| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Belda, E., et al.
(författare)
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Impairment of gut microbial biotin metabolism and host biotin status in severe obesity: effect of biotin and prebiotic supplementation on improved metabolism
- 2022
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Ingår i: Gut. - : BMJ. - 0017-5749 .- 1468-3288. ; 71:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives Gut microbiota is a key component in obesity and type 2 diabetes, yet mechanisms and metabolites central to this interaction remain unclear. We examined the human gut microbiome's functional composition in healthy metabolic state and the most severe states of obesity and type 2 diabetes within the MetaCardis cohort. We focused on the role of B vitamins and B7/B8 biotin for regulation of host metabolic state, as these vitamins influence both microbial function and host metabolism and inflammation. Design We performed metagenomic analyses in 1545 subjects from the MetaCardis cohorts and different murine experiments, including germ-free and antibiotic treated animals, faecal microbiota transfer, bariatric surgery and supplementation with biotin and prebiotics in mice. Results Severe obesity is associated with an absolute deficiency in bacterial biotin producers and transporters, whose abundances correlate with host metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes. We found suboptimal circulating biotin levels in severe obesity and altered expression of biotin-associated genes in human adipose tissue. In mice, the absence or depletion of gut microbiota by antibiotics confirmed the microbial contribution to host biotin levels. Bariatric surgery, which improves metabolism and inflammation, associates with increased bacterial biotin producers and improved host systemic biotin in humans and mice. Finally, supplementing high-fat diet-fed mice with fructo-oligosaccharides and biotin improves not only the microbiome diversity, but also the potential of bacterial production of biotin and B vitamins, while limiting weight gain and glycaemic deterioration. Conclusion Strategies combining biotin and prebiotic supplementation could help prevent the deterioration of metabolic states in severe obesity.
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| 3. |
- Forslund, Sofia K., et al.
(författare)
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Combinatorial, additive and dose-dependent drug–microbiome associations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 600:7889, s. 500-505
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the transition from a healthy state to cardiometabolic disease, patients become heavily medicated, which leads to an increasingly aberrant gut microbiome and serum metabolome, and complicates biomarker discovery1–5. Here, through integrated multi-omics analyses of 2,173 European residents from the MetaCardis cohort, we show that the explanatory power of drugs for the variability in both host and gut microbiome features exceeds that of disease. We quantify inferred effects of single medications, their combinations as well as additive effects, and show that the latter shift the metabolome and microbiome towards a healthier state, exemplified in synergistic reduction in serum atherogenic lipoproteins by statins combined with aspirin, or enrichment of intestinal Roseburia by diuretic agents combined with beta-blockers. Several antibiotics exhibit a quantitative relationship between the number of courses prescribed and progression towards a microbiome state that is associated with the severity of cardiometabolic disease. We also report a relationship between cardiometabolic drug dosage, improvement in clinical markers and microbiome composition, supporting direct drug effects. Taken together, our computational framework and resulting resources enable the disentanglement of the effects of drugs and disease on host and microbiome features in multimedicated individuals. Furthermore, the robust signatures identified using our framework provide new hypotheses for drug–host–microbiome interactions in cardiometabolic disease.
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| 4. |
- Hansen, Lea B.S., et al.
(författare)
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A low-gluten diet induces changes in the intestinal microbiome of healthy Danish adults
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723 .- 2041-1723. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2018, The Author(s). Adherence to a low-gluten diet has become increasingly common in parts of the general population. However, the effects of reducing gluten-rich food items including wheat, barley and rye cereals in healthy adults are unclear. Here, we undertook a randomised, controlled, cross-over trial involving 60 middle-aged Danish adults without known disorders with two 8-week interventions comparing a low-gluten diet (2 g gluten per day) and a high-gluten diet (18 g gluten per day), separated by a washout period of at least six weeks with habitual diet (12 g gluten per day). We find that, in comparison with a high-gluten diet, a low-gluten diet induces moderate changes in the intestinal microbiome, reduces fasting and postprandial hydrogen exhalation, and leads to improvements in self-reported bloating. These observations suggest that most of the effects of a low-gluten diet in non-coeliac adults may be driven by qualitative changes in dietary fibres.
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| 5. |
- Molinaro, Antonio, et al.
(författare)
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Imidazole propionate is increased in diabetes and associated with dietary patterns and altered microbial ecology
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723 .- 2041-1723. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbiota-host-diet interactions contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. Imidazole propionate is a novel microbially produced metabolite from histidine, which impairs glucose metabolism. Here, we show that subjects with prediabetes and diabetes in the MetaCardis cohort from three European countries have elevated serum imidazole propionate levels. Furthermore, imidazole propionate levels were increased in subjects with low bacterial gene richness and Bacteroides 2 enterotype, which have previously been associated with obesity. The Bacteroides 2 enterotype was also associated with increased abundance of the genes involved in imidazole propionate biosynthesis from dietary histidine. Since patients and controls did not differ in their histidine dietary intake, the elevated levels of imidazole propionate in type 2 diabetes likely reflects altered microbial metabolism of histidine, rather than histidine intake per se. Thus the microbiota may contribute to type 2 diabetes by generating imidazole propionate that can modulate host inflammation and metabolism.
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| 6. |
- Vieira-Silva, S., et al.
(författare)
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Statin therapy is associated with lower prevalence of gut microbiota dysbiosis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 581:7808, s. 310-315
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbiome community typing analyses have recently identified the Bacteroides2 (Bact2) enterotype, an intestinal microbiota configuration that is associated with systemic inflammation and has a high prevalence in loose stools in humans1,2. Bact2 is characterized by a high proportion of Bacteroides, a low proportion of Faecalibacterium and low microbial cell densities1,2, and its prevalence varies from 13% in a general population cohort to as high as 78% in patients with inflammatory bowel disease2. Reported changes in stool consistency3 and inflammation status4 during the progression towards obesity and metabolic comorbidities led us to propose that these developments might similarly correlate with an increased prevalence of the potentially dysbiotic Bact2 enterotype. Here, by exploring obesity-associated microbiota alterations in the quantitative faecal metagenomes of the cross-sectional MetaCardis Body Mass Index Spectrum cohort (n=888), we identify statin therapy as a key covariate of microbiome diversification. By focusing on a subcohort of participants that are not medicated with statins, we find that the prevalence of Bact2 correlates with body mass index, increasing from 3.90% in lean or overweight participants to 17.73% in obese participants. Systemic inflammation levels in Bact2-enterotyped individuals are higher than predicted on the basis of their obesity status, indicative of Bact2 as a dysbiotic microbiome constellation. We also observe that obesity-associated microbiota dysbiosis is negatively associated with statin treatment, resulting in a lower Bact2 prevalence of 5.88% in statin-medicated obese participants. This finding is validated in both the accompanying MetaCardis cardiovascular disease dataset (n = 282) and the independent Flemish Gut Flora Project population cohort (n=2,345). The potential benefits of statins in this context will require further evaluation in a prospective clinical trial to ascertain whether the effect is reproducible in a randomized population and before considering their application as microbiota-modulating therapeutics. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
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| 7. |
- Grunddal, K. V., et al.
(författare)
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Neurotensin Is Coexpressed, Coreleased, and Acts Together With GLP-1 and PYY in Enteroendocrine Control of Metabolism
- 2016
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Ingår i: Endocrinology. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0013-7227 .- 1945-7170. ; 157:1, s. 176-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 2 gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are well known to be coexpressed, costored, and released together to coact in the control of key metabolic target organs. However, recently, it became clear that several other gut hormones can be coexpressed in the intestinal-specific lineage of enteroendocrine cells. Here, we focus on the anatomical and functional consequences of the coexpression of neurotensin with GLP-1 and PYY in the distal small intestine. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, laser capture, and triple staining demonstrated that GLP-1 cells in the crypts become increasingly multihormonal, ie, coexpressing PYY and neurotensin as they move up the villus. Proglucagon promoter and pertussis toxin receptor-driven cell ablation and reappearance studies indicated that although all the cells die, the GLP-1 cells reappear more quickly than PYY- and neurotensin-positive cells. High-resolution confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that neurotensin is stored in secretory granules distinct from GLP-1 and PYY storing granules. Nevertheless, the 3 peptides were cosecreted from both perfused small intestines and colonic crypt cultures in response to a series of metabolite, neuropeptide, and hormonal stimuli. Importantly, neurotensin acts synergistically, ie, more than additively together with GLP-1 and PYY to decrease palatable food intake and inhibit gastric emptying, but affects glucose homeostasis in a more complex manner. Thus, neurotensin is a major gut hormone deeply integrated with GLP-1 and PYY, which should be taken into account when exploiting the enteroendocrine regulation of metabolism pharmacologically.
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| 8. |
- Ikram, M. Arfan, et al.
(författare)
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Common variants at 6q22 and 17q21 are associated with intracranial volume
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 44:5, s. 539-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During aging, intracranial volume remains unchanged and represents maximally attained brain size, while various interacting biological phenomena lead to brain volume loss. Consequently, intracranial volume and brain volume in late life reflect different genetic influences. Our genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 8,175 community-dwelling elderly persons did not reveal any associations at genome-wide significance (P < 5 x 10(-8)) for brain volume. In contrast, intracranial volume was significantly associated with two loci: rs4273712 (P = 3.4 x 10(-11)), a known height-associated locus on chromosome 6q22, and rs9915547 (P = 1.5 x 10(-12)), localized to the inversion on chromosome 17q21. We replicated the associations of these loci with intracranial volume in a separate sample of 1,752 elderly persons (P = 1.1 x 10(-3) for 6q22 and 1.2 x 10(-3) for 17q21). Furthermore, we also found suggestive associations of the 17q21 locus with head circumference in 10,768 children (mean age of 14.5 months). Our data identify two loci associated with head size, with the inversion at 17q21 also likely to be involved in attaining maximal brain size.
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| 9. |
- Müller, T D, et al.
(författare)
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Ghrelin.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Molecular metabolism. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8778. ; 4:6, s. 437-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence supports more complicated and nuanced roles for the hormone, which go beyond the regulation of systemic energy metabolism.
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| 10. |
- Munch Roager, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Whole grain-rich diet reduces body weight and systemic low-grade inflammation without inducing major changes of the gut microbiome: A randomised cross-over trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: Gut. - : BMJ. - 1468-3288 .- 0017-5749. ; 68:1, s. 83-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective T o investigate whether a whole grain diet alters the gut microbiome and insulin sensitivity, as well as biomarkers of metabolic health and gut functionality. Design 60 Danish adults at risk of developing metabolic syndrome were included in a randomised cross-over trial with two 8-week dietary intervention periods comprising whole grain diet and refined grain diet, separated by a washout period of =6 weeks. The response to the interventions on the gut microbiome composition and insulin sensitivity as well on measures of glucose and lipid metabolism, gut functionality, inflammatory markers, anthropometry and urine metabolomics were assessed. Results 50 participants completed both periods with a whole grain intake of 179±50 g/day and 13±10 g/day in the whole grain and refined grain period, respectively. Compliance was confirmed by a difference in plasma alkylresorcinols (p<0.0001). Compared with refined grain, whole grain did not significantly alter glucose homeostasis and did not induce major changes in the faecal microbiome. Also, breath hydrogen levels, plasma short-chain fatty acids, intestinal integrity and intestinal transit time were not affected. The whole grain diet did, however, compared with the refined grain diet, decrease body weight (p<0.0001), serum inflammatory markers, interleukin (IL)-6 (p=0.009) and C-reactive protein (p=0.003). The reduction in body weight was consistent with a reduction in energy intake, and IL-6 reduction was associated with the amount of whole grain consumed, in particular with intake of rye. Conclusion C ompared with refined grain diet, whole grain diet did not alter insulin sensitivity and gut microbiome but reduced body weight and systemic lowgrade inflammation.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Precht, H., et al.
(författare)
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Does software optimization influence the radiologists' perception in low dose paediatric pelvic examinations?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Radiography. - : Elsevier BV. - 1078-8174. ; 25:2, s. 143-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To investigate whether software optimisation can improve an observers’ perception of image quality in low dose paediatric pelvic examinations. Methods: Twenty-five consecutive patients (3–7 years old) were referred for a pelvic digital radiography (DR) examination. They were prospectively enrolled in the study over a 3-month period. Images were taken at 80 kV and 2–4 mAs depending on pelvic thickness (9–15 cm). A small focal spot, 130 cm SID: 10 cm air gap and 1 mm Al and 0.2 mm Cu additional filtration were also utilised. Images were acquired on a Canon DR detector and optimised using five different combinations of the multi-frequency processing software (Canon DR system version NE, Version 7.1 with SPECTRA) to comply with the ALARA principle. Image quality was blindly evaluated using the subjective Visual Grading Analysis (VGA) by five experienced musculoskeletal radiologists, including the evaluation of six anatomical image quality criteria (scored from 1 to 5). Results: Consistently, the VGA results indicated that by using software optimised parameters, image quality was suitable for diagnosis in 48–71% of all images. Based on a VGC analysis all software optimised images did have significant better image quality then the one with just the clinical settings. Noise reduction was the software setting which influenced the image quality the most, area under the curve (AUC) of 0.8172 95%CI 0.7953–0.8375. Conclusion: Software optimisation improve the radiologists' perception of image quality and should thus be thoroughly considered within clinical practise. Noise reduction is the software parameter which has the greatest influence.
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| 14. |
- Taal, H. Rob, et al.
(författare)
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Common variants at 12q15 and 12q24 are associated with infant head circumference
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 44:5, s. 532-538
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To identify genetic variants associated with head circumference in infancy, we performed a meta-analysis of seven genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (N = 10,768 individuals of European ancestry enrolled in pregnancy and/or birth cohorts) and followed up three lead signals in six replication studies (combined N = 19,089). rs7980687 on chromosome 12q24 (P = 8.1 x 10(-9)) and rs1042725 on chromosome 12q15 (P = 2.8 x 10(-10)) were robustly associated with head circumference in infancy. Although these loci have previously been associated with adult height(1), their effects on infant head circumference were largely independent of height (P = 3.8 x 10(-7) for rs7980687 and P = 1.3 x 10(-7) for rs1042725 after adjustment for infant height). A third signal, rs11655470 on chromosome 17q21, showed suggestive evidence of association with head circumference (P = 3.9 x 10(-6)). SNPs correlated to the 17q21 signal have shown genome-wide association with adult intracranial volume(2), Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases(3-5), indicating that a common genetic variant in this region might link early brain growth with neurological disease in later life.
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| 15. |
- Grip, L, et al.
(författare)
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Substance P alterations in skin and brain of chronically stressed atopic-like mice
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0926-9959 .- 1468-3083. ; 27:2, s. 199-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Stress is known to worsen the symptoms of atopic eczema (AE). Substance P is likely to play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of AE. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanObjective To examine a possible connection between chronic mild stress and changes in the expression of substance P and its receptor (R) neurokinin (NK) 1 in the skin and stress-related brain regions in NC/Nga atopic-like mice. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanMethods The mice were divided into three groups (eight animals per group): SE (stressed eczematous), NSE (non-stressed eczematous) and SC (stressed control). Ears and brains of the mice were investigated using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanResults In the skin, there was a decrease in the number of substance P immunoreactive nerve fibres in SE compared with SC group. RT-PCR showed a strong tendency to an increase in mRNA for NK1R in the skin of SE compared with NSE mice. There was an increase in the number of mast cells and the degree of their degranulation in the SE compared with both other groups. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanA decrease in substance P immunoreactivity in medial hippocampus was found in SE compared with NSE animals. In prefrontal cortex and central amygdala, there were no significant differences in substance P immunoreactivity between the three groups. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanConclusion Exposure to chronic mild stress in NC/Nga atopic-like mice may result in altered expression patterns of substance P in the skin and hippocampus.
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| 16. |
- Grunddal, K. V., et al.
(författare)
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Opposing roles of the entero-pancreatic hormone urocortin-3 in glucose metabolism in rats
- 2022
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Ingår i: Diabetologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0012-186X .- 1432-0428. ; 65, s. 1018-1031
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim/hypothesis Urocortin-3 (UCN3) is a glucoregulatory peptide produced in the gut and pancreatic islets. The aim of this study was to clarify the acute effects of UCN3 on glucose regulation following an oral glucose challenge and to investigate the mechanisms involved. Methods We studied the effect of UCN3 on blood glucose, gastric emptying, glucose absorption and secretion of gut and pancreatic hormones in male rats. To supplement these physiological studies, we mapped the expression of UCN3 and the UCN3-sensitive receptor, type 2 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRHR2), by means of fluorescence in situ hybridisation and by gene expression analysis. Results In rats, s.c. administration of UCN3 strongly inhibited gastric emptying and glucose absorption after oral administration of glucose. Direct inhibition of gastrointestinal motility may be responsible because UCN3's cognate receptor, CRHR2, was detected in gastric submucosal plexus and in interstitial cells of Cajal. Despite inhibited glucose absorption, post-challenge blood glucose levels matched those of rats given vehicle in the low-dose UCN3 group, because UCN3 concomitantly inhibited insulin secretion. Higher UCN3 doses did not further inhibit gastric emptying, but the insulin inhibition progressed resulting in elevated post-challenge glucose and lipolysis. Incretin hormones and somatostatin (SST) secretion from isolated perfused rat small intestine was unaffected by UCN3 infusion; however, UCN3 infusion stimulated secretion of somatostatin from delta cells in the isolated perfused rat pancreas which, unlike alpha cells and beta cells, expressed Crhr2. Conversely, acute antagonism of CRHR2 signalling increased insulin secretion by reducing SST signalling. Consistent with these observations, acute drug-induced inhibition of CRHR2 signalling improved glucose tolerance in rats to a similar degree as administration of glucagon-like peptide-1. UCN3 also powerfully inhibited glucagon secretion from isolated perfused rat pancreas (perfused with 3.5 mmol/l glucose) in a SST-dependent manner, suggesting that UCN3 may be involved in glucose-induced inhibition of glucagon secretion. Conclusions/interpretation Our combined data indicate that UCN3 is an important glucoregulatory hormone that acts through regulation of gastrointestinal and pancreatic functions.
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| 17. |
- Holst, J., et al.
(författare)
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Antithrombotic effect of recombinant truncated tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI1-161) in experimental venous thrombosis : A comparison with low molecular weight heparin
- 1994
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Ingår i: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. - 0340-6245. ; 71:2, s. 214-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to investigate whether a truncated recombinant Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI1-161) which lacked the third Kunitz-type domain and the basic c-terminal region, had an antithrombotic effect comparable to LMWH in a randomised double-dummy study. The experimental thrombosis was induced in jugular veins, in a total of 40 rabbits by a combination of destruction of the endothelium and restricted blood flow. Group 1: placebo, gr 2- LMWH 60 anti-FXa IU/kg, gr 3-5: 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg TFPI1-161. TFPI1-161 reduced the thrombus weights in all treated groups, significantly in doses of 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg compared to placebo. The frequency of thrombosis and occlusive thrombosis were also significantly reduced in those doses. The antithrombotic properties of TFPI1-161 (1.0-10.0 mg/ kg) measured as thrombus weight, frequency of thrombosis and frequency of occlusive thrombosis was equivalent to the antithrombotic properties of LMWH. In the anti-FXa, APTT and PT-assays TFPI1-161 displayed a dose dependent increase of activity. Recombinant-TFPI1-161 did not influence the anti-FIIa-assay. No haemorrhagic side effects were noted.
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| 18. |
- Holst, J., et al.
(författare)
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Protamine neutralization of intravenous and subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin (tinzaparin, Logiparin(TM)). An experimental investigation in healthy volunteers
- 1994
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Ingår i: Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. - 0957-5235. ; 5:5, s. 795-803
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to investigate whether tinzaparin sodium (a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)) was fully and permanently neutralized in vivo in man by protamine sulphate (PS) after intravenous (i.v.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. Fifty healthy adults equally divided in five age- and sex-matched groups were included. The groups received 50 IU unfractionated heparin (UH)/kg body weight (b.w.) i.v., 50 anti-factor Xa (anti-Xa) IU tinzaparin/kg b.w. i.v., 75 anti-Xa IU tinzaparin/kg b.w. s.c., 175 anti-Xa IU tinzaparin/kg b.w. s.c., or 1 ml of saline s.c. PS was given as a 10 min infusion in a dose of 1 mg/100 IU of heparin in the four first groups while 0.5 mg PS/kg b.w. was given in the placebo group. In the i.v. groups PS was administered 45 min after the heparin injection, and in the s.c. groups 180 min post-heparin injection. In the UH group PS fully and permanently neutralized all three activities. In the i.v. tinzaparin group PS reversed 80% of the anti-Xa activity, while the anti-IIa and aPTT activities were fully reversed. A slight, but statistically significant, increase in anti-Xa and anti-Ila activities were seen following i.v. tinzaparin. In the s.c. groups 60-65% of the observed peak anti-Xa activity was neutralized, anti-IIa was almost completely reversed, and aPTT returned nearly to baseline values. A gradual return of the anti-Xa activity (65-75%), anti-IIa activity (55%) and aPTT activity (35-45%) was seen in the s.c. groups 3 h after reversal compared with the observed peak values. A continuous absorption of tinzaparin from the s.c. depot is presumably the cause of the returned activity. PS caused an 8-27% transient drop in the platelet count in all groups. This study confirms that the anti-Xa activity following i.v. and s.c. administration of tinzaparin (a LMWH) is only partially neutralizable by protamine. This is not due to insufficient dosages of the antidote, as an excess of protamine could be demonstrated ex vivo immediately after the protamine infusion. The present results suggest that protamine neutralization of tinzaparin given s.c. should be obtained with intermittent injections or continuous infusion.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Lagergren, M., et al.
(författare)
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A longitudinal study integrating population, care and social services data : The Swedish National study on Aging and Care (SNAC)
- 2004
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Ingår i: Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. - Milano : Kurtis. - 1594-0667 .- 1720-8319. ; 16:2, s. 158-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and aims: A large, national, long-term, longitudinal, multi-purpose study has been launched in Sweden - the Swedish National study on Aging and Care (SNAC). The study involves four research centers collecting data in four different areas of Sweden.Methods: The study consists of two parts: the population part and the care and services part. In the population part, a large, representative panel of elders in different age cohorts is followed over time to record and describe the aging process from different aspects. In the care and services part, a systematic, longitudinal, individually-based collection of data is performed concerning provision of care and services together with functional ability, specific health care problems, and living conditions of the recipients living in the area.Resuits: The data collection in the population part of the SNAC is not yet completed. In the present article, some preliminary results are reported from the care and services part. These pertain to comparisons between the participating areas with respect to the prevalence of disability among those receiving care and social services in their ordinary homes and those receiving care in special accommodation. A comparison is also presented with regard to the amount of home help provided to subjects with a given disability.Conclusions: This project has several advantages. It is expected to generate a rich data base relevant for future research on aging and care and to have a direct impact on the future Swedish system of care and services for the elderly.
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| 21. |
- Nelson, G., et al.
(författare)
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QUAREP-LiMi: A community-driven initiative to establish guidelines for quality assessment and reproducibility for instruments and images in light microscopy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Microscopy. - : Wiley. - 0022-2720 .- 1365-2818. ; 284:1, s. 56-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A modern day light microscope has evolved from a tool devoted to making primarily empirical observations to what is now a sophisticated , quantitative device that is an integral part of both physical and life science research. Nowadays, microscopes are found in nearly every experimental laboratory. However, despite their prevalent use in capturing and quantifying scientific phenomena, neither a thorough understanding of the principles underlying quantitative imaging techniques nor appropriate knowledge of how to calibrate, operate and maintain microscopes can be taken for granted. This is clearly demonstrated by the well-documented and widespread difficulties that are routinely encountered in evaluating acquired data and reproducing scientific experiments. Indeed, studies have shown that more than 70% of researchers have tried and failed to repeat another scientist's experiments, while more than half have even failed to reproduce their own experiments. One factor behind the reproducibility crisis of experiments published in scientific journals is the frequent underreporting of imaging methods caused by a lack of awareness and/or a lack of knowledge of the applied technique. Whereas quality control procedures for some methods used in biomedical research, such as genomics (e.g. DNA sequencing, RNA-seq) or cytometry, have been introduced (e.g. ENCODE), this issue has not been tackled for optical microscopy instrumentation and images. Although many calibration standards and protocols have been published, there is a lack of awareness and agreement on common standards and guidelines for quality assessment and reproducibility. In April 2020, the QUality Assessment and REProducibility for instruments and images in Light Microscopy (QUAREP-LiMi) initiative was formed. This initiative comprises imaging scientists from academia and industry who share a common interest in achieving a better understanding of the performance and limitations of microscopes and improved quality control (QC) in light microscopy. The ultimate goal of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative is to establish a set of common QC standards, guidelines, metadata models and tools, including detailed protocols, with the ultimate aim of improving reproducible advances in scientific research. This White Paper (1) summarizes the major obstacles identified in the field that motivated the launch of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative; (2) identifies the urgent need to address these obstacles in a grassroots manner, through a community of stakeholders including, researchers, imaging scientists, bioimage analysts, bioimage informatics developers, corporate partners, funding agencies, standards organizations, scientific publishers and observers of such; (3) outlines the current actions of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative and (4) proposes future steps that can be taken to improve the dissemination and acceptance of the proposed guidelines to manage QC. To summarize, the principal goal of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative is to improve the overall quality and reproducibility of light microscope image data by introducing broadly accepted standard practices and accurately captured image data metrics.
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| 22. |
- Nordlind, Klas, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of chronic mild stress on skin and brain in the NC/Nga atopic-like mouse
- 2011
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY, vol 131 Issue S2 (September 2011). - : Nature Publishing Group. ; , s. S116-S116
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atopic eczema is often worsened by stress. We have studied the effect of chronic mild stress in the atopic-like NC/Nga mouse strain. The mice were subjected to chronic mild stress for 12 weeks and eczema was induced by applying a mite antigen (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) on the ears for the last 4 weeks. The mice were divided into stressed eczematous, non-stressed eczematousand stressed control groups. Serum corticosterone levels were determined at the endpoint of the experiment. The biopsies from skin and brain have been analyzed using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The diameter of the ears was larger in the stressed eczematous group compared to the other groups. Moreover, the corticosterone levels were significantly lower in the stressedeczematous group. The neuromediators being studied are serotonin, its transporter protein, as well as its receptors, and the tachykinin substance P and its receptor neurokinin-1.
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| 23. |
- Perner, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4 versus Ringer's Acetate in Severe Sepsis
- 2012
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 367:2, s. 124-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 is widely used for fluid resuscitation in intensive care units (ICUs), but its safety and efficacy have not been established in patients with severe sepsis. METHODS In this multicenter, parallel-group, blinded trial, we randomly assigned patients with severe sepsis to fluid resuscitation in the ICU with either 6% HES 130/0.4 or Ringer's acetate at a dose of up to 33 ml per kilogram of ideal body weight per day. The primary outcome measure was either death or end-stage kidney failure (dependence on dialysis) at 90 days after randomization. RESULTS Of the 804 patients who underwent randomization, 798 were included in the modified intention-to-treat population. The two intervention groups had similar baseline characteristics. At 90 days after randomization, 201 of 398 patients (51%) assigned to HES 130/0.4 had died, as compared with 172 of 400 patients (43%) assigned to Ringer's acetate (relative risk, 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.36; P=0.03); 1 patient in each group had end-stage kidney failure. In the 90-day period, 87 patients (22%) assigned to HES 130/0.4 were treated with renal-replacement therapy versus 65 patients (16%) assigned to Ringer's acetate (relative risk, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.80; P=0.04), and 38 patients (10%) and 25 patients (6%), respectively, had severe bleeding (relative risk, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.94 to 2.48; P=0.09). The results were supported by multivariate analyses, with adjustment for known risk factors for death or acute kidney injury at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Patients with severe sepsis assigned to fluid resuscitation with HES 130/0.4 had an increased risk of death at day 90 and were more likely to require renal-replacement therapy, as compared with those receiving Ringer's acetate.
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| 24. |
- Ratner, C., et al.
(författare)
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Anorexia and Fat Aversion Induced by Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy Is Attenuated in Neurotensin Receptor 1-Deficient Mice
- 2021
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Ingår i: Endocrinology. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0013-7227 .- 1945-7170. ; 162:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neurotensin (NT) is an anorexic gut hormone and neuropeptide that increases in circulation following bariatric surgery in humans and rodents. We sought to determine the contribution of NT to the metabolic efficacy of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). To explore a potential mechanistic role of NT in VSG, we performed sham or VSG surgeries in diet-induced obese NT receptor 1 (NTSR1) wild-type and knockout (ko) mice and compared their weight and fat mass loss, glucose tolerance, food intake, and food preference after surgery. NTSR1 ko mice had reduced initial anorexia and body fat loss. Additionally, NTSR1 ko mice had an attenuated reduction in fat preference following VSG. Results from this study suggest that NTSR1 signaling contributes to the potent effect of VSG to initially reduce food intake following VSG surgeries and potentially also on the effects on macronutrient selection induced by VSG. However, maintenance of long-term weight loss after VSG requires signals in addition to NT.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Abdulrasak, M., et al.
(författare)
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The Long-term Durability of Intra-operatively Placed Palmaz Stents for the Treatment of Type Ia Endoleaks After EVAR of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 1078-5884. ; 53:1, s. 69-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective/Background The objective was to analyze the long-term durability of intra-operatively placed Palmaz stents for type Ia endoleaks, and the evolution of aneurysm neck morphology. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary referral centre. Patients treated between 1998 and 2012 were reviewed with regard to pre-, intra-, and post-operative data. Crude and relative survival estimates were calculated, with the latter referring only to patients with ≥ 3 months’ follow-up. Results In total, 125 patients were included (83 elective, 22 ruptures, 20 symptomatic). Nine patients died perioperatively (two elective, seven acute). Median follow-up was 43 months (range 15–72). Seven patients had late abdominal aortic aneurysm related deaths. There were 51 re-interventions (seven type Ia endoleak related). Five year crude primary, primary assisted, and secondary success rates were 55 ± 5%, 66 ± 5%, and 70 ± 5%, respectively. These crude rates were superior for elective patients (p = .008, p = .031, and p = .037, respectively), but the relative rates were not (p = .187, p = .640, p = .558, respectively). Primary and assisted freedom from type Ia endoleak 5 years post-operatively were 84 ± 4% and 89 ± 3%, respectively. These rates were superior in elective patients (p = .066 and p = .145, respectively), especially when relative rates were analysed (p = .025 and p = .063, respectively). The visceral aortic diameter increased significantly between the first and the last post-operative imaging in 15/91 (16%), 12/91 (13%), 34/91 (37%), and 30/91 (33%) patients at the levels of coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, lowest renal artery, and 9 mm distal to lowest renal artery, respectively. Conclusion Intra-operatively placed Palmaz stents confer high long-term freedom from type Ia endoleak. Palmaz stents are an acceptable intra-operative bailout tool in the acute setting, but should not be used to extend elective infrarenal endovascular aneurysm repair to more demanding anatomies.
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| 31. |
- Abrego, Nerea, et al.
(författare)
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Airborne DNA reveals predictable spatial and seasonal dynamics of fungi
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 631, s. 835-842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fungi are among the most diverse and ecologically important kingdoms in life. However, the distributional ranges of fungi remain largely unknown as do the ecological mechanisms that shape their distributions1,2. To provide an integrated view of the spatial and seasonal dynamics of fungi, we implemented a globally distributed standardized aerial sampling of fungal spores3. The vast majority of operational taxonomic units were detected within only one climatic zone, and the spatiotemporal patterns of species richness and community composition were mostly explained by annual mean air temperature. Tropical regions hosted the highest fungal diversity except for lichenized, ericoid mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi, which reached their peak diversity in temperate regions. The sensitivity in climatic responses was associated with phylogenetic relatedness, suggesting that large-scale distributions of some fungal groups are partially constrained by their ancestral niche. There was a strong phylogenetic signal in seasonal sensitivity, suggesting that some groups of fungi have retained their ancestral trait of sporulating for only a short period. Overall, our results show that the hyperdiverse kingdom of fungi follows globally highly predictable spatial and temporal dynamics, with seasonality in both species richness and community composition increasing with latitude. Our study reports patterns resembling those described for other major groups of organisms, thus making a major contribution to the long-standing debate on whether organisms with a microbial lifestyle follow the global biodiversity paradigms known for macroorganisms4,5.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Ahlberg, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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"Vi klimatforskare stödjer Greta och skolungdomarna"
- 2019
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Ingår i: Dagens nyheter (DN debatt). - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- DN DEBATT 15/3. Sedan industrialiseringens början har vi använt omkring fyra femtedelar av den mängd fossilt kol som får förbrännas för att vi ska klara Parisavtalet. Vi har bara en femtedel kvar och det är bråttom att kraftigt reducera utsläppen. Det har Greta Thunberg och de strejkande ungdomarna förstått. Därför stödjer vi deras krav, skriver 270 klimatforskare.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Amatya, B, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of tachykinins and their receptors in plaque psoriasis with pruritus
- 2011
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Ingår i: BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 0007-0963 .- 1365-2133. ; 164:5, s. 1023-1029
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pandgt;Background Cutaneous melanoma is rapidly increasing in incidence worldwide and approximately 5% of melanomas are hereditary. Deletions in chromosome 1p36 have been detected in melanoma but no candidate melanoma tumour suppressor gene has yet been found in this area. Recently, strong evidence has been reported that CHD5 is a tumour suppressor gene in this region. Objectives To investigate CHD5 involvement in familial melanoma. Methods Peripheral blood DNA from 47 melanoma families who do not carry mutations in any of the three currently recognized melanoma genes, 398 patients with sporadic melanoma and 398 geographically matched nonmelanoma-bearing controls were studied. Linkage investigation, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and mutation screening studies were carried out on the CHD5 locus. Results The CHD5 gene was not excluded by linkage analysis in any of the families. On SNP genotyping, the CHD5 rs7513548 SNP was found to be significantly associated with sporadic melanoma (odds ratio 1 center dot 53, 95% confidence interval 1 center dot 13-2 center dot 06). The AG genotype was found in 208 cases and 169 controls (cf. 141 and 175 cases and controls, respectively, for the AA genotype). On CHD5 mutation screening, a total of 50 single-base substitutions were detected. Of these, 39 were intronic and 11 were exonic. While 32 were previously recognized variants, 18 were newly identified. Three, in exons 4, 31 and 32, led to nonsynonymous substitutions. A p.Met1576Ile substitution was identified in a mother and daughter, both with invasive cutaneous melanoma. Conclusions This study appears to be the first report of CHD5 variants in familial cutaneous melanoma. Such CHD5 variants could block or alter the ability of CHD5 to regulate the cell cycle pathway and to effect cellular control. As only one of the 47 families studied has this variant, it appears to be a rare event and further screening of melanoma families is required to confirm whether or not CHD5 is involved in melanoma pathogenesis.
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| 36. |
- Asplund, M, et al.
(författare)
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Toxicity evaluation of PEDOT/biomolecular composites intended for neural communication electrodes
- 2009
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Ingår i: BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-6041 .- 1748-605X. ; 4:4, s. 045009-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrodes coated with the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) possess attractive electrochemical properties for stimulation or recording in the nervous system. Biomolecules, added as counter ions in electropolymerization, could further improve the biomaterial properties, eliminating the need for surfactant counter ions in the process. Such PEDOT/biomolecular composites, using heparin or hyaluronic acid, have previously been investigated electrochemically. In the present study, their biocompatibility is evaluated. An agarose overlay assay using L929 fibroblasts, and elution and direct contact tests on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells are applied to investigate cytotoxicity in vitro. PEDOT: heparin was further evaluated in vivo through polymer-coated implants in rodent cortex. No cytotoxic response was seen to any of the PEDOT materials tested. The examination of cortical tissue exposed to polymer-coated implants showed extensive glial scarring irrespective of implant material (Pt:polymer or Pt). However, quantification of immunological response, through distance measurements from implant site to closest neuron and counting of ED1+ cell density around implant, was comparable to those of platinum controls. These results indicate that PEDOT: heparin surfaces were non-cytotoxic and show no marked difference in immunological response in cortical tissue compared to pure platinum controls.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Bucinskaite, V, et al.
(författare)
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Receptor-mediated activation of gastric vagal afferents by glucagon-like peptide-1 in the rat
- 2009
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Ingår i: Neurogastroenterology and Motility. - : Wiley. - 1350-1925 .- 1365-2982. ; 21:9, s. 978-e78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The vagus nerve plays a role in mediating effects of the two glucagon-like peptides GLP-1 and GLP-2 on gastrointestinal growth, functions and eating behaviour. To obtain electrophysiological and molecular evidence for the contribution of afferent pathways in chemoreception from the gastrointestinal tract, afferent mass activity in the ventral gastric branch of the vagus nerve and gene expression of GLP-1 receptors and GLP-2 receptors in the nodose ganglion were examined in Sprague–Dawley rats. Intravenous administration of GLP-1 (30–1000 pmol kg−1), reaching high physiological plasma concentrations, increased vagal afferent mass activity peaking (13–52% above basal level, P < 0.05) 3–5 min after injection. Repeated administration of GLP-1 (1000 pmol kg−1; five times, 15 min intervals) elicited similar responses. Pretreatment with GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)amide (500 pmol kg−1) abolished the GLP-1 response to doses 30–300 pmol kg−1 but had no effect on the vagal response to gastric distension. For comparison, GLP-2 (1000 pmol kg−1) had no effect on vagal afferent activity. Vagal chemoreception of GLP-1 is supported by expression of the GLP-1 receptor gene in the nodose ganglion. However, the GLP-2 receptor was also expressed. To conclude, our results show that peripherally administered GLP-1, differently from GLP-2, activates vagal afferents, with no evidence of desensitisation. The GLP-1 effect was blocked by exendin(9-39)amide, suggesting that GLP-1 receptors on vagal afferent nerves mediate sensory input from the gastrointestinal tract or pancreas; either directly or indirectly via the release of another mediator. GLP-2 receptors appear not be functionally expressed on vagal afferents.
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| 41. |
- Christiansson, M, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of surface sulphur upon microbial devulcanization of rubber materials
- 1998
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Ingår i: Biotechnology Letters. - 0141-5492. ; 20:7, s. 637-642
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, T. thioparus, Acidianus brierleyi and TH2 Lund, an archaeal isolate, were tested for sulphur oxidising capacity on ground rubber from spent car tyres. T. ferrooxidans converted 8% (w/w) of the sulphur in cryo-ground spent rubber to sulphate in 20 days. Desulphurization of fresh made natural rubber was studied with scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The average depletion of sulphur on the treated surface was 24% compared to the bulk region. Oxidised sulphur species were detected on the surface after microbial treatment.
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| 42. |
- DeFronzo, Ralph A., et al.
(författare)
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Disease Primers. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2056-676X. ; 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an expanding global health problem, closely linked to the epidemic of obesity. Individuals with T2DM are at high risk for both microvascular complications (including retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (such as cardiovascular comorbidities), owing to hyperglycaemia and individual components of the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome. Environmental factors (for example, obesity, an unhealthy diet and physical inactivity) and genetic factors contribute to the multiple pathophysiological disturbances that are responsible for impaired glucose homeostasis in T2DM. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion remain the core defects in T2DM, but at least six other pathophysiological abnormalities contribute to the dysregulation of glucose metabolism. The multiple pathogenetic disturbances present in T2DM dictate that multiple antidiabetic agents, used in combination, will be required to maintain normoglycaemia. The treatment must not only be effective and safe but also improve the quality of life. Several novel medications are in development, but the greatest need is for agents that enhance insulin sensitivity, halt the progressive pancreatic β-cell failure that is characteristic of T2DM and prevent or reverse the microvascular complications. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/V2eGfN.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Ercole, A., et al.
(författare)
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Kinetic modelling of serum S100b after traumatic brain injury
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMC Neurology. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2377. ; 16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: An understanding of the kinetics of a biomarker is essential to its interpretation. Despite this, little kinetic modelling of blood biomarkers can be found in the literature. S100b is an astrocyte related marker of brain injury used primarily in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Serum levels are expected to be the net result of a multi-compartmental process. The optimal sample times for TBI prognostication, and to follow injury development, are unclear. The purpose of this study was to develop a kinetic model to characterise the temporal course of serum S100b concentration after primary traumatic brain injury. Methods: Data of serial serum S100b samples from 154 traumatic brain injury patients in a neurointensive care unit were retrospectively analysed, including only patients without secondary peaks of this biomarker. Additionally, extra-cranial S100b can confound samples earlier than 12 h after trauma and were therefore excluded. A hierarchical, Bayesian gamma variate kinetic model was constructed and the parameters estimated by Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. Results: We demonstrated that S100b concentration changes dramatically over timescales that are clinically important for early prognostication with a peak at 27.2 h (95 % credible interval [25.6, 28.8]). Baseline S100b levels was found to be 0.11 mu g/L (95 % credible interval [0.10, 0.12]). Conclusions: Even small differences in injury to sample time may lead to marked changes in S100b during the first days after injury. This must be taken into account in interpretation. The model offers a way to predict the peak and trajectory of S100b from 12 h post trauma in TBI patients, and to identify deviations from this, possibly indicating a secondary event. Kinetic modelling, providing an equation for the peak and projection, may offer a way to reduce the ambiguity in interpretation of, in time, randomly sampled acute biomarkers and may be generally applicable to biomarkers with, in time, well defined hits.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Færch, Kristine, et al.
(författare)
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Insulin resistance is accompanied by increased fasting glucagon and delayed glucagon suppression in individuals with normal and impaired glucose regulation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0012-1797 .- 1939-327X. ; 65:11, s. 3473-3481
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hyperinsulinemia is an adaptive mechanism that enables the maintenance of normoglycemia in the presence of insulin resistance. We assessed whether glucagon is also involved in the adaptation to insulin resistance. A total of 1,437 individuals underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with measurements of circulating glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations at 0, 30 and 120 min. Early glucagon suppression was defined as suppression in the period from 0 to 30 min, and late glucagon suppression as 30 to 120 min after glucose intake. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by the validated insulin sensitivity index. Individuals with screen-detected diabetes had 30% higher fasting glucagon levels and diminished early glucagon suppression, but greater late glucagon suppression when compared with individuals with normal glucose tolerance (P 0.014). Higher insulin resistance was associated with higher fasting glucagon levels, less early glucagon suppression, and greater late glucagon suppression (P < 0.001). The relationship between insulin sensitivity and fasting glucagon concentrations was nonlinear (P < 0.001). In conclusion, increased fasting glucagon levels and delayed glucagon suppression, together with increased circulating insulin levels, develop in parallel with insulin resistance. Therefore, glucose maintenance during insulin resistance may depend not only on hyperinsulinemia but also on the ability to suppress glucagon early after glucose intake.
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| 49. |
- Fiedler, J., et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on weak interactions in complex materials at different length scales
- 2023
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 25:4, s. 2671-2705
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanocomposite materials consist of nanometer-sized quantum objects such as atoms, molecules, voids or nanoparticles embedded in a host material. These quantum objects can be exploited as a super-structure, which can be designed to create material properties targeted for specific applications. For electromagnetism, such targeted properties include field enhancements around the bandgap of a semiconductor used for solar cells, directional decay in topological insulators, high kinetic inductance in superconducting circuits, and many more. Despite very different application areas, all of these properties are united by the common aim of exploiting collective interaction effects between quantum objects. The literature on the topic spreads over very many different disciplines and scientific communities. In this review, we present a cross-disciplinary overview of different approaches for the creation, analysis and theoretical description of nanocomposites with applications related to electromagnetic properties.
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| 50. |
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