The Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Invasion in Scandinavian Coastal Waters: Impact on Local Ecosystem Services
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Biological Invasions in Changing Ecosystems: Vectors, Ecological Impacts, Management and Predictions.. - Warsaw : DE GRUYTER OPEN. - 9783110438666 ; , s. 232-257
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shellfish have always played an important role in subsistence and income for coastal communities. Shallow-water bivalve beds are easily accessible and have been exploited and overexploited for centuries. Depletion of stocks has lead to farming and aquaculture of many species. Few species, if any, have been as popular and successful as the the Pacific oyster (C. gigas). Its highly efficient filter feeding, high growth rates, massive repoductive output, and tolerance of a large range of abiotic conditions, has not only made it one of the world’s 20 most cultured species, but also one of the most invasive. This chapter tracks the Pacific oyster on its way towards the North-eastern corner of its European distribution, predicts its future distribution, and discusses the implications for local ecosystems.
|
|
| 36. |
- Li, Zhongqiang, et al.
(författare)
-
Climate warming and heat waves affect reproductive strategies and interactions between submerged macrophytes
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013. ; 23:1, s. 108-116
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extreme climatic events, such as heat waves, are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity during the next hundred years, which may accelerate shifts in hydrological regimes and submerged macrophyte composition in freshwater ecosystems. Since macrophytes are profound components of aquatic systems, predicting their response to extreme climatic events is crucial for implementation of climate change adaptation strategies. We therefore performed an experiment in 24 outdoor enclosures (400 L) separating the impact of a 4 °C increase in mean temperature with the same increase, that is the same total amount of energy input, but resembling a climate scenario with extreme variability, oscillating between 0 °C and 8 °C above present conditions. We show that at the moderate nutrient conditions provided in our study, neither an increase in mean temperature nor heat waves lead to a shift from a plant-dominated to an algal-dominated system. Instead, we show that species-specific responses to climate change among submerged macrophytes may critically influence species composition and thereby ecosystem functioning. Our results also imply that more fluctuating temperatures affect the number of flowers produced per plant leading to less sexual reproduction. Our findings therefore suggest that predicted alterations in climate regimes may influence both plant interactions and reproductive strategies, which have the potential to inflict changes in biodiversity, community structure and ecosystem functioning.
|
|
| 37. |
|
|
| 38. |
- Marques, João P., et al.
(författare)
-
Transcriptomic resources for evolutionary studies in flat periwinkles and related species
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2052-4463. ; 7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020, The Author(s). The flat periwinkles, Littorina fabalis and L. obtusata, comprise two sister gastropod species that have an enormous potential to elucidate the mechanisms involved in ecological speciation in the marine realm. However, the molecular resources currently available for these species are still scarce. In order to circumvent this limitation, we used RNA-seq data to characterize the transcriptome of four individuals from each species sampled in different locations across the Iberian Peninsula. Four de novo transcriptome assemblies were generated, as well as a pseudo-reference using the L. saxatilis reference transcriptome as backbone. After transcripts’ annotation, variant calling resulted in the identification of 19,072 to 45,340 putatively species-diagnostic SNPs. The discriminatory power of a subset of these SNPs was validated by implementing an independent genotyping assay to characterize reference populations, resulting in an accurate classification of individuals into each species and in the identification of hybrids between the two. These data comprise valuable genomic resources for a wide range of evolutionary and conservation studies in flat periwinkles and related taxa.
|
|
| 39. |
- Meghini, C., et al.
(författare)
-
ARIADNE: A Research Infrastructure for Archaeology
- 2017
-
Ingår i: ACM Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1556-4673 .- 1556-4711. ; 10:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research e-infrastructures, digital archives, and data services have become important pillars of scientific enterprise that in recent decades have become ever more collaborative, distributed, and data intensive. The archaeological research community has been an early adopter of digital tools for data acquisition, organization, analysis, and presentation of research results of individual projects. However, the provision of e-infrastructure and services for data sharing, discovery, access, and (re) use have lagged behind. This situation is being addressed by ARIADNE, the Advanced Research Infrastructure for Archaeological Dataset Networking in Europe. This EU-funded network has developed an e-infrastructure that enables data providers to register and provide access to their resources (datasets, collections) through the ARIADNE data portal, facilitating discovery, access, and other services across the integrated resources. This article describes the current landscape of data repositories and services for archaeologists in Europe, and the issues that make interoperability between them difficult to realize. The results of the ARIADNE surveys on users' expectations and requirements are also presented. The main section of the article describes the architecture of the e-infrastructure, core services (data registration, discovery, and access), and various other extant or experimental services. The ongoing evaluation of the data integration and services is also discussed. Finally, the article summarizes lessons learned and outlines the prospects for the wider engagement of the archaeological research community in the sharing of data through ARIADNE.
|
|
| 40. |
- Nyangoko, Baraka, 1989-
(författare)
-
Managing Mangrove Ecosystem Services for Local Livelihoods and Adaptations in Tanzania
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recognizing the importance of ecosystem services (ES) for peoples' livelihoods and well-being is important for decision-making processes on conservation. Mangrove ecosystems in Tanzania are protected by law, but they continue to be exposed to degradation and loss, and there is still limited information about the awareness, preferences, status and trends of the ES they provide. This thesis aims to explore the link between mangrove ecosystem services (MES) and community livelihoods, changes in MES and associated drivers of change, adaptation options and their management in Tanzania, using the Rufiji Delta and Pangani Estuary as case studies. A mixed framework of methods including focus group discussions, key informant interviews, household surveys, direct observations, and literature reviews was used to gather data. Provisioning services were the most commonly identified MES, and they were more often reported to be deteriorating than regulating, cultural, and supporting services. Proximity to mangrove forest and residence time were positively associated with communities' awareness of all identified MES. Poles for building, firewood for cooking, coastal protection, and fisheries habitats were perceived as the most important MES for sustaining local livelihoods, though perceptions varied between sites. Reliance on mangrove resources was significantly predicted by household residence time, household main occupation, household size, and the cost of alternative resources to substitute mangrove wood as a source of domestic fuel. Illegal harvesting of mangrove poles, rice cultivation, climate change and inadequate governance and conservation measures were identified as the most critical drivers of mangrove degradation, but differed significantly from place to place. Fishing was perceived as the most impacted livelihood occupation compared to the other groups of occupations. Potential ways to adapt to environmental changes in the study areas included reliance on MES for ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), switching of occupation, diversifying crops, offshore fishing, and migrating to other areas. This thesis argues that the linkage between MES and human well-being is site-specific, and drivers impacting on mangroves and their associated services vary spatially and is greatly accelerated by anthropogenic disturbances. Raising more awareness about the multifunctionality of mangroves and committing to participatory forest management that involves local people, as well as reforming the current forest policy by incorporating clear legal mechanisms for engaging communities around mangrove management and diversifying livelihood options are re-emphasized as appropriate ways to improve mangrove conservation. Furthermore, investment by providing adequate funding for conservation in long run rather than relying on short-term international donor-funded projects are recommended to government institutions as a basis for sustainable management of mangrove forests in Tanzania.
|
|
| 41. |
- Panova, Marina, 1973, et al.
(författare)
-
Site-specific genetic divergence in parallel hybrid zones suggests nonallopatric evolution of reproductive barriers
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Molecular Ecology. - 0962-1083. ; 15:13, s. 4021-4031
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolution of reproductive isolation in the presence of gene flow is supported by theoretical models but rarely by data. Empirical support might be gained from studies of parallel hybrid zones between interbreeding taxa. We analysed gene flow over two hybrid zones separating ecotypes of Littorina saxatilis to test the expectation that neutral genetic markers will show site-specific differences if barriers have evolved in situ. Distinct ecotypes found in contrasting shore habitats are separated by divergent selection and poor dispersal, but hybrid zones appear between them. Swedish islands formed by postglacial uplift 5000 years ago provide opportunities to assess genetic structure in a recently evolved system. Each island houses a discrete population containing subpopulations of different ecotypes. Hybrid zones between ecotypes may be a product of ecological divergence occurring on each island or a consequence of secondary overlap of ecotypes of allopatric origin that have spread among the islands. We used six microsatellite loci to assess gene flow and genetic profiles of hybrid zones on two islands. We found reduced gene flow over both hybrid zones, indicating the presence of local reproductive barriers between ecotypes. Nevertheless, subpopulations of different ecotypes from the same island were genetically more similar to each other than were subpopulations of the same ecotype from different islands. Moreover, neutral genetic traits separating the two ecotypes across hybrid zones were site-specific. This supports a scenario of in situ origin of ecotypes by ecological divergence and nonallopatric evolution of reproductive barriers.
|
|
| 42. |
- Sadedin, Suzanne, et al.
(författare)
-
Case studies and mathematical models of ecological speciation 3. Ecotype formation in a Swedish snail.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Molecular Ecology. ; 18, s. 4006-4023
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Formation of partially reproductively isolated ecotypes in the rough periwinkle, Littorina saxatilis, may be a case of incipient nonallopatric ecological speciation. To better understand the dynamics of ecotype formation, its timescale, driving forces and evolutionary consequences, we developed a spatially explicit, individual-based model incorporating relevant ecological, spatial and mate selection data for Swedish L. saxatilis. We explore the impact of bounded hybrid superiority, ecological scenarios and mate selection systems on ecotype formation, gene flow and the evolution of prezygotic isolation. Our model shows that ecotypes are expected to form rapidly in parapatry under conditions applicable to Swedish L. saxatilis and may proceed to speciation. However, evolution of nonrandom mating had complex behaviour. Ecotype evolution was inhibited by pre-existing mating preferences, but facilitated by the evolution of novel preferences. While in many scenarios positive assortative mating reduced gene flow between ecotypes, in others negative assortative mating arose, preferences were lost after ecotype formation, preferences were confined to one ecotype or the ancestral ecotype became extinct through sexual selection. Bounded hybrid superiority (as observed in nature) enhanced ecotype formation but increased gene flow. Our results highlight that ecotype formation and speciation are distinct processes: factors that contribute to ecotype formation can be detrimental to speciation and vice versa. The complex interactions observed between local adaptation and nonrandom mating imply that generalization from data is unreliable without quantitative theory for speciation.
|
|
| 43. |
|
|
| 44. |
- Svensson, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
-
ProViz : a tool for explorative 3-D visualization and template matching in electron tomograms
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2168-1163 .- 2168-1171. ; 5:6, s. 446-454
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Visual understanding is a key aspect when studying electron tomography data-sets, aside quantitative assessments such as registration of high-resolution structures. We here present the free software tool ProViz (Protein Visualization) for visualisation and template matching in electron tomograms of biological samples. The ProViz software contains methods and tools which we have developed, adapted and computationally optimised for easy and intuitive visualisation and analysis of electron tomograms with low signal-to-noise ratio. ProViz complements existing software in the application field and serves as an easy and convenient tool for a first assessment and screening of the tomograms. It provides enhancements in three areas: (1) improved visualisation that makes connections as well as intensity differences between and within objects or structures easier to see and interpret, (2) interactive transfer function editing with direct visual result feedback using both piecewise linear functions and Gaussian function elements, (3) computationally optimised template matching and tools to visually assess and interactively explore the correlation results. The visualisation capabilities and features of ProViz are demonstrated on various biological volume data-sets: bacterial filament structures in vitro, a desmosome and the transmembrane cadherin connections therein in situ, and liposomes filled with doxorubicin in solution. The explorative template matching is demonstrated on a synthetic IgG data-set.
|
|
| 45. |
- Uller, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
-
Sex-specific developmental plasticity in response to yolk corticosterone in an oviparous lizard.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: The Journal of experimental biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 0022-0949 .- 1477-9145. ; 212:Pt 8, s. 1087-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Corticosterone exposure during prenatal development as a result of maternal upregulation of circulating hormone levels has been shown to have effects on offspring development in mammals. Corticosterone has also been documented in egg yolk in oviparous vertebrates, but the extent to which this influences phenotypic development is less studied. We show that maternal corticosterone is transferred to egg yolk in an oviparous lizard (the mallee dragon, Ctenophorus fordi Storr), with significant variation among clutches in hormone levels. Experimental elevation of yolk corticosterone did not affect hatching success, incubation period or offspring sex ratio. However, corticosterone did have a sex-specific effect on skeletal growth during embryonic development. Male embryos exposed to relatively high levels of corticosterone were smaller on average than control males at hatching whereas females from hormone-treated eggs were larger on average than control females. The data thus suggest that males are not just more sensitive to the detrimental effects of corticosterone but rather that the sexes may have opposite responses to corticosterone during development. Positive selection on body size at hatching for both sexes in this species further suggests that increased corticosterone in egg yolk may have sex-specific fitness consequences, with potential implications for sex allocation and the evolution of hormone-mediated maternal effects.
|
|
| 46. |
- Van Well, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
-
Public perceptions of cultural ecosystem services provided by beach nourishment and eelgrass restoration in southern Sweden
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Botany. - : Wiley. - 0107-055X .- 1756-1051. ; 2023:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecosystem-based protection is becoming a viable adaptation option to conventional engineered solutions to rising sea levels and coastal erosion. While the environmental and biological ecosystem services provided by ecosystem-based adaptation measures such as beach nourishment and/or seagrass plantations are being acknowledged and analysed, less attention has been paid to the social or cultural dimensions of these services. This paper builds upon the emerging body of research that explores cultural ecosystem services in coastal areas and how they are perceived by the people who live, work and recreate in these areas. The aim of the paper is to take stock of and understand public and stakeholder perceptions of the cultural ecosystem services that may accrue through eelgrass Zostera marina restoration in tandem with beach nourishment in southern Sweden. The empirical research is based on an on-line open-ended questionnaire in the coastal municipalities of Båstad, Trelleborg, Ystad and Kristianstad. The results demonstrate that virtually all respondents had noticed a change in the coastline in recent years, mainly that the coastline had retreated. While beach nourishment measures were recognized among respondents to counter the shoreline erosion, there was very little understanding of the role that eelgrass plantations can play in creating biodiversity and benefits for society. Still, most acknowledged the importance of making room for water and biodiversity at the coast stating how the coastline was valued for primarily health and spiritual reasons. This knowledge will help local, regional and national decision-makers and regulatory authorities to make evidence-based choices for coastal protection, by complementing the analysis of environmental and physical ecosystem-services with cultural and socio-economic considerations. Nature-based solutions such as eelgrass reintroduction or beach nourishment should be tailored to the values, perspectives and perceptions of the local communities to help ensure their continued contribution to biodiversity.
|
|
| 47. |
- Zhang, Huan, et al.
(författare)
-
Bi-directional plasticity : Rotifer prey adjust spine length to different predator regimes
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 7:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerous prey organisms, including many rotifers, exhibit inducible defensive plasticity, such as spines, in response to predators. Here, we test the hypothesis that prey modify their defence response to different predator sizes with a bi-directional adjustment in spine length. First, we show experimentally, that large-sized predators induce a reduction in prey spine length. Second, we conducted a complementary field monitoring study showing that the spine length of the prey rotifer Keratella cochlearis changed in opposite directions, in response to the shift in dominance between small-sized and large-sized predators. Third, in order to test the generality of our novel findings, we conducted a meta-analysis covering a wide array of rotifer prey taxa, strengthening the conclusions from our experimental and field studies. Hence, by combining evidence from experiments and studies in the field with a meta-analysis, we, for the first time, demonstrate that rotifer prey distinguish between predators and adjust their protective spine length accordingly, i.e. rapidly adjust spine length to escape either below or above the dominant predator's gape size window. In a broader perspective, our conclusions advance our knowledge on observed spatial and temporal variations in protective morphologies among prey organisms.
|
|
