| 1. |
- Alleva, Jessica M., et al.
(författare)
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What can my body do vs. how does it look?: A qualitative analysis of young women and men's descriptions of their body functionality or physical appearance
- 2019
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Ingår i: Body Image. - : Elsevier BV. - 1740-1445. ; 31, s. 71-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to explore the themes that emerge when individuals are asked to describe their body functionality, and those that emerge when individuals are asked to describe their physical appearance. Data were gathered from undergraduate women and men's (N = 75, Mage = 20.66) responses to a writing exercise (Alleva et al., 2014), wherein they were either asked to describe their body functionality or their physical appearance. Through thematic analysis, six themes were identified from participants’ descriptions of their body functionality (ordered by frequency): (a) evaluating the functionality of the body, (b) positive body-self connection, (c) resilient body, (d) comparisons to the norm, (e) body behind the scenes, and (f) enjoyment of body functions. Five themes were identified from participants’ descriptions of their physical appearance (ordered by frequency): (a) comparisons to the norm, (b) evaluating the appearance of the body – own evaluations, (c) evaluating the appearance of the body – other people's evaluations, (d) the body project, and (e) appearance appreciation. Overall, the findings suggest that the themes that emerge when people are asked to reflect on their body functionality tend to be more positive, as they can be linked to positive embodiment, gratitude, and less self-objectification.
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| 2. |
- Burén, Jonas, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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What do peers think about sexting? Adolescents' views of the norms guiding sexting behavior
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Adolescent Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0743-5584 .- 1552-6895. ; 37:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the content of injunctive peer norms (i.e., perceived peer approval) of sexting among Swedish adolescents. Written answers from 808 adolescents (Mage = 14.22) to an open-ended question about peers’ views of sexting were analyzed qualitatively using content analysis. Eight categories were distinguished for when and why sexting is acceptable or not in the peer group. A substantial share of adolescents believed their peers approve of sexting, especially if sexting occurs within trusted relationships and when all parties have consented. A large share of adolescents described that peers were non-accepting of sexting, emphasizing that it can be spread to others. The participants also suggested that sexting is seen as a gendered phenomenon surrounded by sexual double standards, with girls at more risk of negative consequences. Some participants emphasized the peer view that adolescents sext to seek attention, and some emphasized that sexting is viewed as an enjoyable activity. Several of these categories’ likelihood to be mentioned was related to the adolescents’ age, gender, and prior experience of sexting. We concluded that adolescents might have a hard time navigating the social context of sexting, given the conflicting and gendered messages from peers.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Holmqvist Gattario, Kristina, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Body image and child well-being
- 2014
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Ingår i: In A. Ben Arieh, F. Casas, I. Frønes, and J. E. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of child well-being. - New York : Springer Reference. - 9789048190621 ; , s. 2409-2436
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Holmqvist Gattario, Kristina, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Embodiment: Cultural and gender differences and associations with life satisfaction
- 2020
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Ingår i: Body Image. - : Elsevier BV. - 1740-1445. ; 35, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 The Authors Although cultural factors have an important impact on individuals’ experiences of living in their bodies, to date no studies have examined cross-cultural or gender differences in individuals’ experience of embodiment. This study compared Swedish and Canadian women's experience of embodiment (and other body image related constructs), as well as Swedish men and women's experience of embodiment. Associations between embodiment, body esteem, and life satisfaction in men and women were also examined. Participants were 302 Swedish women, 242 Swedish men, and 216 Canadian women. Results showed that Swedish women had overall more positive experience of embodiment, more positive body esteem, lower thin-ideal internalization and lower levels of disordered eating than Canadian women. In comparison to Swedish men, however, Swedish women had more negative experience of embodiment in some ways, but similar experience of embodiment in other ways. Although associations between embodiment, body esteem, and life satisfaction were strong, embodiment was a better predictor of life satisfaction than body esteem for both men and women. Results are interpreted through the lens of the developmental theory of embodiment and consider cultural differences between Sweden and Canada, as well as Swedish society's both progress and problems in promoting gender equity.
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| 11. |
- Holmqvist Gattario, Kristina, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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From negative to positive body image: Men's and women's journeys from early adolescence to emerging adulthood
- 2019
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Ingår i: Body Image. - : Elsevier BV. - 1740-1445. ; 28, s. 53-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the developmental journeys of individuals who have overcome negative body image in early adolescence and developed positive body image on their way to emerging adulthood. Interviews were conducted with 15 women and 16 men (aged 26–27) recruited from a large longitudinal sample. Results demonstrated different patterns of positive body image development, but most participants had overcome their negative body image by age 18. Factors contributing to their negative body image in early adolescence included negative peer influence and discontent with life in general. Turning points included finding a new social context, experiencing agency and empowerment, and using cognitive strategies to improve body image. Characteristics of the participants’ current positive body image coincided with established features of positive body image; novel findings were that the women were more likely to think of positive body image as needing constant work to maintain and were also more likely to have a feminist identity, whereas the men were more likely to try to improve their body shape and perceive their body as resembling the ideal. In conclusion, body image interventions need to target not only matters related to physical appearance but also adolescents’ general sense of belonging, agency, and empowerment. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
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| 12. |
- Holmqvist Gattario, Kristina, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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How Is Men's Conformity to Masculine Norms Related to Their Body Image? Masculinity and Muscularity Across Western Countries
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychology of Men & Masculinity. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1524-9220 .- 1939-151X. ; 16:3, s. 337-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has suggested that men's conformity to masculine norms (CMN) is an important correlate of men's drive for muscularity. The present study aimed to further delineate the relationship between masculinity and men's body image by examining various dimensions of CMN in relation to various dimensions of men's body image (muscularity, leanness, and fitness) in a cross-national sample. Participants comprised young men from the United States (n = 192), the United Kingdom (n = 141), Australia (n = 160), and Sweden (n = 142). Multigroup path analyses showed that CMN was related to drive for muscularity, leanness, and fitness in all 4 countries, but there were differences across countries in which dimensions of CMN predicted men's body image. Whereas conformity to the masculine norm of winning was a salient predictor across the 4 countries, conformity to the norm of risk-taking was linked to Australian men's body image, and conformity to the norm of violence to British men's body image. The findings support previous research suggesting that men's endorsement of the male gender role plays a significant role in their desire for an ideal body, but the results uniquely document that this relationship may differ across countries.
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| 13. |
- Holmqvist Gattario, Kristina, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Life after childhood bullying: Body image development and disordered eating in adulthood
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Behavioral Development. - : SAGE Publications. - 0165-0254 .- 1464-0651. ; 44:3, s. 246-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have demonstrated that being bullied in childhood may have long-term associations with lower psychological well-being in adulthood. However, although bullying incidents frequently target the victim’s body and appearance, research has overlooked studying victims’ long-term body image development and risk of engaging in disordered eating later in life. This 14-year longitudinal research project examined childhood bullying in relation to body image development and disordered eating in emerging adulthood. Growth curve analyses of participants’ body image at ages 10–21 years (N = 960) revealed that more victimized children experienced more body dissatisfaction at baseline and maintained their negative body image throughout adolescence and into adulthood. Mediation analyses showed that childhood bullying (age 10 years) predicted more negative body image in adolescence (age 18 years), which in turn predicted more disordered eating in adulthood (age 24 years). The indirect effect was stronger for girls than for boys. The findings suggest that bullied children are likely to face both more body image problems and disordered eating as they evolve through adolescence and into adulthood, indicating the need for early and effective interventions. Incorporating components known to promote a more positive body image could be a valuable feature of future interventions. Thus, as children and adolescents are taught to cope with bullying situations, they could also be helped to deal with the appearance culture that permeates many of these situations.
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| 14. |
- Holmqvist Gattario, Kristina, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Masculinity and muscularity across Western cultures
- 2014
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Ingår i: Appearance Matters 6, 1-2 July, Bristol, England.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Previous research has suggested that men’s conformity to masculine norms (CMN) is an important correlate of men’s drive for muscularity. The present study aims to further delineate the relationship between masculinity and men’s body image by examining various dimensions of CMN in relation to various dimensions of men’s body image (muscularity, leanness, and fitness) in a cross-cultural sample. Participants comprised young men from the United States (n = 192), the United Kingdom (n = 141), Australia (n = 160), and Sweden (n = 142) - men who may be similarly exposed to the muscular ideal but who may differ in their degree of CMN. Multi-group path analyses showed that CMN was related to body image in all four countries, but there were cross-cultural differences in which dimensions of CMN that predicted men’s body image. Whereas conformity to the dimension of ‘winning’ predicted men’s fitness orientation in all four countries, conformity to the dimension of ‘violent behavior’ particularly predicted UK men’s fitness orientation and drive for muscularity. Conformity to the dimension of ‘playboy attitude’ was related to US and Australian men’s drive for muscularity, but was not applicable to UK and Swedish men. Among Swedish men, conformity to the dimensions of ‘winning’ and ‘priority of work’ were most salient in predicting their body image. These findings suggest that masculinity norms play an important role in Western men’s body image; however, the relationship between masculinity and muscularity may function different cross-culturally.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Holmqvist Gattario, Kristina, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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"She's good at winning fashion shows". Young girls' play with Barbie: A qualitative and quantitative study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Appearance Matters 7, London, Storbritannien, 28-30 juni.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Previous research has shown that playing with gender stereotyped and sexualized toys, for example Barbie, may restrict young girls’ views of themselves and their future possibilities. In this study, we aimed to replicate and extend these findings by investigating the stories Swedish girls create about Barbie, and the relationships between playing with Barbie and girls’ views on future careers options and beliefs about physical abilities. As a comparison to Barbie, we used a newly developed doll called myIdolls (www.myidolls.se), with more realistic physical features than Barbie. Methods: Interviews with 30 girls, age 5-7, were conducted. Half of them played with a Barbie doll, and half of them played with a myIdolls doll. Interviews included telling a story about the doll. Participants were also asked about their views on future career options for themselves and for boys. Finally, questions focusing on participants’ beliefs about girls’ and boys’ physical abilities (e.g., running fast, lifting something heavy) were posed. Results: A thematic analysis of the story-telling data showed that the stories told by the Barbie group revealed a more stereotypical feminine role (involving features of appearance, shopping, and not being part of working life). The stories told by the myIdolls group, on the other hand, were more varied and imaginative. Multivariate analyses showed no effect of doll condition for future career options, although girls’ playing with Barbie reported slightly fewer future career options for themselves. Regardless condition, girls’ reported significantly fewer future career options for themselves than for boys, especially for male-dominated occupations. Participants also reported that girls were able to do fewer physical tasks than boys. Discussion: The results indicate that Barbie may encourage play that revolves around the stereotypical feminine role, whereas playing with a more realistic doll may encourage a wider range of play stories and imagination. While we did not replicate previous findings showing that Barbie may restrict young girls’ future occupational aspirations, there were tendencies in the expected direction. Also, considering that the Swedish cultural context is among the most gender equal worldwide, it is alarming that these young girls reported fewer future career options for themselves than for boys and that girls were able to do fewer physical tasks than boys.
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| 17. |
- Holmqvist Gattario, Kristina, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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The Development and Interaction of Peer Victimization and Peer Sexual Harassment in Children Between Ages 10 to 12 Years
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Conference on Developmental Psychology (ECDP) 2023, Turku, Finland.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background/Aim: The literature concerning children’s experiences of peer victimization uses a plethora of concepts in its theories and measurements, such as peer victimization, peer harassment, peer aggression, or bullying. Yet there is little guidance regarding how these concepts are related to one another. During recent years, peer sexual harassment, including unwanted sexual attention from peers, has been added to the list of concepts, although it is still underexplored among pre-adolescent children. Peer sexual harassment is arguably more specific than peer victimization, and may partly be covered by measures assessing peer victimization. However, there may also be differences in the concepts’ development over time. Whereas peer victimization is most common among pre-pubertal children, peer sexual harassment is often assumed to peak as children reach puberty and interest in sexual behaviors increases. Disentangling how peer victimization and peer sexual harassment develop in relation to one another and over time at a time when many children reach puberty, could help advance the literature regarding these concepts. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine how peer victimization and peer sexual harassment develop and interact over time in children between the ages 10-12 years. Method: The study is based on three-wave questionnaire data collected in the PRISE-project (T1 N = 997, M age = 10.0 years, 48% girls; T2 N = 966; T3 N = 881 [88% of original sample]). Results: Peer sexual harassment increased between ages 10-12 years for both boys and girls, whereas peer victimization increased only for girls. Correlations between peer victimization and peer sexual harassment were strong at baseline (age 10 years; T1: boys r = .60, T1: girls r = .63) but became weaker over time for both boys (T2: r = .58, T3: r = .51) and girls (T2: r = .60; T3: r = .49). A multivariate multigroup LGCM analysis further demonstrated that more peer victimization at baseline was positively related to higher levels of peer sexual harassment at baseline for both boys and girls. For girls only, the slopes between peer victimization and peer sexual harassment were positively related to each other, and higher initial levels of peer sexual harassment were related to a less steep slope of peer victimization. Discussion/Conclusion: The current findings suggest that peer victimization (girls only) and peer sexual harassment become increasingly frequent experiences for children between ages 10-12 years. These experiences were more related to one another when the children were younger and became less related as they grew older, suggesting that the concepts change in relation to one another as many children reach puberty. For girls, peer sexual harassment and peer victimization seem to follow a more similar path than for boys, suggesting that there is more overlap between how the concepts develop among girls. We conclude that the concepts of peer victimization and peer sexual harassment and their development are closely linked to one another, especially for girls; yet, these concepts become more distinct as children grow older potentially reflecting biological, psychological, and social developmental changes.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Holmqvist Gattario, Kristina, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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What have we learned about sexual harassment among young people? Concluding reflections.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Social Issues. - 0022-4537 .- 1540-4560. ; 79:4, s. 1431-1439
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article contains concluding reflections for a special issue on sexual harassment among young people. In this concluding article, we reflect on the 14 individual papers in the special issue through three cross-cutting themes, each with important implications for policy and practice. The themes highlight that (1) attitudes and norms related to sexual harassment are core to its occurrence among young people, (2) the sexual harassment experiences of minority and otherwise hidden youth need to be heard, and (3) innovative approaches and methods advance the current knowledge about sexual harassment among young people. Furthermore, we stress that school policies against sexual harassment need to be reflected in the behaviors of school personnel and peers, and that both students and teachers need to be equipped with the knowledge and skills to combat sexual harassment. It is our hope that this special issue will be valuable for researchers, the formulation of societal and school policies, and for the design of developmentally informed interventions.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Kling, Johanna, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish women’s perceptions of and conformity to feminine norms
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 58:3, s. 238-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relatively high gender equality in the Swedish society is likely to exert an influence on gender role construction. Hence, the present research aimed to investigate Swedish women’s perceptions of and conformity to feminine norms. A mixed methods approach with two studies was used. In Study 1, young Swedish women’s gender role conformity, as measured by the Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory 45 (CFNI-45), was compared to the results from previously published studies in Canada, the United States, and Slovakia. Overall, Swedish women displayed less conformity than their foreign counterparts, with the largest difference on the subscale Sexual fidelity. In Study 2, focus group interviews with young Swedish women added a more complex picture of feminine norms in the Swedish society. For instance the results indicated that Swedish women, while living in a society with a strong gender equality discourse, are torn between the perceived need to invest in their appearances and the risk of being viewed as non-equal when doing so. In sum, despite the fact that traditional gender roles are less pronounced in Sweden, gender role conformity is still a pressing issue. Since attending to the potential roles of feminine norms in women’s lives previously has been proposed to be useful in counseling and therapeutic work, the present research also offers valuable information for both researchers and practitioners.
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| 23. |
- Kling, Johanna, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Translation and psychometric evaluation of the Experience of Embodiment Scale in a Swedish community sample of young women and men
- 2021
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Ingår i: Body Image. - : Elsevier BV. - 1740-1445. ; 39, s. 259-265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This report describes a Swedish translation and psychometric evaluation of the Experience of Embodiment Scale (EES; Piran, Teall, & Counsell, 2020), an instrument for assessing a wide range of positive and negative experiences of living in the body. A community sample (N = 545) of Swedish young women (56%) and men (Mage = 24.4; SD = 0.52) completed the Swedish translation of the EES. To explore its construct validity, participants also completed measures of body esteem, disordered eating, internalization of appearance ideals, drive for muscularity and leanness, body mass index, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and psychological distress. Exploratory factor analyses (performed separately for women and men) revealed structures of the Swedish EES similar to those displayed during the development and first evaluations of the scale in North America. However, among men, the factors of agency and sexual desire combined to form one factor. On total scale level, the Swedish EES showed good internal consistency (McDonald's ω = .95 for women; ω = .94 for men), convergent validity, and incremental validity. Overall, the present findings support the Swedish version of the EES and the EES's cross-national use to assess the construct of embodiment, as well as its use among men.
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| 24. |
- Kling, Johanna, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Young Swedish women's conformity to feminine norms - the importance of 'natural' beauty
- 2014
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Ingår i: Appearance Matters 6, 1-2 July 2014, Bristol.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background. Gender role norms are important in that they influence identity development (Bem, 1981). Further, conformity to feminine norms, especially beauty norms, has been associated with both body dissatisfaction and eating disorders (Mahalik et al., 2005). Aim. To find out to what extent young women in Sweden conform to feminine norms, and how they experience these norms. Methods. A community sample of 330, 21-year old, women completed the Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory (CFNI-45, Parent & Moradi, 2011). In addition, four focus groups with women (aged 19-23) were held. Results. Compared to a US sample of young women (Parent & Moradi, 2011) the Swedish women generally conformed less to feminine norms, but more to the norm ‘Invest in appearance’. Results from the focus groups showed that norms regarding thinness and appearance were the most important to conform to, since thin and beautiful women were considered feminine regardless of their degree of conformity to other norms. Also, the participants experienced pressure to conform to norms of beauty and at the same time maintaining an image as nonconforming (for instance by eating anything in public, but nothing when alone). Discussion. Young Swedish women conform to feminine norms, and find beauty norms to be the most prominent. Further, it seems that young Swedish women, while living in a society with a strong gender equity discourse, experience a double burden of having to conform to feminine norms of beauty and to do it in secret.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Lunde, Carolina, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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”On and off the pitch”: Young female athletes and the balancing act between the performing and objectified body
- 2016
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Ingår i: Appearance Matters 7, London, Storbritannien, 28-30 juni..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Participating in sport has many positive effects on physical and mental health. For adolescent girls, who are socialized into judging themselves based on physical appearance, it has even been suggested that the sport environment may serve as a protective factor against the development of body image concerns. On the other hand, some sports may expose young women to additional appearance pressures by a strong emphasis on the importance of leanness, weight, or aesthetics for performance. In this study, focus group interviews were used to shed light on young female athletes’ views and experiences in relation to the body in- and outside of sport. Methods: Seven focus group interviews with adolescent girls in Sweden (maximum five participants per group, 15-20 years of age) were done. Participants were part of a follow-up research project, focusing on sport participation and physical activity among adolescent girls. Focus group participants were selected on basis of their frequent involvement in their respective sport (i.e., soccer, swimming or equestrian, which are among the most popular sports for Swedish girls). Findings: A thematic analysis showed that while the girls raised many positive aspects of the body in relation to sport participation, there was also a conflict in the intersection between the sport culture (emphasizing physical performance) and the broader culture outside of sport (emphasizing physical appearance). Four themes were created to summarize the struggle to balance between these two cultures: 1) Agency and empowerment versus restricting gender stereotypes, 2) The performing body versus the objectified body, 3) Food as fuel versus source of shame, and 4) Appreciation of diversity versus appearance prejudice. Discussion: While engaging in sport seems to have many benefits for girls’ body image, for example by encouraging a sense of embodiment, young female athletes may find themselves in a constant balancing act between contradictory expectations and messages about the body. Empowering young female athletes by providing knowledge and support to help them balance norms and expectations “on and off the pitch” is an important objective.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Skoog, Therése, et al.
(författare)
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Special Issue Introduction: Sexual Harassment Among Young People
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Social Issues (JSI). - : Wiley. - 0022-4537 .- 1540-4560. ; 79:4, s. 1113-1122
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sexual harassment is a serious and widespread social issue affecting numerous young people across the globe. Sexual harassment is prevalent in many everyday situations and contexts, not least in school. In recent years, public discussions emerging from the seminal #MeToo-movement, have put the adversities of sexual harassment in the academic spotlight. This special issue presents cutting-edge research on sexual harassment among young people from international scholars spanning a variety of perspectives, methodological approaches, and demographic samples. The special issue organizes the individual contributions into four sections, focusing on (1) developmental aspects on sexual harassment, (2) contexts of sexual harassment, (3) sexual harassment among diverse groups of young people, and (4) policies and legislation around sexual harassment. All contributions outline social policy and social intervention implications of their findings. Hopefully, the special issue will inspire future efforts to study and combat sexual harassment among young people.
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| 29. |
- Skoog, Therése, et al.
(författare)
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Study Protocol for the PRISE project: a longitudinal study on sexual harassment in Swedish middle schools
- 2019
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Ingår i: BMC Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2050-7283. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Sexual harassment is a widespread problem with serious consequences for individuals and societies. It is likely that sexual harassment among peers has its main onset during the transition from late childhood to early adolescence, when young people enter puberty. However, there is a lack of systematic research on sexual harassment during this developmental period. Thus, there is very little information about the prevalence of sexual harassment during this important transition, its consequences, and how to effectively intervene against and prevent the problem. The primary objective of the described project, entitled Peer Relations In School from an Ecological perspective (PRISE), is to examine sexual harassment and its developmental correlates during the transition from late childhood to early adolescence.Methods The PRISE study has a longitudinal design over 3 years, in which a cohort of children ( N = 1000) and their main teachers ( N = 40) fill out questionnaires in grades 4, 5, and 6. The questionnaires assess aspects of peer sexual harassment and potential correlates including biological (e.g., pubertal development), psychosocial (e.g., resilience, self-image, peer relations), and contextual (e.g., classroom climate, norms) factors. In addition, we will examine school readiness and policies in relation to sexual harassment and collect register data to assess the number of reports of sexual harassment from the participating schools.Discussion The PRISE study will enable the researchers to answer fundamental, unresolved questions about the development of sexual harassment and thus advance the very limited understanding of sexual harassment during the transition from childhood to adolescence - a central period for physical, sexual, and social development. Due to the sensitive nature of the main research concepts, and the age of the participants, the ethical aspects of the research need particular attention. Ultimately, the hope is that the PRISE study will help researchers, policy makers, and practitioners develop, and implement, knowledge that may help in combating a major, current societal challenge and adverse aspect of young people’s developmental ecologies.
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| 30. |
- Valik, Andrea, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics of peer sexual harassment in late childhood: What, where, who and how often?
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Association for Research on Adolescence (EARA) 2020 (Online) Conference - Adolescence in a rapidly changing world, held in Porto, Portugal, from 2nd to 5th September 2020.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Peer sexual harassment (PSH), or unwanted sexual attention, is highly prevalent in mid-adolescence. PSH is assumed to start with puberty, which occurs in early adolescence. However, because research on PSH before puberty is basically non-existent, this assumption is still to be tested empirically. Research question(s): The aim of this study was to examine PSH in late childhood in terms of prevalence (victimization, perpetration, and witnessing), types of PSH, the context of PSH (age and gender of perpetrator, location and bystanders), and victims’ reactions to PSH. Methods: The study is part of the three-year longitudinal PRISE study examining PSH in Swedish middle schools (ages 10-12 years; Skoog et al., 2019). The present results are based on questionnaire data collected at the first and ongoing wave of the study, comprising a sample of 10-year-old boys (n=259) and girls (n=287) from 16 schools. Results: Approximately half of the participants reported PSH victimization at least once during the current semester, a sixth reported PSH perpetration, and two thirds reported witnessing PSH. Exposure to verbal PSH was the most frequent type reported by victims, and especially by boys. PSH most frequently occurred at the schoolyard and the perpetrator was often a same-age boy. Victims reported that other students were the most frequent bystanders of PSH. Victims often reacted to the harassment by not caring about it or telling the perpetrator off. Discussion: PSH, especially verbal forms, is highly prevalent already before the age of puberty. This finding challenges assumptions that PSH typically onsets in adolescence. Boys were more likely than girls to be both victims and perpetrators of (verbal) PSH. That PSH occurs at schoolyards, in the presence of peers, makes room for interpreting, and dealing with, PSH as a group phenomenon. The findings also highlight the need for early prevention against PSH.
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| 31. |
- Valik, Andrea, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Peer sexual harassment among 10-year-olds: Roles, genders, classroom occurrence, and associations with emotional problems
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Research on Adolescence. - 1050-8392. ; 00, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This is the first study examining peer sexual harassment among 10-year-olds (N = 985), studying how being a victim, perpetrator, or witness relates to emotional problems, and how these associations are moderated by gender and class occurrence of sexual harassment. Results showed that 45% of the participants reported victimization, 17% perpetration, and 60% witnessing sexual harassment, with vast overlaps between roles. Victimization and witnessing were related to more emotional problems. Victimized girls reported more emotional problems than boys, but girls who perpetrated reported fewer emotional problems than boys. Associations between peer sexual harassment and emotional problems varied across classrooms. Our findings highlight the occurrence of peer sexual harassment in younger ages, emphasizing an ecological perspective when addressing it in school.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Valik, Andrea, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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PSH-C: A measure of peer sexual harassment among children
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Social Issues. - : Wiley. - 0022-4537 .- 1540-4560. ; 79:4, s. 1123-1146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peer sexual harassment among adolescents is a widespread problem worldwide, associated with several adverse outcomes. Although retrospective reports indicate that people's first experience of peer sexual harassment occurs before puberty, research in younger ages is still scarce and measures of peer sexual harassment developed for children are lacking. This study explores the possibility of measuring peer sexual harassment in late childhood by evaluating a new scale of developmentally informed items, the Peer Sexual Harassment Scale-Child (PSH-C), designed to capture peer sexual harassment (i.e., victimization, perpetration, and witnessing) in late childhood (ages 10-12 years) in the school context. Self-report surveys were distributed to 1007 fourth-grade students in Sweden (M age = 10.0 years, SD = .3, n = 516 girls). The PSH-C showed good psychometric properties, supporting the scale's ability to capture peer sexual harassment in late childhood. Exploratory structural equation analyses suggested a two-factor structure which was confirmed by confirmatory factor analyses: 1) direct verbal sexual aggression, and 2) direct physical sexual harassment, verbal comments and jokes, and visual sexual harassment. The division of the structure contradicts previous studies of adolescents, possibly indicating a difference in the peer sexual harassment construct in relation to development and age.
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