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- Tran, K. B., et al.
(författare)
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The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
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Ingår i: Lancet. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10352, s. 563-591
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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| 2. |
- Hoseini-Athar, M. M., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Zn addition on dynamic recrystallization behavior of Mg-2Gd alloy during high-temperature deformation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0925-8388 .- 1873-4669. ; 806, s. 1200-1206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of Zn/Gd ratio on dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of Mg-2Gd-xZn (x = 0, 1, 2 and 3 wt%) alloys was investigated by shear punch tests in the temperature range of 623-723 K and shear strain rate range of 1.0 x 10(-2)-1.2 x 10(-1) s(-1). It was observed that at low Zn/Gd ratio, excessive co-segregation of Gd and Zn solute atoms retards recrystallization and provides higher strength. At high Zn/Gd ratios, precipitation reduces the co-segregation, so that the alloy with Zn/Gd = 1.5, experienced the fastest DRX and the lowest strength. In addition, segregation resulted in a weaker texture, by elimination of nucleation and growth of the preferred orientations. rights reserved.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Hoseini-Athar, M. M., et al.
(författare)
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Microstructural evolution and superplastic behavior of a fine-grained Mg-Gd alloy processed by constrained groove pressing
- 2019
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Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 754, s. 390-399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the current study, microstructural evolution and superplasticity of an extruded Mg-2wt% Gd sheet were studied after the constrained groove pressing (CGP) process. Microstructural observations by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction revealed that after 4 cycles of CGP, a rather homogeneous fine-grained microstructure with an average grain size of 4.3 mu m, and a large fraction of high angle grain boundaries was obtained. By performing shear punch tests (SPT) at different temperatures and various shear strain rates, a peak strain rate sensitivity index (m-value) of 0.49 was obtained after 4 cycles of CGP process at 673 K, while peak m-values of 0.31 and 0.36 were obtained for the as-extruded and 2 cycle CGP process conditions, respectively. An m-value of 0.49 and an activation energy of 113 kJ/mol, obtained for the fine-grained material after 4 cycles of CGP, suggest that the dominant deformation mechanism in the superplastic regime is grain boundary sliding (GBS) controlled by grain boundary diffusion.
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| 5. |
- Hoseini-Athar, M. M., et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure, texture, and strain-hardening behavior of extruded Mg-Gd-Zn alloys
- 2020
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Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 772
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of Zn content on the microstructure, texture, mechanical properties and strain-hardening behavior of extruded Mg-2Gd-xZn (x = 0, 1, 2 and 3 wt%) sheets was investigated. Evaluation of texture revealed that while all of the alloys exhibited weak textures, the texture component was altered from a basal to a non-basal one by the addition of Zn. A typical transverse direction (TD) split texture with basal poles rotated about 40 degrees from the normal direction (ND) toward TD was observed for the Zn-containing alloys, the effect being more pronounced at higher Zn contents. Furthermore, the Mg-2Gd-1Zn alloy exhibited the weakest texture due to solute drag imposed by co-segregation of Zn and Gd atoms at grain boundaries. Addition of Zn also resulted in a general increase in yield stress, ultimate tensile strength and elongation along the extrusion direction from 99 to 172 MPa, 178 to 263 MPa, and 25 to 35% for Mg-2Gd and Mg-2Gd-3Zn alloys, respectively. However, increasing Zn content was accompanied by an initial decrease in anisotropy of mechanical properties and strain-hardening behavior, followed by an increase at higher Zn contents. This was due to the difference of orientation of basal planes with regard to tension direction. As a result, lower yield stress, higher elongation and strain-hardening capacity was obtained along TD (with higher Schmid factor for basal slip) compared to ED. It was concluded that excellent mechanical properties and low anisotropy can be achieved in the Mg-2Gd-1Zn alloy.
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