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1.
  • Whittaker, Jackie L., et al. (författare)
  • OPTIKNEE 2022 : Consensus recommendations to optimise knee health after traumatic knee injury to prevent osteoarthritis
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: British journal of sports medicine. - : BMJ. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 56:24, s. 1393-1405
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The goal of the OPTIKNEE consensus is to improve knee and overall health, to prevent osteoarthritis (OA) after a traumatic knee injury. The consensus followed a seven-step hybrid process. Expert groups conducted 7 systematic reviews to synthesise the current evidence and inform recommendations on the burden of knee injuries; risk factors for post-traumatic knee OA; rehabilitation to prevent post-traumatic knee OA; and patient-reported outcomes, muscle function and functional performance tests to monitor people at risk of post-traumatic knee OA. Draft consensus definitions, and clinical and research recommendations were generated, iteratively refined, and discussed at 6, tri-weekly, 2-hour videoconferencing meetings. After each meeting, items were finalised before the expert group (n=36) rated the level of appropriateness for each using a 9-point Likert scale, and recorded dissenting viewpoints through an anonymous online survey. Seven definitions, and 8 clinical recommendations (who to target, what to target and when, rehabilitation approach and interventions, what outcomes to monitor and how) and 6 research recommendations (research priorities, study design considerations, what outcomes to monitor and how) were voted on. All definitions and recommendations were rated appropriate (median appropriateness scores of 7-9) except for two subcomponents of one clinical recommendation, which were rated uncertain (median appropriateness score of 4.5-5.5). Varying levels of evidence supported each recommendation. Clinicians, patients, researchers and other stakeholders may use the definitions and recommendations to advocate for, guide, develop, test and implement person-centred evidence-based rehabilitation programmes following traumatic knee injury, and facilitate data synthesis to reduce the burden of knee post-traumatic knee OA.
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2.
  • Wulff, Sören, et al. (författare)
  • On the possibility to monitor and assess forest damage within large scale monitoring programmes - a simulation study
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Silva Fennica. - : Finnish Society of Forest Science. - 0037-5330 .- 2242-4075. ; 47
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There is a growing demand for information on forest health due to fears that climate change may cause new kinds of damage that have not previously been encountered. In many cases, forest damage monitoring is conducted exclusively within sparse large-scale grids of sample plots and it is doubtful whether these are capable of providing relevant information to support mitigation programmes or other actions required to reduce economic losses due to damage outbreaks. In this study, we used simulated sampling to assess the precision of estimators related to forest state and changes in the damage sustained by trees within an area corresponding to the Swedish region Gotaland, assuming a sampling design corresponding to that used in the Swedish National Forest Inventory (NFI) under different damage scenarios. Large and uniformly distributed damage outbreaks were well captured by an NFI-type inventory, but scattered damage outbreaks produced estimates with poor precision. As a consequence, we propose that there might be a need to revise current forest damage monitoring programmes to make them more useful for monitoring the kinds of damage that are likely to arise as a consequence of climate change.
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3.
  • Allard, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Fångst av vegetationsdata och Natura 2000-habitat i fjällen genom flygbildstolkning i IRF med punktgittermetodik
  • 2007
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • I denna rapport visas att flygbildstolkning med punktgittermetodik har stor potential för att ta fram tillförlitliga och kostnadseffektiva data på tillstånd och förändringar i fjällens vegetation. Projektet är finansierat av Naturvårdsverkets svenska miljöövervakning.Inom denna studie har följande delmål nåtts1) Utprovning av försöksdesign har gjorts med antal och fördelning av punkter, samt design och val av tolkningsvariabler.2) Ett operativt tolkningssystem för punktgittertolkning har tagits fram.3) Tolkningsprecisionen för olika variabler och Natura 2000-habitat är utvärderade mot fältdata.4) Metodens kvaliteter är utvärderade.5) Beräkning av tidsåtgång och kostnadsberäkningar är gjorda och ställda mot en polygonbaserad metod för översiktlig tolkning av NILS 5x5 km ruta.Förutom dessa delmål har även säkerheten ytterligare undersökts via ett personvariationstest av tolkade data.Resultaten från de tolkade fältpunkterna visar att överensstämmelsen med fältinventeringen är mycket god. Ett gott resultat fanns från testet med personvariation, med några få problemområden. Metoden har några begränsningar. För flygbildstolkning i punktgitter med den metodik som föreslås här förutsätts att det finns välutbildade tolkare. För en van vegetationstolkare krävs det i storleksordning en tilläggsutbildning på minst 1 månad i tolkning av fjällvegetation, inklusive fältbesök. En exempelsamling av bilder och ett antal nycklar för tolkning bör tas fram.Punktgittermetoden är operativt användbar, vissa kompletterande fältstudier behövs. Metoden har följande generella kvaliteter.Metoden är enkel att implementera.Punktgittermetoden är en kostnadseffektiv metod för att fånga landskapsdata. Den är snabbare än polygontolkning.Datafångst från en 5 x 5 km ruta kan göras på 1-3 dagar, beroende på antal punkter i gittret.Det är enkelt att bearbeta och analysera punktgitterdata.Precisionen i arealskattningarna kommer att kunna enkelt beräknas.Tolkningen i punktgitter kan verifieras genom jämförelse med NILS fältdata.Metoden är lämplig för förändringsstudier. Exempelvis kan den utgöra ett snabbt och effektivt sätt att statistiskt uppdatera information om area av vegetationstyper från vegetationskartorna över de svenska fjällen.Metoden kan fånga upp ovanligare naturtyper i 5 x 5 km ytan förutsatt att många punkter tolkas.Metoden kan användas för urval av objekt för riktade fältinventeringar till ovanligare habitat.Resultaten från metoden kan utgöra viktiga data för annan forskning, exempelvis som träningsdata till satellitbildsklassificeringar.
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4.
  • Bohm, Eric R., et al. (författare)
  • Collection and Reporting of Patient-reported Outcome Measures in Arthroplasty Registries: Multinational Survey and Recommendations
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. - 0009-921X. ; 479:10, s. 2151-2166
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are validated questionnaires that are completed by patients. Arthroplasty registries vary in PROM collection and use. Current information about registry collection and use of PROMs is important to help improve methods of PROM data analysis, reporting, comparison, and use toward improving clinical practice. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: To characterize PROM collection and use by registries, we asked: (1) What is the current practice of PROM collection by arthroplasty registries that are current or former members of the International Society of Arthroplasty Registries, and are there sufficient similarities in PROM collection between registries to enable useful international comparisons that could inform the improvement of arthroplasty care? (2) How do registries differ in PROM administration and demographic, clinical, and comorbidity index variables collected for case-mix adjustment in data analysis and reporting? (3) What quality assurance methods are used for PROMs, and how are PROM results reported and used by registries? (4) What recommendations to arthroplasty registries may improve PROM reporting and facilitate international comparisons? METHODS: An electronic survey was developed with questions about registry structure and collection, analysis, reporting, and use of PROM data and distributed to directors or senior administrators of 39 arthroplasty registries that were current or former members of the International Society of Arthroplasty Registries. In all, 64% (25 of 39) of registries responded and completed the survey. Missing responses from incomplete surveys were captured by contacting the registries, and up to three reminder emails were sent to nonresponding registries. Recommendations about PROM collection were drafted, revised, and approved by the International Society of Arthroplasty Registries PROMs Working Group members. RESULTS: Of the 25 registries that completed the survey, 15 collected generic PROMs, most frequently the EuroQol-5 Dimension survey; 16 collected joint-specific PROMs, most frequently the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; and 11 registries collected a satisfaction item. Most registries administered PROM questionnaires within 3 months before and 1 year after surgery. All 16 registries that collected PROM data collected patient age, sex or gender, BMI, indication for the primary arthroplasty, reason for revision arthroplasty, and a comorbidity index, most often the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification. All 16 registries performed regular auditing and reporting of data quality, and most registries reported PROM results to hospitals and linked PROM data to other data sets such as hospital, medication, billing, and emergency care databases. Recommendations for transparent reporting of PROMs were grouped into four categories: demographic and clinical, survey administration, data analysis, and results. CONCLUSION: Although registries differed in PROM collection and use, there were sufficient similarities that may enable useful data comparisons. The International Society of Arthroplasty Registries PROMs Working Group recommendations identify issues that may be important to most registries such as the need to make decisions about survey times and collection methods, as well as how to select generic and joint-specific surveys, handle missing data and attrition, report data, and ensure representativeness of the sample. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: By collecting PROMs, registries can provide patient-centered data to surgeons, hospitals, and national entities to improve arthroplasty care.
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5.
  • Bornemark, Jonna (författare)
  • Kunskapens gräns, gränsens vetande : En fenomenologisk undersökning av transcendens och kroppslighet
  • 2009
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The limit between the proper and the foreign – how this limit is established, but also crossed and dissolved – has remained a crucial issue in phenomenology. Setting these questions in the context of the phenomenology of religion, this thesis develops an analysis of the relation between transcendence and body understood in terms of a certain limit. The introductory part is rooted in Edmund Husserl’s discussions of the concept of transcendence, which is shown to have an essential connection to the analysis of inner time-consciousness. Here we encounter a decisive limit to objectifying knowledge, which also comes across in his investigations of the body and its spatiality. The second part discusses Max Scheler’s critique of Husserl’s excessively objectifying view of knowledge, with a particular focus on Scheler’s understanding of love as a condition of possibility for any knowledge. Scheler is shown to have developed a new concept of transcendence that avoids the pitfalls of objectivism, although in his philosophy of religion he tends to downplay the importance of the body. The third part undertakes a reading of Edith Stein, who develops ideas similar to Scheler’s, though in a phenomenologically more nuanced fashion. Although her philosophy of religion also bypasses the body, Stein provides a more genuine access to the writings of the mystics, the analysis of which forms the core of the fourth and concluding part. Drawing on the work of the 13th century Beguine Mechthild of Magdeburg, this concluding chapter develops a phenomenological understanding of religion with an emphasis on transcendence and limit, while also retaining the centrality of our experience of the body. This means: a phenomenology of the limit is investigated, rather than a limit of phenomenology.
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6.
  • Brunzell, Tor, et al. (författare)
  • A Model of Optimal Dividend Policy to Maximize Shareholder Wealth : When Taxes are Considered
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Open Access Scientific Reports. - : OMICS Publishing Group. - 2332-2675. ; 1:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The article analyzes theoretically how a firm maximizes the value of shareholder’s wealth with its dividend policy. Corporate dividend policy is one of the major puzzles with modern finance. The overall question is whether company should pay out dividend at all. However, the large majority of listed companies pay dividend and they also carry sophisticated dividend policies. In this paper we outline when it is optimal for a company to pay out dividend and when it should reinvest the profit from operations. The model takes taxes in to consideration estimating the value of a company, i.e., the present value after deduction for taxes, is used as objective function.Four different taxes are considered. The analysis shows the terms on which it is profitable to receive dividend payout or to reinvest at an arbitrary time. Under the assumption of a unique maximum net present value, the terms at the time for the maximum net present value are also presented.
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8.
  • del Risco Norrlid, Lilian, et al. (författare)
  • Nordic Intercomparison Campaign for Whole Body Counters – Evaluation of the Performance of the Facilities and Inventory of Regional Resources.
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: 13th International Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) in Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Results of the regional intercomparison campaign conducted during 2010/2011 are presented and discussed. This activity was promoted in the framework of the Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) for regional cooperation in nuclear safety, radiation protection and emergency preparedness. The goals were to evaluate the quality status of whole body counting measurements by means of a proficiency test exercise, setting up an on-line library for the management of the use of calibration phantoms in the region and an inventory of the regional resources. The St. Petersburg whole body phantom (also known as IRINA), jointly owned by the Nordic countries, was circulated for the measurements together with two sets of fully traceable radioactive material (Cs137 and K40). This phantom can be built in six sizes and the choice for the phantom size was the adult size with 77,8 kg and 170,5 cm. Twenty one laboratories participated. The phantom circulated first among in-vivo laboratories situated at nuclear facilities, second priority was given to national authorities and laboratories with responsibilities within emergency response and lastly university hospitals or other research laboratories. A web based library for regional phantoms was set up containing the information on every phantom and its ”home” site. The online data updated after the completion of every loan event makes possible for the users to check online regarding availability/waiting time for the phantoms to borrow. The regional inventory of resources for in vivo measurements revealed that the whole body counting assets have been maintained compared to 2004, the last time an inventory of this kind was made. Both the field laboratories as the stationary ones are equipped with sophisticated whole-body counting systems with Ge-, NaI-detectors. The regional competence is good and retains experienced staff but a new generation is coming that needs training and exchange of experiences, which emphazises the importance of keeping the practice of intercomparison exercises.
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9.
  • Esseen, Per-Anders, et al. (författare)
  • Från datafångst till datavärdskap – översyn av datahanteringen i Nationell Inventering av Landskapet i Sverige (NILS)
  • 2008
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Syftet med denna utredning har varit att se över hela datahanteringen i NILS för att kunna identifiera särskilt kritiska processer och för att få en bild av helheten. I rapporten presenteras en kravspecifikation för de nya system (datahantering, statistik/redovisning och datavärdskap) som behöver byggas upp, de resurser som behövs för detta samt ges ett förslag på hur och i vilken tidsordning som systemen bör byggas upp.I rapporten presenteras den rekommenderade framtida datahanteringen inom NILS, från datafångst till datavärdskap. Data som idag ingår i datahanteringen för NILS är fältdata, tolkningsdata samt medföljande metadata, stöddata och annan nödvändig dokumentation. I denna rapport föreslås att datahantering i NILS skall delas in i fyra olika huvudprocesser.Den första processen ärDatafångstprocessen som samlar in rådata, samt kvalitetssäkrar och levererar detta. I NILS datafångstprocess ingår i dagsläget två delar, dels fältinventering, dels flygbildstolkning av 1 km x 1 km rutan. Det är nödvändigt att uppbyggnaden av fältdatabas och tolkningsdatabas samordnas vad gäller såväl systemstruktur, variabelnamn mm för att underlätta samkörningar av data. Den största kraften och resurserna skall läggas på att effektivisera datahanteringen inom datafångsten för då uppnås den största nyttan med insatserna.Den andra processen ärDatabasprocessen som tar emot rådata, metadata och stöddata från fält- och flygbildsprocessen i datafångsten och lagrar detta i ett databassystem. I systemet lagras även beräknade data, alternativt beräkningsfunktioner (script) som utför beräkningar direkt beroende på olika användares behov. För både flygbildstolkning och fältinventering skall normaliserade databaser upprättas. Detta är en absolut nödvändighet och ett krav för att Databas och Datavärdskap skall vara genomförbart.Den tredje processen ärStatistikprocessen som producerar skattningar, bearbetningar, sammanställningar och resultatrapporter från NILS grunddata i databasen.Den fjärde processen utgörs av självaDatavärdskapet där det ingår att ta emot och kontrolleradata, tillgängliggöra data för externa användare (via webb-portal bl.a.) samt att permanent arkivera kvalitetssäkrade data. I datavärdskapet ingår grunddata från NILS rådatabas samt bearbetade data, resultatrapporter, sammanställningar av data, tabeller, figurer mm som producerats i Statistikprocessen.Denna rapport ger följande övergripande förslag till hur huvudprocesserna i NILS datahantering skall genomföras och byggas upp:Beställarens uppdrag skall vara klart definierat för utförarenTydligt uppsatta mål för arbetetUtförlig planering - baserat på tillräckligt kunskapsunderlagTydligt definierade roller för personalenAtt personalen har de personella, ekonomiska och materiella resurser som behövs för genomförandet (kompetens, tid, verktyg, utrustning mm)Planera helheten, men bygg från litet till stort, undvik onödig komplexitetDelleveranser till avnämare ska ske tidigt och fortlöpandeKvalitetssäkring ska finnas i alla processerI samtliga huvudprocesser skall det ingå tillräcklig säkerhetskopiering av data, anpassad till varje process särskilda kravTillräcklig dokumentation av alla ingående delprocesserTydlig strategi för att minimera riskerFortlöpande dialog och adaptiv utveckling – för att säkerställa att målen nåsKostnadseffektivitet i alla led – beakta möjligheter till intern och extern samordningSamverkan – såväl inom som utom SLU.Under arbetets gång har särskilt kritiska moment i utvecklingsarbetet identifierats bl.a. lednings- och organisationsstrukturen, val av programvara för databaserna samt kvalitetssäkring av rådata. Dessa bör lyftas fram i det fortsatta arbetet.Rapporten ger ett förslag till en 5-årsplan för uppbyggnad av huvudprocesserna. De mest kritiska processerna är uppbyggnaden av kvalitetsäkrade rådatabaser för fältinventeringen och flygbildstolkning. Fokus de första åren ligger därför på NILSbasen och statistikdelen. Uppbyggnaden av själva datavärdskapet senareläggs.Utifrån 5-årsplanen har en kostnadsberäkning gjorts att utveckla och ta i drift samtliga huvudprocesser och komponenter i datahanteringen. Den beräknade kostnaden för 2008 är 4415 kkr, 2009 5230 kkr, 2010 7147 kkr, 2011 7760 kkr och 2012 8406 kkr. 
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10.
  • Fridman, Jonas, et al. (författare)
  • Adapting National Forest Inventories to changing requirements – the case of the Swedish National Forest Inventory at the turn of the 20th century.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Silva Fennica. - : Finnish Society of Forest Science. - 0037-5330 .- 2242-4075. ; 48
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • National Forest Inventories (NFIs) are becoming increasingly important worldwide in order to provide information about the multiple functions of forests, e.g. their provision of raw materials to industry, biodiversity and their capacity to store carbon for mitigating climate change. In several countries the history of NFIs is very long. For these countries a specific challenge is to keep the inventories up-to-date without sacrificing the advantages associated with long time series. At the turn of the 20th century European NFIs faced some major challenges. In this article we describe the history and the recent developments of the Swedish NFI as an example from which general observations are made and discussed. The Swedish NFI started in 1923 and has evolved from an inventory with a narrow focus on wood resources to an inventory today which aims to provide information about all major forest ecosystem services. It can be concluded that the traditional approaches of most European NFIs, e.g. to collect data through sample plot field inventories, has proved to be applicable even for a wide range of new information requirements. Specifically, detailed data about land use, trees, vegetation, and soils has found new important uses in connection with biodiversity assessments and the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions. Though time-consuming and difficult, making NFI information comparable across countries through harmonization appears to be a useful approach. The European National Forest Inventory Network (ENFIN) was formed in 2003 and has been successful in pan-European NFI harmonization.
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11.
  • Heiskanen, Janne, et al. (författare)
  • Aerial photo interpretation for change detection of treeline ecotones in the Swedish mountains
  • 2008
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • It is expected that the ongoing climate change will have a strong influence on the Earth’s vegetation and cause the advancement of treelines towards the poles and up to higher elevations. In the Swedish mountains, changes in the positions of alpine treelines have already been reported, and major changes due to changing climate are predicted for the near future. Remote sensing techniques have considerable potential to improve the monitoring of spatially complex treeline ecotones, which are likely to show site dependent responses to changing climate. Aerial photos provide the longest temporal record of remote sensing data for studying the historical treeline changes. High spatial resolution and the possibility of interpreting photos in three-dimensions are the main strengths of aerial photos. The National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS) is a nationwide environmental monitoring program, which provides sampling infrastructure for monitoring treelines over the Swedish mountains using high spatial resolution remote sensing data.
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12.
  • Helgesson, Gert, et al. (författare)
  • Misuse of co-authorship in Medical PhD Theses in Scandinavia : A Questionnaire Survey
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Academic Ethics. - : Springer Nature. - 1570-1727 .- 1572-8544. ; 21:3, s. 393-406
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BackgroundSeveral studies suggest that deviations from proper authorship practices are commonplace in medicine. The aim of this study was to explore experiences of and attitudes towards the handling of authorship in PhD theses at medical faculties in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.MethodsThose who defended their PhD thesis at a medical faculty in Scandinavia during the second half of 2020 were offered, by e-mail, to participate in an online survey. Survey questions dealt with experiences of violations of the first three of the ICMJE authorship criteria and misuse of authorship order in the thesis articles, as well as respondents’ attitudes to these matters. Both questions with fixed response alternatives and questions with free-text responses were used. Quantitative data were analysed statistically using the Table functions in SPSS 25 and Chi-2 tests. Free-text responses were analysed qualitatively using manifest content analysis.Results287 valid questionnaires were returned (response rate: 34.1%). Almost half (46.0%) of the respondents reported that the ICMJE authorship criteria were not fully respected in at least one of the papers in their thesis, while a vast majority (96.7%) found it important that authorship is handled according to the ICMJE authorship criteria. 24.4% reported inadequate handling of authorship order in at least one paper. The qualitative results provide a wide spectrum of examples of how the ICMJE authorship criteria are circumvented.ConclusionDespite increasing educational efforts to reduce deviations from good research practice at Scandinavian universities, the handling of authorship in medical papers remains problematic.
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13.
  • Holm, Anne Ivalu Sander, et al. (författare)
  • Vacuum-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy of DNA : a valuable tool to elucidate topology and electronic coupling in DNA
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 12:33, s. 9581-9596
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Circular dichroism (CD) is a powerful technique to obtain information on electronic transitions and has been used extensively for studies on DNA. Most experiments are done in the UV region but new information is often revealed from extending the wavelength region down into the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region. Such experiments are most easily carried out with synchrotron radiation (SR) light sources that provide large photon fluxes. Here we provide a summary of the SRCD data taken on different DNA strands with emphasis on results from our own laboratory within the last five years.(1-3) Signal intensities in the VUV are often significantly larger than those in the UV, and the electronic coupling between bases may increase with excitation energy. CD spectroscopy is particularly useful for investigating the extent of electronic coupling within a strand, i.e., the degree of delocalisation of the excited-state electronic wavefunction. The spatial extent of the wavefunction may be limited to just one base or it extends over two or more bases in a stack or between bases on different strands.(4,5) The actual character of the electronically excited state is linked to base composition and sequence as well as DNA folding motif (A-, B-, Z-DNA, triplexes, quadruplexes, etc.). The latter depends on experimental conditions such as solution acidity, temperature, ionic strength, and solvent.
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14.
  • Holm, Lars, et al. (författare)
  • An exploration of the methods to determine the protein-specific synthesis and breakdown rates in vivo in humans.
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Physiological Reports. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2051-817X. ; 7:17
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The present study explores the methods to determine human in vivo protein-specific myofibrillar and collagenous connective tissue protein fractional synthesis and breakdown rates. We found that in human myofibrillar proteins, the protein-bound tracer disappearance method to determine the protein fractional breakdown rate (FBR) (via 2 H2 O ingestion, endogenous labeling of 2 H-alanine that is incorporated into proteins, and FBR quantified by its disappearance from these proteins) has a comparable intrasubject reproducibility (range: 0.09-53.5%) as the established direct-essential amino acid, here L-ring-13 C6 -phenylalanine, incorporation method to determine the muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) (range: 2.8-56.2%). Further, the determination of the protein breakdown in a protein structure with complex post-translational processing and maturation, exemplified by human tendon tissue, was not achieved in this experimentation, but more investigation is encouraged to reveal the possibility. Finally, we found that muscle protein FBR measured with an essential amino acid tracer prelabeling is inappropriate presumably because of significant and prolonged intracellular recycling, which also may become a significant limitation for determination of the myofibrillar FSR when repeated infusion trials are completed in the same participants.
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16.
  • Holm, Niels R, et al. (författare)
  • OCT or Angiography Guidance for PCI in Complex Bifurcation Lesions.
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: The New England journal of medicine. - 1533-4406. ; 389:16, s. 1477-1487
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Imaging-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with better clinical outcomes than angiography-guided PCI. Whether routine optical coherence tomography (OCT) guidance in PCI of lesions involving coronary-artery branch points (bifurcations) improves clinical outcomes as compared with angiographic guidance is uncertain.We conducted a multicenter, randomized, open-label trial at 38 centers in Europe. Patients with a clinical indication for PCI and a complex bifurcation lesion identified by means of coronary angiography were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to OCT-guided PCI or angiography-guided PCI. The primary end point was a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as death from a cardiac cause, target-lesion myocardial infarction, or ischemia-driven target-lesion revascularization at a median follow-up of 2 years.We assigned 1201 patients to OCT-guided PCI (600 patients) or angiography-guided PCI (601 patients). A total of 111 patients (18.5%) in the OCT-guided PCI group and 116 (19.3%) in the angiography-guided PCI group had a bifurcation lesion involving the left main coronary artery. At 2 years, a primary end-point event had occurred in 59 patients (10.1%) in the OCT-guided PCI group and in 83 patients (14.1%) in the angiography-guided PCI group (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.50 to 0.98; P=0.035). Procedure-related complications occurred in 41 patients (6.8%) in the OCT-guided PCI group and 34 patients (5.7%) in the angiography-guided PCI group.Among patients with complex coronary-artery bifurcation lesions, OCT-guided PCI was associated with a lower incidence of MACE at 2 years than angiography-guided PCI. (Funded by Abbott Vascular and others; OCTOBER ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03171311.).
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17.
  • Holm, Pætur Mikal, et al. (författare)
  • Intrarater Reliability and Agreement of Recommended Performance-Based Tests and Common Muscle Function Tests in Knee Osteoarthritis.
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of geriatric physical therapy (2001). - 2152-0895. ; 44:3, s. 144-152
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Some uncertainty persists regarding the reproducibility of the recommended core set of performance-based tests, as well as common muscle function tests, when applied in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). The purpose of this study was to investigate the intrarater reliability and agreement of the recommended core set of performance-based tests and common muscle function tests in KOA.Participants (N=40) with radiographic and/or symptomatic KOA were evaluated twice with a 3-day interval between test sessions using the following tests: Leg extensor (LE) maximal muscle power measured in a Nottingham Power Rig; knee extensor (KE) peak isometric strength measured with a handheld dynamometer; 40-m walk test; 30-second chair-stand test; and 9-step stair climb test. Reliability was assessed using a 2-way, mixed-effects, single-measures model (3,1), absolute agreement-type intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement was assessed using 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and LOA relative to the mean score from test and retest (LOA-%).Reliability for all tests was very high (ICC ≥ 0.97). LOA (LOA-%) was ±32.3 watt (W) (±22%) for LE power; ±22.7 N·m (±24%) for KE strength; ±0.2 m/s (±10%) for 40-m walk test; ±2.4 repetitions (±14%) for 30-second chair-stand test; and ±2 second (±20%) for stair climb test. A potential participant learning effect was found for all 3 performance-based tests, indicated by the significantly better scores at retest.The very high reliability found for the performance-based tests supports findings from previous studies and confirms discriminate reliability of these tests on a group level. Also, very high reliability estimates were demonstrated for both muscle function tests. This study also provided estimates of agreement for both performance-based and muscle function tests, which are important to consider when using these tests on an individual level in clinical practice.When using these tests to monitor changes over time in the clinic, depending on the test, improvements of less than 10% to 24% could be a result of measurement error alone and therefore may not be considered an actual improvement after treatment.
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18.
  • Holm, Sören, et al. (författare)
  • A distance dependent contagion function for vector-based data
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Environmental and Ecological Statistics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1352-8505 .- 1573-3009. ; 19, s. 161-181
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Landscape pattern is of primary interest to landscape ecologists and landscape metrics are used to quantify landscape pattern. Metrics are commonly defined and calculated on raster-based land cover maps. One metric is the contagion, existing in several versions, e.g., unconditional and conditional, used as a measure of fragmentation. However, mapped data is sometimes in vector-based format or there may be no mapped data but only a point sample. In this study a definition of contagion for such cases is investigated. The metric is an extension of the usual contagion, based on pairs of points at varying distances and gives a function of the distance. In this study the extended contagion is calculated for vector-based delineated real landscapes and for simulated ones. Both unconditional and conditional contagions are studied using two classification systems. The unconditional contagion function was decreasing and convex, with upper and lower limits highly correlated to the Shannon diversity index, thus carrying only area proportion information. The spatial information lies in the speed by which the function converges to the lower limit; using a proxy function this can be expressed by a single parameter b, with high values for fragmented landscapes. No proxy function was found for the conditional contagion, for which only qualitative information was found. The extended contagion is applicable both in patch mosaic models of landscapes and in gradient-based models, where landscape characteristics change continuously without distinct borders between patches. The extended contagion can be useful in sample based surveys where there no map of the entire landscape is available.
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19.
  • Holm, Sören, et al. (författare)
  • Dividend or reinvestment when taxes are considered?
  • 2010
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The article analyzes theoretically how a firm maximizes the value of shareholder’s wealth with its policy for dividend/reinvestment of the profit from operations, when taxes are considered. In the study, the net present value, i.e. the present value after deduction for taxes, is used as objective function. Four different taxes are considered. The analysis shows the terms on which it is profitable to receive dividend payout or to reinvest at an arbitrary time. Under the assumption of a unique maximum net present value, the terms at the time for the maximum net present value are also presented. The article can be applied in forest economy.
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20.
  • Holm, Sören, et al. (författare)
  • Hybrid three-phase estimators for large-area forest inventory using ground plots, airborne lidar, and space lidar
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Remote Sensing of Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0034-4257 .- 1879-0704. ; 197, s. 85-97
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Previous studies have utilized ground plots, airborne lidar scanning or profiling data, and space lidar profiling data to estimate biomass across large regions, but these studies have failed to take into account the variance components associated with multiple models because the proper variance equations were not available. Previous large-domain studies estimated the variances of their biomass density estimates as the sum of the GLAS sampling variability plus the model variability associated with the models that predict airborne lidar estimates of biomass density (Y) as a function of satellite lidar measurements (X). This approach ignores the additional variability associated with the predictive models used to estimate ground biomass density as a function of airborne lidar measurements. This paper addresses that shortcoming. Analytic variance expressions are provided that include sampling variability and model variability in situations where multiple models are employed to generate estimates of biomass. As an example, the forest biomass of the continental US is estimated, by forest stratum within state, using a space lidar system (ICESat/GLAS). An airborne laser system (ALS) is used as an intermediary to tie the GLAS measurements of forest height to a small subset of US Forest Service (USFS) ground plots by flying the ALS over the ground plots and, independently, over individual GLAS footprints. Two sets of models are employed to relate satellite measurements to the ground plots. The first set of equations relates USFS ground plot estimates of total aboveground dry biomass density (Y-1) to spatially coincident ALS forest canopy measurements (X-1). The second set of models predicts those ALS canopy height measurements (X-1) used in the first set of models to GLAS waveform measurements (X2). The following important conclusions are noted. (1) The variability associated with estimation of the plot-ALS model coefficients is significant and should be included in the overall estimate of biomass density variance. In the continental US, the total variance of mean forest biomass density (98.06 t/ha) increases by a factor of 3.6x, i.e., from 1.91 to 6.94 t(2)/ha(2), when plot-ALS model variance is included in the calculation of total variance. (2) State-level results are more variable, but on average, the percent model variance at the state level, i.e., (model variance / total variance) * 100, increases from 16% to 59% when plot-ALS model variance is included. (3) The overall model variance is driven in large part by the number of plots overflown by the ALS and the number of GLAS pulses overflown by the ALS. Given a choice of improving precision by either increasing the number of plot-ALS observations or increasing ALS-GLAS observations, there is no obvious benefit to selecting one over the other. However, typically the number of ground plots overflown is the limiting factor. (4) If heteroskedasticity is evident in either the ground-air or air-satellite models, it can modeled using weighted regression techniques and incorporated into these model variance formulas in straightforward fashion. The results are unambiguous; in a hybrid three-phase sampling framework, both the ground-air and air-satellite model variance components are significant and should be taken into account. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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21.
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22.
  • Ilander, M, et al. (författare)
  • Increased proportion of mature NK cells is associated with successful imatinib discontinuation in chronic myeloid leukemia.
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Leukemia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0887-6924 .- 1476-5551. ; 31:5, s. 1108-1116
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recent studies suggest that a proportion of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in deep molecular remission can discontinue the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment without disease relapse. In this multi-center, prospective clinical trial (EURO-SKI, NCT01596114) we analyzed the function and phenotype of T and NK cells and their relation to successful TKI cessation. Lymphocyte subclasses were measured from 100 imatinib-treated patients at baseline and 1 month after the discontinuation, and functional characterization of NK and T cells was done from 45 patients. The proportion of NK cells was associated with the molecular relapse-free survival as patients with higher than median NK-cell percentage at the time of drug discontinuation had better probability to stay in remission. Similar association was not found with T or B cells or their subsets. In non-relapsing patients the NK-cell phenotype was mature, whereas patients with more naïve CD56(bright) NK cells had decreased relapse-free survival. In addition, the TNF-α/IFN-γ cytokine secretion by NK cells correlated with the successful drug discontinuation. Our results highlight the role of NK cells in sustaining remission and strengthen the status of CML as an immunogenic tumor warranting novel clinical trials with immunomodulating agents.Leukemia advance online publication, 16 December 2016; doi:10.1038/leu.2016.360.
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23.
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24.
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25.
  • Masterton, Malin, 1979- (författare)
  • Duties to Past Persons : Moral Standing and Posthumous Interests of Old Human Remains
  • 2010
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Genetic research has increasing power to analyse old biological remains. Biological traces of well-known historical persons can reveal personal information. The aim of this thesis is to investigate ethical concerns for the dead, within the biological, historical and archaeological sciences. In philosophy there is a long-running discussion on whether or not the dead can be wronged. The good name is proposed as a candidate of a posthumous interest. It is first of all argued that slandering per se can be wrong regardless of posthumous wronging of the dead. Secondly, the concept of change is investigated. It is argued that the property of having a reputation is a relational property. Hence a change in public opinion of a dead person, is also a change in the dead person’s reputation. The third contribution of this thesis is a constructive proposal for how a posthumous identity could be understood using narrative theory. Understanding identity through the life-story opens up the possibility of a gradual loss of identity after death, rather than absolute loss at the moment of death. Fragments of a person‘s narrative identity can persist in other peoples’ narratives, and for some historical persons, their narratives can be found long after their death. Finally, the implications of a remaining narrative identity for the dead are investigated in the area of archaeology and museumology. In the past 30 years, there has been increasing critique about present and past discriminatory handling of old human remains by archaeologists, in museums and in other institutions. Increasing numbers of requests have been made for repatriation or reburial of old human remains. Following an analysis of three current ethical guidelines in handling old human remains, changes to these guidelines are proposed based on a narrative method to a hypothetical claim of reburial.
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26.
  • Nielsen, Lisbeth Munksgaard, et al. (författare)
  • Effect of introducing thymine spacers into an adenine strand : Electronic decoupling?
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A. - : Elsevier BV. - 1010-6030 .- 1873-2666. ; 220:1, s. 1-3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Electronic coupling between DNA bases governs the deexcitation pathways after light absorption as well as the ability of the DNA strand to conduct charge. UV excitation of single strands of adenine bases involves two adjacent bases while the spatial extent of the excited state wavefunction following VUV excitation is over eight bases. In this work, we have recorded synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectra for a series of DNA strands on the form A(n)T(m)A(n), n = 1-5 and m = 1-3, in aqueous solution to study the effect of introducing thymine spacers on the electronic coupling between the adenines. We find that a single thymine spacer is enough to eliminate the strong coupling between the adenine bases for all excitation wavelengths between 175 nm and 330 nm.
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27.
  • Nilsson, Mats, et al. (författare)
  • Estimating annual cuttings using multi-temporal satellite data and field data from the Swedish NFI
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Remote Sensing. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0143-1161 .- 1366-5901. ; 30, s. 5109-5116
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many countries have ongoing national forest inventories (NFIs) that provide reliable information on current forest conditions and changes in the forest landscape. These inventories are often based on data collected using field inventory procedures and the results are presented in terms of forest statistics for different geographical areas. The Swedish NFI has decided to combine their field data with optical satellite data by using post-stratification to obtain improved and unbiased estimates of forest variables. The method has been shown to reduce the sampling error (standard error) by 10-35% for variables such as stem volume and forest area. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect on sampling error for the estimated annual clear-felled area when the NFI plots are post-stratified by cuttings mapped from multi-temporal satellite images. Clear-felled areas mapped by the Swedish Forest Agency using image pairs (SPOT and Landsat) from the years 2001/2002, 2002/2003, 2003/2004, and 2004/2005 were used to post-stratify the NFI plots. The study area covers approximately a 1.3 Mha forest land area in Coastal Vasterbotten. It was found that the sampling error (standard error) for the annually clear-felled area was reduced by 31% using post-stratification compared to use of field data alone.
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28.
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29.
  • Nilsson, Mats, et al. (författare)
  • Integration of earth observation data and in situ data from the National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS)
  • 2010
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Integration of in situ data and earth observation (EO) data for estimating the occurrence of different habitat or classes can be achieved using different approaches. In this study, the approach used is to post-stratify in situ data using existing land cover maps derived from satellite data. Photo-interpreted landscape elements and biotopes from the National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS; http://nils.slu.se/) were used as in situ data. The mapped landscape elements and biotopes were classified into General Habitat Categories (GHCs). Five of the GHCs were selected to exemplify how the precision of their area estimates was affected by using post-stratification, as compared to area estimates of the GHCs based on the photo-interpreted data alone. The stratification was made using the Swedish version of Corine land cover (SMD) which includes more classes and has a higher spatial resolution (1-25 ha minimum mapping unit depending on the class) than the European version of Corine land cover (CLC). The results show that the standard error was reduced substantially for all tested GHCs using post-stratification in comparison to the errors obtained without post-stratification. This shows the potential to derive improved area statistics of habitat categories by integrating in situ data with existing land cover maps.
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30.
  • Oddsson, Asmundur, et al. (författare)
  • Deficit of homozygosity among 1.52 million individuals and genetic causes of recessive lethality
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 14:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Genotypes causing pregnancy loss and perinatal mortality are depleted among living individuals and are therefore difficult to find. To explore genetic causes of recessive lethality, we searched for sequence variants with deficit of homozygosity among 1.52 million individuals from six European populations. In this study, we identified 25 genes harboring protein-altering sequence variants with a strong deficit of homozygosity (10% or less of predicted homozygotes). Sequence variants in 12 of the genes cause Mendelian disease under a recessive mode of inheritance, two under a dominant mode, but variants in the remaining 11 have not been reported to cause disease. Sequence variants with a strong deficit of homozygosity are over-represented among genes essential for growth of human cell lines and genes orthologous to mouse genes known to affect viability. The function of these genes gives insight into the genetics of intrauterine lethality. We also identified 1077 genes with homozygous predicted loss-of-function genotypes not previously described, bringing the total set of genes completely knocked out in humans to 4785.
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31.
  • Pedersen, Helle Krogh, et al. (författare)
  • Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 535:7612, s. 376-381
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Insulin resistance is a forerunner state of ischaemic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Here we show how the human gut microbiome impacts the serum metabolome and associates with insulin resistance in 277 non-diabetic Danish individuals. The serum metabolome of insulin-resistant individuals is characterized by increased levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which correlate with a gut microbiome that has an enriched biosynthetic potential for BCAAs and is deprived of genes encoding bacterial inward transporters for these amino acids. Prevotella copri and Bacteroides vulgatus are identified as the main species driving the association between biosynthesis of BCAAs and insulin resistance, and in mice we demonstrate that P. copri can induce insulin resistance, aggravate glucose intolerance and augment circulating levels of BCAAs. Our findings suggest that microbial targets may have the potential to diminish insulin resistance and reduce the incidence of common metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.
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32.
  • Petersson, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Assessing Uncertainty: Sample Size Trade-Offs in the Development and Application of Carbon Stock Models
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Forest Science. - 0015-749X. ; 63, s. 402-412
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many parties to the United Nation's Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) base their reporting of change in Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector carbon pools on national forest inventories. A strong feature of sample-based inventories is that very detailed measurements can be made at the level of plots. Uncertainty regarding the results stems primarily from the fact that only a sample, and not the entire population, is measured. However, tree biomass on sample plots is not directly measured but rather estimated using regression models based on allometric features such as tree diameter and height. Estimators of model parameters are random variables that exhibit different values depending on which sample is used for estimating model parameters. Although sampling error is strongly influenced by the sample size when the model is applied, modeling error is strongly influenced by the sample size when the model is under development. Thus, there is a trade-off between which sample sizes to use when applying and developing models. This trade-off has not been studied before and is of specific interest for countries developing new national forest inventories and biomass models in the REDD + context. This study considers a specific sample design and population. This fact should be considered when extrapolating results to other locations and populations.
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33.
  • Petersson, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Individual tree biomass equations or biomass expansion factors for assessment of carbon stock changes in living biomass - A comparative study
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 270, s. 78-84
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Signatory countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its supplementary Kyoto Protocol (KP) are obliged to report greenhouse gas emissions and removals. Changes in the carbon stock of living biomass should be reported using either the default or stock change methods of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) under the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry sector. Traditionally, volume estimates are used as a forestry measures. Changes in living biomass may be assessed by first estimating the change in the volume of stem wood and then converting this volume to whole tree biomass using biomass expansion factors (BEFs). However, this conversion is often non-trivial because the proportion of stem wood increases with tree size at the expense of branches, foliage, stump and roots. Therefore, BEFs typically vary over time and their use may result in biased estimates. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences between biomass estimates obtained using biomass equations and BEFs with particular focus on uncertainty analysis. Assuming that the development of tree fractions in different ways can be handled by individual biomass equations, BEFs for standing stock were shown to overestimate the biomass sink capacity (Sweden). Although estimates for BEFs derived for changes in stock were found to be unbiased, the estimated BEFs varied substantially over time (0.85-1.22 ton CO2/m(3)). However, to some extent this variation may be due to random sampling errors rather than actual changes. The highest accuracy was obtained for estimates based on biomass equations for different tree fractions, applied to data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory using a permanent sample design (estimated change in stock 1990-2005: 420 million tons CO2, with a standard error amounting to 26.7 million tons CO2) Many countries have adopted such a design combined with the stock change method for reporting carbon stock changes under the UNFCCC/KP. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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34.
  • Ramezani, Habib, et al. (författare)
  • A review of sampling-based approaches for estimating landscape metrics
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift / Norwegian Journal of Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0029-1951 .- 1502-5292. ; 67, s. 61-71
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Landscape metrics are generally calculated from complete land cover and land use maps. However, a relatively new approach has been to use sample data for the same purpose. The objective of the study was to review the literature on sampling methods for estimating landscape metrics. The advantages of using sampling include the possibility to derive metrics at low cost, the possibility of using existing survey data, and the possibility in some cases to attain improved accuracy through careful assessments at a limited number of sampling units rather than by crude assessments for all patches of a land cover map. Among the disadvantages are the estimation of some metrics with bias or that cannot be estimated at all, and to some extent handling of sample data requires practitioners to acquire new skills. In conclusion, sampling-based approaches for the estimation of landscape metrics appear promising. Interesting areas for further studies involve (1) the optimization of sample-based inventories with respect to landscape metric estimation, (2) comparisons of selected sampling-based approaches and wall-to-wall based approaches, where all relevant error sources and costs are included, and (3) further investigations of whether metrics can be redefined to better suit sample-based assessments without compromising interpretability.
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35.
  • Ramezani, Habib, et al. (författare)
  • Estimating a distance dependent contagion function using point sample data
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Environmental and Ecological Statistics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1352-8505 .- 1573-3009. ; 21, s. 61-82
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Natural events and human activities cause changes in landscape structure. Landscape metrics are used as a useful tool to study landscape trends and ecological processes related to the landscape structure. These metrics are commonly calculated on wall-to-wall raster data from remote sensing. A recent trend is to use sample data to estimate landscape metrics. In this study, point sampling was used to estimate a vector-based and distance dependent contagion metric. The metric is an extension of the established contagion. The statistical properties, for both unconditional and conditional contagions, were assessed by a point (point pairs) sampling experiment in maps from the National Inventory of landscapes in Sweden. Random and systematic sampling designs were tested for nine point distances and five sample sizes and for two classification systems.The systematic design showed slightly smaller root mean square error (RMSE) and bias than the random design. Both true and estimated values were calculated using computer programs in FORTRAN, which was specifically written for the purpose of the study. For a given sample size, RMSE and bias increased with increasing point distance. The estimator of unconditional contagion had acceptable RMSE and bias for moderate sample sizes, but in the conditional case the bias (and thus the RMSE) was unacceptably large. The main reason for this is that small classes (by area) affect both the true value of the contagion and are often missing in the sample. The method proposed can be adopted in gradient-based model of landscape structure where no distinct border is assumed between polygons. The method can also be applied in field-based inventories.
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36.
  • Ramezani, Habib, et al. (författare)
  • Monitoring landscape metrics by point sampling: accuracy in estimating Shannon's diversity and edge density
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-6369 .- 1573-2959. ; 164, s. 403-421
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Environmental monitoring of landscapes is of increasing interest. To quantify landscape patterns, a number of metrics are used, of which Shannon's diversity, edge length, and density are studied here. As an alternative to complete mapping, point sampling was applied to estimate the metrics for already mapped landscapes selected from the National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS). Monte-Carlo simulation was applied to study the performance of different designs. Random and systematic samplings were applied for four sample sizes and five buffer widths. The latter feature was relevant for edge length, since length was estimated through the number of points falling in buffer areas around edges. In addition, two landscape complexities were tested by applying two classification schemes with seven or 20 land cover classes to the NILS data. As expected, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the estimators decreased with increasing sample size. The estimators of both metrics were slightly biased, but the bias of Shannon's diversity estimator was shown to decrease when sample size increased. In the edge length case, an increasing buffer width resulted in larger bias due to the increased impact of boundary conditions; this effect was shown to be independent of sample size. However, we also developed adjusted estimators that eliminate the bias of the edge length estimator. The rates of decrease of RMSE with increasing sample size and buffer width were quantified by a regression model. Finally, indicative cost-accuracy relationships were derived showing that point sampling could be a competitive alternative to complete wall-to-wall mapping.
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37.
  • Ramezani, Habib, et al. (författare)
  • Sample-based estimation of "contagion metric" using line intersect sampling method (LIS)
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Landscape and Ecological Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1860-1871 .- 1860-188X. ; 11, s. 239-248
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Quantification of landscape pattern is of primary interest in landscape ecological studies. For quantification purposes, a large number of landscape metrics have been developed, with definitions based on measurable patch attributes. Calculation of these metrics is commonly conducted on wall-to-wall maps, whereas a new interest is to use sample data. It is argued that a sample survey takes less time and results are more reliable. The overall objective in this paper was to present the potential of the line interest sampling method for estimating a special contagion metric. The specific objective was to assess statistical properties in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) and bias of the contagion metric estimator. This study was conducted on 50.1 km(2) already manually delineated land cover maps from the National Inventory of Landscape in Sweden. Monte-Carlo sampling simulation was employed to assess the statistical properties of the estimator. The simulation was conducted for different combinations of two sampling designs, four sample sizes, five lines transect configurations, three lines transect lengths, and two classification systems. The systematic sampling design resulted in lower RMSE and bias compared to a simple random one. Both RMSE and bias of the contagion estimator tended to decrease with increasing sample size and line transect length. We recommend using a combination of systematic sampling design, straight line configuration and long line transect. We conclude that there is no need to use mapped data and thus polygon delineation errors can considerably be reduced or eliminated.
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38.
  • Ramezani, Habib, et al. (författare)
  • Sample based estimation of landscape metrics; accuracy of line intersect sampling for estimating edge density and Shannon's diversity index
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Environmental and Ecological Statistics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1352-8505 .- 1573-3009. ; 18, s. 109-130
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A recent trend is to estimate landscape metrics using sample data and cost-efficiency is one important reason for this development. In this study, line intersect sampling (LIS) was used as an alternative to wall-to-wall mapping for estimating Shannon's diversity index and edge length and density. Monte Carlo simulation was applied to study the statistical performance of the estimators. All combinations of two sampling designs (random and systematic distribution of transects), four sample sizes, five transect configurations (straight line, L, Y, triangle, and quadrat), two transect orientations (fixed and random), and three configuration lengths were tested, each with a large number of simulations. Reference was 50 photos of size 1 km(2), already manually delineated in vector format by photo interpreters using GIS environment. The performance was compared by root mean square error (RMSE) and bias. The best combination for all three metrics was found to be the systematic design and as response design the straight line configuration with random orientation of transects, with little difference between the fixed and random orientation of transects. The rate of decrease of RMSE for increasing sample size and line length was studied with a mixed linear model. It was found that the RMSE decreased to a larger degree with the systematic design than the random one, especially with increasing sample size. Due to the nonlinearity in the definition of Shannon diversity estimator its estimator has a small and negative bias, decreasing with sample size and line length. Finally, a time study was conducted, measuring the time for registration of line intersections and their lengths on non-delineated aerial photos. The time study showed that long sampling lines were more cost-efficient than short ones for photo-interpretation.
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39.
  • Saarela, Svetlana, et al. (författare)
  • Comparing frameworks for biomass prediction for the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Remote Sensing of Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0034-4257 .- 1879-0704. ; 278
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • NASA's Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) mission offers data for temperate and pan-tropical estimates of aboveground forest biomass (AGB). The spaceborne, full-waveform LiDAR from GEDI provides sample footprints of canopy structure, expected to cover about 4% of the land area following two years of operation. Several options are available for estimating AGB at different geographical scales. Using GEDI sample data alone, gridded biomass predictions are based on hybrid inference which correctly propagates errors due to the modeling and accounts for sampling variability, but this method requires at least two GEDI tracks in the area of interest. However, there are significant gaps in GEDI coverage and in some areas of interest GEDI data may need to be combined with other wall-to-wall remotely sensed (RS) data, such as those from multispectral or SAR sensors. In these cases, we may employ hierarchical model-based (HMB) inference that correctly considers the additional model errors that result from relating GEDI data to the wall-to-wall data. Where predictions are possible from both hybrid and HMB inference the question arises which framework to choose, and under what circumstances? In this paper, we make progress towards answering these questions by comparing the performance of the two prediction frameworks under conditions relevant for the GEDI mission. Conventional model-based (MB) inference with wall-to-wall TanDEM-X data was applied as a baseline prediction framework, which does not involve GEDI data at all. An important feature of the study was the comparison of AGB predictors in terms of both standard deviation (SD: the square root of variance) and root mean square error (RMSE: the square root of mean square error – MSE). Since, in model-based inference, the true AGB in an area of interest is a random variable, comparisons of the performance of prediction frameworks should preferably be made in terms of their RMSEs. However, in practice only the SD can be estimated based on empirical survey data, and thus it is important also to study whether or not the difference between the two uncertainty measures is small or large under conditions relevant for the GEDI mission. Our main findings were that: (i) hybrid and HMB prediction typically resulted in smaller RMSEs than conventional MB prediction although the difference between the three frameworks in terms of SD often was small; (ii) in most cases the difference between hybrid and HMB inference was small in terms of both RMSE and SD; (iii) the RMSEs for all frameworks was substantially larger than the SDs in small study areas whereas the two uncertainty measures were similar in large study areas, and; (iv) spatial autocorrelation of model residual errors had a large effect on the RMSEs of AGB predictors, especially in small study areas. We conclude that hybrid inference is suitable in most GEDI applications for AGB assessment, due to its simplicity compared to HMB inference. However, where GEDI data are sparse HMB inference should be preferred.
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40.
  • Saarela, Svetlana, et al. (författare)
  • Generalized Hierarchical Model-Based Estimation for Aboveground Biomass Assessment Using GEDI and Landsat Data
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Remote Sensing. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-4292. ; 10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recent developments in remote sensing (RS) technology have made several sources of auxiliary data available to support forest inventories. Thus, a pertinent question is how different sources of RS data should be combined with field data to make inventories cost-efficient. Hierarchical model-based estimation has been proposed as a promising way of combining: (i) wall-to-wall optical data that are only weakly correlated with forest structure; (ii) a discontinuous sample of active RS data that are more strongly correlated with structure; and (iii) a sparse sample of field data. Model predictions based on the strongly correlated RS data source are used for estimating a model linking the target quantity with weakly correlated wall-to-wall RS data. Basing the inference on the latter model, uncertainties due to both modeling steps must be accounted for to obtain reliable variance estimates of estimated population parameters, such as totals or means. Here, we generalize previously existing estimators for hierarchical model-based estimation to cases with non-homogeneous error variance and cases with correlated errors, for example due to clustered sample data. This is an important generalization to take into account data from practical surveys. We apply the new estimation framework to case studies that mimic the data that will be available from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) mission and compare the proposed estimation framework with alternative methods. Aboveground biomass was the variable of interest, Landsat data were available wall-to-wall, and sample RS data were obtained from an airborne LiDAR campaign that produced simulated GEDI waveforms. The results show that generalized hierarchical model-based estimation has potential to yield more precise estimates than approaches utilizing only one source of RS data, such as conventional model-based and hybrid inferential approaches.
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41.
  • Saarela, Svetlana, et al. (författare)
  • Hierarchical model-based inference for forest inventory utilizing three sources of information
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Annals of Forest Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1286-4560 .- 1297-966X. ; 73, s. 895-910
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The study presents novel model-based estimators for growing stock volume and its uncertainty estimation, combining a sparse sample of field plots, a sample of laser data, and wall-to-wall Landsat data. On the basis of our detailed simulation, we show that when the uncertainty of estimating mean growing stock volume on the basis of an intermediate ALS model is not accounted for, the estimated variance of the estimator can be biased by as much as a factor of three or more, depending on the sample size at the various stages of the design.This study concerns model-based inference for estimating growing stock volume in large-area forest inventories, combining wall-to-wall Landsat data, a sample of laser data, and a sparse subsample of field data.We develop and evaluate novel estimators and variance estimators for the population mean volume, taking into account the uncertainty in two model steps.Estimators and variance estimators were derived for two main methodological approaches and evaluated through Monte Carlo simulation. The first approach is known as two-stage least squares regression, where Landsat data were used to predict laser predictor variables, thus emulating the use of wall-to-wall laser data. In the second approach laser data were used to predict field-recorded volumes, which were subsequently used as response variables in modeling the relationship between Landsat and field data.a (TM) The estimators and variance estimators are shown to be at least approximately unbiased. Under certain assumptions the two methods provide identical results with regard to estimators and similar results with regard to estimated variances.We show that ignoring the uncertainty due to one of the models leads to substantial underestimation of the variance, when two models are involved in the estimation procedure.
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42.
  • Saarela, Svetlana, et al. (författare)
  • Mapping aboveground biomass and its prediction uncertainty using LiDAR and field data, accounting for tree-level allometric and LiDAR model errors
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Forest Ecosystems. - : Elsevier BV. - 2095-6355 .- 2197-5620. ; 7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background The increasing availability of remotely sensed data has recently challenged the traditional way of performing forest inventories, and induced an interest in model-based inference. Like traditional design-based inference, model-based inference allows for regional estimates of totals and means, but in addition for wall-to-wall mapping of forest characteristics. Recently Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-based maps of forest attributes have been developed in many countries and been well received by users due to their accurate spatial representation of forest resources. However, the correspondence between such mapping and model-based inference is seldom appreciated. In this study we applied hierarchical model-based inference to produce aboveground biomass maps as well as maps of the corresponding prediction uncertainties with the same spatial resolution. Further, an estimator of mean biomass at regional level, and its uncertainty, was developed to demonstrate how mapping and regional level assessment can be combined within the framework of model-based inference. Results Through a new version of hierarchical model-based estimation, allowing models to be nonlinear, we accounted for uncertainties in both the individual tree-level biomass models and the models linking plot level biomass predictions with LiDAR metrics. In a 5005 km(2)large study area in south-central Sweden the predicted aboveground biomass at the level of 18 m x18 m map units was found to range between 9 and 447 Mg center dot ha(-1). The corresponding root mean square errors ranged between 10 and 162 Mg center dot ha(-1). For the entire study region, the mean aboveground biomass was 55 Mg center dot ha(-1)and the corresponding relative root mean square error 8%. At this level 75% of the mean square error was due to the uncertainty associated with tree-level models. Conclusions Through the proposed method it is possible to link mapping and estimation within the framework of model-based inference. Uncertainties in both tree-level biomass models and models linking plot level biomass with LiDAR data are accounted for, both for the uncertainty maps and the overall estimates. The development of hierarchical model-based inference to handle nonlinear models was an important prerequisite for the study.
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43.
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45.
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46.
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47.
  • Ståhl, Göran, et al. (författare)
  • A simulation approach for accuracy assessment of two-phase post-stratified estimation in large-area LiDAR biomass surveys
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Remote Sensing of Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0034-4257 .- 1879-0704. ; 133, s. 210-224
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Auxiliary information provided by airborne laser scanners (ALS) is expected to increase the accuracy of biomass estimation in large-scale forest surveys. Because acquisition of "wall-to-wall" ALS data over large areas is not economically feasible, a systematic sampling approach using ALS as a strip sampling tool was used to supplement a conventional field-based inventory in a large-scale biomass survey in Hedmark County (HC), Norway. However, the complexities of these surveys render prohibitive the analytical determination of the properties of the resulting estimators and of the estimators of their sampling variances. To overcome the problem, the statistical properties of the estimators were empirically investigated in this paper using simulated sampling from an artificial population. Through this approach, estimators with desirable properties can be identified and used for inference in real applications. By combining biomass estimates from Norwegian National Forest Inventory plots in HC ALS measurements and Landsat 5 TM imagery, an artificial population at the scale of HC was created. Using this artificial population as "ground-truth", we demonstrate how simulated sampling can be used for assessing the statistical properties of regression estimators and of their variance estimators under two-phase post-stratified systematic sampling (SYS) and simple random sampling without replacement (SRSwoR) designs, considering design- and model-dependent inferential frameworks. The results were assessed using a purely ground-based systematic design with a Horvitz-Thompson (HT) estimator as benchmark. The real overall precision of the ALS-aided systematic survey was nearly five times overestimated when using the design-based variance estimators developed for SRSwoR, while under model-dependent inference the overestimation of the real standard errors was around 40%. Compared to ground-based inventory, the estimated standard errors of the systematic ALS survey doubled while in reality the standard errors were 55% lower. Using successive differences variance estimators greatly improved the precision of the systematic ALS-aided survey and produced valid 95% confidence intervals under the design-based inference. The most satisfactory results for the ALS-aided survey in terms of analytical variances occurred under design-based inference with successive difference variance estimator, closely followed by the model-dependent estimators. Using simulations, the cost efficiency of the ground based and ALS-aided surveys was assessed by evaluating accuracy against inventory cost for various sampling intensities. The results indicated that the ALS-aided surveys can be a cost-efficient alternative to traditional field inventories. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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48.
  • Ståhl, Göran, et al. (författare)
  • Estimating biomass in Hedmark County, Norway using national forest inventory field plots and airborne laser scanning
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Remote Sensing of Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0034-4257 .- 1879-0704. ; 123, s. 443-456
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this paper two sampling and estimation strategies for regional forest inventory were investigated in detail and results were presented for various geographical scales. Airborne laser scanner (ALS) data were acquired to augment data from a systematic sample of National Forest Inventory (NFI) ground plots in Hedmark County, Norway (27,390 km(2)). Approximately 50% of the NFI field plots were covered by the systematic ALS sample of 53 parallel flight lines spaced 6 km apart. The area was stratified into eight cover classes and independent log-transformed regression models were developed for each class to predict total above-ground dry biomass (AGB). The two laser-ground estimation strategies tested were a model-dependent (MD), two-phase approach that rests on the assumption that the predictive models are correctly specified, and a model-assisted (MA) approach with a two-stage probability sampling design which utilizes design-unbiased estimators. ALS AGB estimates were reported by land cover class and compared to the NH ground estimates. The ALS-based MA and MD mean estimates differed from the NFI AGB estimates by about 2% and 8%, respectively, for the entire County. At the county level the smallest estimated standard error (SE) for the estimates was obtained using the field data alone. However, the SEs calculated from field and ALS data were based on unequal numbers of ground plots. When considering only the NFI plots in the ALS strips, the smallest SEs were obtained using the MD framework. However, we also illustrated the sensitivity of the estimates of applying different plausible models. All the applied estimators assumed simple random sampling while the selection of flight lines as well as ground plots followed a systematic design. Thus, the estimates of SE were most likely conservative. Simulated sampling undertaken in a parallel research effort suggests that the overestimation of the SEs was probably much larger for the ALS-based estimates compared to the NEI estimates. ALS-based estimates were also derived for sub-county political units and thereby demonstrated how limited sample sizes affect the standard error of the biomass estimates. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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49.
  • Ståhl, Göran, et al. (författare)
  • Lidar sampling - Using an airborne profiler to estimate forest biomass in Hedmark County, Norway
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Remote Sensing of Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0034-4257 .- 1879-0704. ; 123, s. 563-578
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An airborne profiling lidar was used to estimate total aboveground dry biomass, a surrogate for aboveground carbon stocks, for all land cover types in Hedmark County, Norway. One-hundred-five parallel profiling flight lines systematically spaced three km apart, totaling 8309 km, were acquired to measure forest canopy height and density across the 27,390 km(2) County. Two sampling/estimation strategies were investigated; both use profiling lidar data to augment field data collected as part of a systematic network of Norwegian National Forest Inventory (NFI) ground plots. The two strategies include (1) a model-dependent (MD), two-phase approach which permits calculation of sampling and model error, and (2) a model-assisted (MA), probability-based, two-stage approach which utilizes asymptotically design-unbiased estimators. The lidar-augmented survey results from these two sampling strategies were compared to NFI ground estimates for the County. The MD estimate (38.88 +/- 1.07 Mg ha(-1), one a) differs from the NFI ground estimate (37.64 +/- 0.94 Mg ha(-1)) by +1.24 Mg ha(-1) (+3.3%) and the MA (36.09 +/- 1.56 Mg ha(-1)) versus NFI difference is -1.55 Mg ha(-1) (-4.1%). As expected, as smaller geographical areas are considered, lidar-NFI differences increase, and at the individual cover class level, MD lidar-ground absolute differences average 3.1 Mg ha(-1) for the eight individual classes (8.2% of the County mean). The comparable MA lidar-ground average absolute difference for the individual cover classes is 4.3 Mg ha(-1) (11.4% of the County mean). For all of Hedmark, in general, the MD approach agreed most closely with NFI estimates. The standard errors (SE) generated using the MA approach were, in general, 2-3 times larger than the MD SEs for productive forest classes at the County level, though neither lidar sample was consistently more precise than the NFI ground estimates alone. For Hedmark County, the results indicate that profiling lidar surveys can provide estimates comparable to ground surveys but, at this particular juncture, the MD and MA estimators did not improve the precision of adequately designed (in terms of sample size), probability-based ground samples. However when smaller political units are considered, i.e., as estimates are made on smaller and smaller subunits within Hedmark County, in general, MD-SE < NFI-SE << MA-SE. Of the two designs considered in this study, the MD approach is most amenable to satellite lidar surveys since it does not require that profiling lidar satellite pulses intercept ground plots already established for a regional or national forest inventory. Direct comparisons of lidar and ground SEs are complicated by two factors: (1) the influence of treating both lidar and ground surveys as random samples when, in fact, they're systematic, and (2) by the two stage/phase structure of the lidar surveys versus the single stage structure of the NFI. These results should be viewed as preliminary, subject to validation using a Monte Carlo simulator. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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50.
  • Ståhl, Göran, et al. (författare)
  • Model-assisted estimation of biomass in a LiDAR sample survey in Hedmark County, Norway
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Canadian Journal of Forest Research. - 0045-5067 .- 1208-6037. ; 41, s. 83-95
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Inasmuch as LiDAR is becoming an increasingly prominent tool for forest inventory, it is timely to develop a framework to understand the statistical properties of LiDAR-based estimates. A model-assisted approach to estimation and inference when using LiDAR as a tool to inventory aboveground forest biomass is presented. An empirical example is also presented, yet the article's focus is largely methodological. The sampling plan in the example is viewed as a two-stage design, with slightly different primary sampling units between the profiling and scanning laser surveys. A regression estimator is presented that uses biomass data from the Norwegian National Forest Inventory as the response variable and laser-derived variables as covariates. A major thrust of this article is the presentation of the variance of the estimators of total biomass and biomass per hectare as well as variance estimators.
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