| 1. |
- Holmgren, Anita, et al.
(författare)
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High re-arrest rates among drug-impaired drivers despite zero-tolerance legislation
- 2008
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 40:2, s. 534-540
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A zero-tolerance law for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) in Sweden led to a 10-fold increase in the number of cases submitted by the police for toxicological analysis. The statutory blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving is 0.2 mg/g (∼0.02 g%). Methods: An in-house database (TOXBASE) was used to investigate re-arrests for impaired driving over 4 years (2001-2004), which comprised 36,799 cases. The age, gender, re-arrest rate of the offenders and the concentrations of ethanol and amphetamine in blood samples were evaluated. Results: We found that 44% of individuals (N = 16,277) re-offended 3.2 times on average (range 1-23 arrests). Between 85 and 89% of first-time offenders were men and there was also a male dominance among the recidivists (88-93%). The mean age of drunken drivers was ∼40 years compared with ∼35 years for driving under the influence of amphetamine, which was the drug identified in 50-60% of DUID cases, either alone or together with other licit or illicit drugs. The median BAC was 1.5 mg/g (∼0.15 g%), which suggests a dominance of heavy drinkers. The median BAC was even higher in recidivists (1.6-1.7 mg/g). The median concentration of amphetamine in blood was 1.0 mg/L in recidivists compared with 0.5 mg/L in the first-time offenders. About 14% of drunken drivers re-offended 1-10 times compared with 68% of DUID suspects, who were re-arrested 1-23 times. People with only a scheduled prescription drug in blood were re-arrested much less frequently (∼17%) compared with those taking illicit drugs (68%). Conclusions: The appreciable increase in number of arrests for DUID after a zero-tolerance law might reflect a heightened enthusiasm by the police authorities armed with knowledge that a prosecution is easier to obtain. Zero-tolerance laws do not deter people from impaired driving judging by the high re-arrest rates. During the sentencing of hardcore offenders, the courts should give more consideration to the underlying substance abuse problem. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Jones, A Wayne, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of blood-ethanol concentration in deaths attributed to acute alcohol poisoning and chronic alcoholism
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Forensic Sciences. - 0022-1198 .- 1556-4029. ; 48:4, s. 874-879
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ethanol concentrations were measured in femoral venous blood in deaths attributed to acute alcohol poisoning (N = 693) or chronic alcoholism (N = 825), according to the forensic pathology report. Among acute alcohol poisonings were 529 men (76%) with mean age 53 years and 164 women (24%) with mean age 53 years. In the chronic alcoholism deaths were 705 men (85%) with mean age 55 years and 120 women (15%) with mean age 57 years. The blood-ethanol concentrations were not related to the person's age (r = -0.17 in acute poisonings and r = -0.09 in chronic alcoholism). The distribution of blood-ethanol concentrations in acute poisoning cases agreed with a normal or Gaussian curve with mean, median, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and spread of 0.36 g/100 mL, 0.36 g/100 mL, 0.086 g/100 mL, 24% and 0.074 to 0.68 g/100 mL, respectively. The corresponding concentrations of ethanol in chronic alcoholism deaths were not normally distributed and showed a mode between 0.01 and 0.05 g/100 mL and mean, median, and spread of 0.172 g/100 mL, 0.150 g/100 mL, and 0.01 to 0.56 g/100 mL, respectively. The 5th and 95th percentiles for blood-ethanol concentration in acute poisoning deaths were 0.22 and 0.50 g/100 mL, respectively. However, these values are probably conservative estimates of the highest blood-ethanol concentrations before death owing to metabolism of ethanol until the time of death. In 98 chronic alcoholism deaths (12%) there was an elevated concentration of acetone in the blood (> 0.01 g/100 mL), and 50 of these (6%) also had elevated isopropanol (>0.01 g/100 mL). This compares with 28 cases (4%) with elevated blood-acetone in the acute poisoning deaths and 22 (3%) with elevated blood-isopropanol. We offer various explanations for the differences in blood-ethanol and blood-acetone in acute poisoning and alcoholism deaths such as chronic tolerance, alcohol-related organ and tissue damage (cirrhosis, pancreatitis), positional asphyxia or suffocation by inhalation of vomit, exposure to cold coupled with alcohol-induced hypothermia, as well as various metabolic disturbances such as hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis.
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| 4. |
- Jones, A Wayne, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Urine/blood ratios of ethanol in deaths attributed to acute alcohol poisoning and chronic alcoholism
- 2003
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Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - 0379-0738 .- 1872-6283. ; 135:3, s. 206-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concentrations of ethanol were determined in femoral venous blood (BAC) and urine (UAC) and the UAC/BAC ratios were evaluated for a large case series of forensic autopsies in which the primary cause of death was either acute alcohol poisoning (N=628) or chronic alcoholism (N=647). In alcohol poisoning deaths both UAC and BAC were higher by about 2g/l compared with chronic alcoholism deaths. In acute alcohol poisoning deaths the minimum BAC was 0.74g/l and the distribution of UAC/BAC ratios agreed well with the shape of a Gaussian curve with mean-standard deviation (S.D.) and median (2.5th and 97.5th centiles) of 1.18-0.182 and 1.18 (0.87 and 1.53), respectively. In alcoholism deaths, when the BAC was above 0.74g/l (N=457) the mean-S.D. and median (2.5th and 97.5th centiles) UAC/BAC ratios were 1.30-0.29 and 1.26 (0.87 and 2.1), respectively. When the BAC was below 0.74g/l (N=190), the mean and median UAC/BAC ratios were considerably higher, being 2.24 and 1.58, respectively. BAC and UAC were highly correlated in acute alcohol poisoning deaths (r=0.84, residual S.D.=0.47g/l) and in chronic alcoholism deaths (r=0.95, residual S.D.=0.41g/l). For both causes of death (N=1275), the correlation between BAC and UAC was r=0.95 and the residual S.D. was 0.46g/l. The lower UAC/BAC ratio observed in acute alcohol poisoning deaths (mean and median 1.18:1) suggests that these individuals died before absorption and distribution of ethanol in all body fluids were complete. The higher UAC/BAC ratio in chronic alcoholism (median 1.30:1) is closer to the value expected for complete absorption and distribution of ethanol in all body fluids.
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| 5. |
- Wekell, Per, et al.
(författare)
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An overview of how on-call consultant paediatricians can recognise and manage severe primary immunodeficiencies.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Acta paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 1651-2227 .- 0803-5253. ; 108:12, s. 2175-2185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Severe primary paediatric immunodeficiency syndromes are rare and potentially fatal unless suspected, diagnosed and treated early. We provide clinical guidance and support for on-call consultant paediatricians working in secondary level hospitals on how to recognise and manage children with these conditions. Our paper addresses four conditions that risk the most severe outcomes if they are not adequately cared for during on-call periods, such as weekends: severe combined immunodeficiency, haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, severe congenital neutropaenia and chronic granulomatous disease. CONCLUSION: On-call paediatricians are provided with advice on handling the most severe primary immunodeficiencies.
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| 6. |
- Wekell, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Fifteen-minute consultation: Recognising primary immune deficiencies in children
- 2019
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Ingår i: Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition. - : BMJ. - 1743-0585 .- 1743-0593. ; 104, s. 235-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. Children with primary immunodeficiency syndromes present with broad variation of clinical features and the consequences are often severe if not promptly recognised. Here, support is provided for the general paediatrician to recognise primary immunodeficiencies among the many children they meet in their clinical practice.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Carlsten, A, et al.
(författare)
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The role of benzodiazepines in elderly suicides
- 2003
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 31:3, s. 224-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: In Sweden, suicides by drug poisoning have decreased in the population at large during the past two decades. However, drug poisoning suicides increased among the elderly during this period. Suicides by benzodiazepine poisoning increased in this age group despite a reduction in prescription sales of these drugs. This study aims therefore to determine the role of benzodiazepines in suicide late in life. Methods: Information concerning all definite suicides and deaths due to "undetermined" causes recorded among Swedish citizens aged 65 and above during 1992-96 was obtained from the Cause-of-Death Register. Death certificates were scrutinized to determine the type of drug employed in drug-related suicides. Results of the post mortem screening for drugs and alcohol were then examined. Results: A benzodiazepine was implicated in 216/548 (39%) of the drug poisoning suicides recorded among the elderly. Death certificates revealed that a benzodiazepine was the sole agent in 72% of these cases. Flunitrazepam or nitrazepam were implicated in 90% of the single benzodiazepine suicides. In addition to the suicides classified as drug poisonings, 82 cases were found in which a drug may have contributed to the cause of death. Benzodiazepines predominated. The terminal cause of death was drowning, often in the victim's own bathtub, in three-quarters of these cases. The annual fatality ratios for the newer benzodiazepine-like hypnotics zopiclone and zolpidem appear to be on the rise. Conclusion: Benzodiazepines, especially the hypnotics flunitrazepam and nitrazepam, are common in drug poisoning suicides in the elderly and should be prescribed with caution for this age group.
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| 9. |
- Holmgren, Daniel, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Bakjoursutbildning för barnläkare kan stärka patientsäkerheten: Fortbildningsprojekt utvärderas i västra götalandsregionen
- 2016
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 113:10, s. 1-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As part of a mandate to provide continuing professional development (CPD) for paediatricians in western Sweden and to support patient safety, we have addressed the professional demands which are imposed on today’s consultant paediatricians on call, by designing and implementing a CPD programme for this group. Learning objectives for specific learning modules were developed from a pre-course needs assessment among consultants. The implemented programme included a variety of learning, assessment and evaluation methods. Each specific learning module began with a reading assignment exploring the key concept. This prepared the participants for the case discussion, in which they would analyse, reflect and achieve a deeper level of understanding. We believe that the educational methods used and the approach of the programme are applicable to specialist training as well as to CPD programmes in general, as part of a lifelong learning process. © 2016, (Publisher). All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Holmgren, Daniel, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Combining learning for educators and participants in a paediatric CPD programme
- 2019
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Ingår i: BMC Medical Education. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6920. ; 19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Most continuing professional development (CPD) programmes do not include an educational training module. In our country, educational practice in the areas of CPD and continuing medical education relies traditionally on conventional lectures. This is in sharp contrast to the educational research that clearly demonstrates that educational programmes emphasising adult learning methods have greater potential to change physicians'clinical practice. To investigate whether lecture-oriented educators were prepared to change their educational practice towards principles of adult learning, we decided to combine learning for educators and participants in a paediatric CPD programme.The aim of the study was to investigate educators' reflections on their learning and educational practice after they have undergone an educational skills component integrated in the implementation of a CPD learning module for paediatricians and evaluate the results from the participants' perspective.Methods: The objectives of the educational skills component of the learning module were developed according to adult learning theories. The learning objectives for the CPD learning module were based on a pre-course needs assessment. Evaluations were made using questionnaires.Results: Seven of 10 participants in the educational skills component of the learning module and all the participants, 13 paediatricians and 14 nurses, who participated in the learning module, answered the questionnaires.The results of this pilot study show that educators whose main experience of teaching was based on lectures were strengthened in their practice; they defined their competence and were prepared to move towards adult learning principles. The participants in the learning module expressed a high degree of satisfaction.Conclusions: We conclude that it is feasible to combine learning for educators and participants in a paediatric CPD programme and that lecture-oriented educators are prepared to change their educational practice towards principles of adult learning.
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| 11. |
- Holmgren, Daniel, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating a pedagogic course in a CPD programme for paediatricians at out-patient clinics
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of European CME. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2161-4083. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Equipping paediatricians for the challenges of the explosive development of knowledge and specialised health care calls for a well-planned continuing professional development (CPD) strategy which updates paediatric competencies and the pedagogic skills among paediatricians. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of a pedagogic course, integrated into a CPD programme for paediatricians at out-patient clinics. The pedagogic course comprised three learning components, participation in a CPD programme, during two and a half years, a pedagogic learning module and a pedagogic assignment. The objectives of all the learning activities, including the pedagogic course, were developed according to adult learning theories. Evaluations were made using questionnaires. Seventeen paediatricians participated in the CPD programme; 13 of them completed the pedagogic learning module and six the full pedagogic course, including the pedagogic assignment - teaching at one's own clinic. Evaluation of the pedagogic assignment at the participants' own clinics by 64 co-workers revealed that the co-workers appreciated the training activities and would recommend them to a colleague. We conclude that it is possible to combine medical and pedagogic education in a CPD programme for paediatricians and that the participants were able to digest and apply the pedagogic principles used in the course.
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| 12. |
- Holmgren, Daniel, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Paediatric on-call consultants' learning within and beyond the objectives of a coherent CPD program.
- 2022
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Ingår i: BMC medical education. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6920. ; 22:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluations, using questionnaires, of a two-year long CPD program for on-call consultant paediatricians, showed that the overall objective of the program was largely met. We stipulate that the coherency of the CPD program contributed to the learning. To gains a deeper understanding of the participants learning within and beyond the overall objectives of the program, we decided to conduct an interview study enrolling participants from the first two CPD courses.Nine experienced paediatric consultants were interviewed 1-4 years after completing a coherent two-year long CPD program, focusing on what and how they learned. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed as text, analysed, and categorised using qualitative content analysis.What the participants learned: improved medical competences, greater confidence in the role of an on-call consultant, better understanding of the role of an on-call consultant and importance of professional networks. Several categories were outside the overall objective, at personal level: an understanding of one's own and other's competences, taking responsibility for one's own CPD and managing things one does not know. At professional level: more secure as an individual and with colleagues. How itwas learned: relevant objectives, preparatory material and case discussions were important. Participants learned by preparing, repeating, reflecting, and participating actively, and by applying what they learned in clinical practice. The participants learned from one other over a period of two years, when they also got to know one another and created networks. A safe learning environment imposed demands and enabled participants to define their competence and learn accordingly.This study describes what and how on-call consultant paediatricians learned during a coherent two-year long CPD program. The learning took place within and beyond the framework of the overall objectives. The study suggests that evaluation methods based on objectives may be blind to important areas of learning and need to be combined with qualitative methods that examine a broad impact of learning. Taken together, the analysis of what and how the participants learned shows that they were better equipped to work as consultant on call and deal with the things they did not know.
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| 13. |
- Holmgren, Per, 1945-
(författare)
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Postmortem toxicology : aspects on interpretation
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Postmortem toxicology is a matter of analytical chemistry and the consequent interpretation of the results. Thus, both parts are of great importance to come to the right conclusion or the most probable explanation of the analytical results. When interpreting toxicological results there are a lot of different aspects to consider, such as: were the analytical methods used appropriate and with acceptable accuracy, what specimen was analyzed and how was it collected and stored before the analysis, what concentration of a drug can be considered normal or "therapeutic" and which concentration is fatal. Other circumstance to consider is the stability of the drug substances, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs, possible drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and postmortem redistribution.One crucial question in interpretation of postmortem toxicology results is to find reliable data on the significance of different drug concentrations. Instead of comparing concentrations found in postmortem blood with so called therapeutic concentrations in serum or plasma from the clinical setting, an inappropriate way that will lead to erroneous results, a new approach was used. Data was collected on drug concentrations in femoral blood from autopsy cases where the cause of death by certain not was intoxication and where the diseased was not incapacitated. These concentrations does not reflect any "therapeutic" concentration, which seldom is the key issue in postmortem toxicology, but represents concentrations which could be regarded as normally found and not associated with a fatal outcome. Applying this way to get reference concentrations, errors can be reduced and the problem associated with drug redistribution can be diminished.Normally samples are stored for one year or more and for a variety of drugs no concentration changes in femoral blood were noted when stored at -20° C with the exception of e.g. ethanol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and zopiclone. Vitreous humor (VH) can be used as an alternative specimen to blood and there exists a correlation between the concentration in VH compared to the blood concentration and the degree of protein binding of the substances. VH can also be used to estimate the corresponding blood concentration under certain circumstances.Several drugs exist as racemate, containing two or several enantiomers. Chiral analysis can provide additional information about the time that has passed between intake of a drug and the time of death, thus improving the possibilities to predict whether an acute or chronic intake is at hand.Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions are issues of great importance and have a great impact on interpretation in postmortem toxicology. Pharmacogenetics is another issue that attracts more and more attention in forensic toxicology. Awareness and knowledge of these factors are of utmost importance in order to produce accurate interpretations of postmortem toxicology results.
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| 14. |
- Jönsson, Anna, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Cause of death and drug use pattern in deceased drug addicts in Sweden, 2002-2003
- 2007
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Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0379-0738 .- 1872-6283. ; 169:2-3, s. 101-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Compared with their contemporaries, individuals abusing illicit drugs suffer a higher risk of premature death. In Sweden, a simple protocol for registration of fatalities among abusers of alcohol, pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, or other substances, has been used by the forensic pathologists since 2001. This routine was introduced to allow for an evaluation of the cause and manner of death, and patterns of abuse among different groups of abusers. We explored the data on drug abusers (i.e. abusers of illicit drugs) subjected to a forensic autopsy 2002-2003. The Swedish forensic pathologists examined 10,273 dead victims during the study period and 7% (743/10,273) of the cases were classified as drug abusers. Toxicological analyses were carried out in 99% (736/743) and illicit drugs were detected in 70% (514/736) of these. On average, 3.8 substances (legal or illegal) were found per case. The most common substances were ethanol and morphine, detected in 43 and 35% of the cases, respectively. When exploring the importance of the different substances for the cause of death, we found that the detection of some substances, such as fentanyl and morphine, strongly indicated a poisoning, whereas certain other substances, such as benzodiazepines more often were incidental findings. In total, 50% (372/743) died of poisoning, whereas only 22% (161/743) died of natural causes. Death was considered to be directly or indirectly due to drug abuse in 47% (346/743), whereas evidence of drug abuse was an incidental finding in 21% (153/743) or based on case history alone in 33% (244/743). We believe that this strategy to prospectively categorize deaths among drug addicts constitutes a simple means of standardizing the surveillance of the death toll among drug addicts that could allow for comparisons over time and between countries. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Kugelberg, Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Codeine and morphine blood concentrations increase during blood loss
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Forensic Sciences. - 0022-1198 .- 1556-4029. ; 48:3, s. 664-667
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During extensive blood loss, a plasma volume refill will take place by transfer of extravascular fluid into the circulation. Drugs present in this fluid may follow and cause a rise or a drop in blood drug concentration, depending on their levels and accessibility in the restoration fluid. This study explored the possible changes of codeine, and its metabolite morphine, in whole blood during a standardized exsanguination in the rat. Three doses containing 5 mg codeine were given orally. In eight rats, blood loss was accomplished by slowly withdrawing 0.8 mL blood at 10 min intervals during 70 min. In control rats, blood was withdrawn only at 0 and 70 min. At 70 min, the final/initial codeine and morphine concentration ratios were 0.70 +/- 0.38 and 0.88 +/- 0.47, respectively, in controls, but increased to 1.28 +/- 0.44 (p=0.014) and 1.41 +/- 0.34 (p=0.021), respectively, in exsanguinated rats. It is concluded that blood loss can affect blood drug concentrations.
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| 16. |
- Pettersson, Jonas, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Using scenario-based training to promote information literacy among on-call consultant pediatricians.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of the Medical Library Association. - : University Library System, University of Pittsburgh. - 1536-5050 .- 1558-9439. ; 105:3, s. 262-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Traditionally, teaching hospital staff to search for medical information relies heavily on educator-defined search methods. In contrast, the authors describe our experiences using real-time scenarios to teach on-call consultant pediatricians information literacy skills as part of a two-year continuing professional development program.CASE PRESENTATION: Two information-searching workshops were held at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden. During the workshops, pediatricians were presented with medical scenarios that were closely related to their clinical practice. Participants were initially encouraged to solve the problems using their own preferred search methods, followed by group discussions led by clinical educators and a medical librarian in which search problems were identified and overcome. The workshops were evaluated using questionnaires to assess participant satisfaction and the extent to which participants intended to implement changes in their clinical practice and reported actual change.CONCLUSIONS: A scenario-based approach to teaching clinicians how to search for medical information is an attractive alternative to traditional lectures. The relevance of such an approach was supported by a high level of participant engagement during the workshops and high scores for participant satisfaction, intended changes to clinical practice, and reported benefits in actual clinical practice.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Wekell, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Strengthening paediatric competencies and educational skills among general paediatricians
- 2021
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 110:8, s. 2462-2471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim To develop a coherent programme that addresses the need for continuing professional development in general paediatrics and educational skills for senior paediatricians at outpatient clinics in Sweden today. Methods Educational needs in the target group were investigated using a questionnaire. Themes and sub-themes extracted from responses informed the curriculum formulation of the continuing professional development (CPD) programme, which was completed using a variety of learning, assessment and evaluation methods. Results Forty-six paediatricians identified 355 clinical situations. Competencies in general paediatrics and educational skills were incorporated in a CPD programme, implemented in western Sweden between 13 October 2016 and 23 May 2019, with 23 learning modules and 18 participants (male/female 3/15, median age 55 years). The participants' evaluation emphasised the importance of adult learning principles. Their responses to open reflective questions on 23 May 2109 suggested that the programme offered a learning environment in which they could develop their paediatric and educational practices and improve their mentorship, networks and work-based learning environment. They also described an enhanced feeling of joy at work. Conclusion The involvement of experienced paediatricians in the programme formulation may be inspirational to clinicians and contribute to the definition, revitalisation and prioritisation of general paediatrics in Sweden in the future.
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| 19. |
- Wennergren, Göran, 1947, et al.
(författare)
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Luftrörsbesvär hos äldre barn
- 1991
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Ingår i: Hyperreaktivitet i hud och luftvägar. - Mölndal : Glaxo AB, Sektionen för Astma/Allergi.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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