| 1. |
- Berman, Alexander, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Explaining predictions with enthymematic counterfactuals
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Bias, Ethical AI, Explainability and the role of Logic and Logic Programming, BEWARE-22. - : CEUR Workshop Proceedings. - 1613-0073.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When people are subject to high-stakes decisions informed by computer models, they have a legitimate interest in understanding the basis for the model’s judgements and whether actions can be taken to turn a dispreferred decision into a preferred one. For example, if an application for a loan is denied by the model, the applicant has an interest in understanding the conditions that would yield an approval. In this paper, we argue that these kinds of counterfactual (or contrastive) explanations rest on domain-specific and commonsensical principles that can be negotiated, and sketch a method for incorporating such principles in an explanatory dialogue system using enthymematic reasoning.
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| 2. |
- Bernardy, Jean-Philippe, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Rational Speech Act models are utterance-independent updates of world priors
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of SemDial 2022 (DubDial): The 26th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, August, 22-24, 2022, Dublin / Eleni Gregoromichelaki, Julian Hough, John D. Kelleher (Editors). - 2308-2275.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A popular framework for modelling pragmatic effects is the “rational speech act” (RSA) model introduced by Frank and Goodman (2012). The idea behind RSA is that, to interpret an utter- ance, a rational (pragmatic) listener reasons about a speaker who chooses their utterance by reasoning about the listener, using a literal se- mantic model. In the present work, we take the RSA model at face value, but we reformulate it in information-theoretic terms. We find that the pragmatic listener model can be reconceived as an update of the prior over worlds that can be provided independently of the speaker’s actual utterance. This update consists in a preference for world states which are the most specific to a given utterance in the set of possible ut- terances given by the pragmatic context. Our reformulation allows us to deduce general prop- erties of pragmatic reasoning problems. As an example, we show that RSA does not predict certain quantity implicatures in the presence of bell-curve priors.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Howes, Christine, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Justifiable reasons for everyone: Dialogical reasoning in patients with schizophrenia
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 25th Workshop of the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, September 20–22, 2021, Potsdam / The Internet. - Potsdam : Semdial. - 0351-6067.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients with schizophrenia are known to have difficulties in reasoning, but previous work has not looked at how such deficits manifest in face-to-face interactions. Using a unique cor- pus of triadic interactions discussing a moral dilemma, half of which involve a patient with schizophrenia, we show that patients are more likely than their interlocutors and control groups to provide arguments which reject the constraints of the task. Patients are also more likely to be consistent in their reasoning across a dialogue than their interlocutors or controls. Our results suggest that patients do not have impaired reasoning abilities but rather reason on the basis of a different view of the task than non-patients.
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| 5. |
- Maraev, Vladislav, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Non-humorous use of laughter in spoken dialogue systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic and Cognitive Approaches To Dialog Agents Workshop, LaCATODA 2021, Montreal, Canada, August 21, 2021 (online) / Rafal Rzepka, Jordi Vallverdú, Andre Wlodarczyk, Michal Ptaszynski and Pawel Dybala (Eds.). - : CEUR-WS. - 1613-0073.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we argue that laughter, an ambiguous yet ubiquitous signal in everyday interactions, can act as an important feature for task-oriented dialogue systems. We show which components of a dialogue system should be affected and modified, and more specifically how particular types of laughter can be accounted for in a dialogue manager as instances of short answers, feedbacks and vocalisations accompanying them.
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| 6. |
- Maraev, Vladislav, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting laughter relevance spaces in dialogue
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Marchi E., Siniscalchi S.M., Cumani S., Salerno V.M., Li H. (eds) Increasing Naturalness and Flexibility in Spoken Dialogue Interaction. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 714.. - Singapore : Springer. - 1876-1100. - 9789811593222 ; , s. 41-51
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
- Maraev, Vladislav, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Why Should I Turn Left? : Towards Active Explainability for Spoken Dialogue Systems.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Reasoning and Interaction Conference (ReInAct 2021). - : Association for Computational Linguistics.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we argue that to make dialogue systems able to actively explain their decisions they can make use of enthymematic reasoning. We motivate why this is an appropriate strategy and integrate it within our own proof-theoretic dialogue manager framework based on linear logic. In particular, this enables a dialogue system to provide reasonable answers to why-questions that query information previously given by the system.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Axelsson Nord, Ebba, et al.
(författare)
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What do you mean? Eliciting enthymemes in text-based dialogue
- 2021
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Ingår i: The 25th Workshop of the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, September 20–22, 2021, Potsdam / The Internet.. - 2308-2275.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We report a proof of concept text-based chat study which inserts spoof questions in a real time conversation in order to elicit participants reasoning. The results show that different questions are more or less effective at elicit- ing explicit enthymematic reasons, which is a technique that could be employed to augment conversational artificial intelligence systems to improve their reasoning abilities.
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| 10. |
- Berman, Alexander, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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"Apparently acousticness is positively correlated with neuroticism": Conversational explanations of model predictions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 26th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, August, 22-24, 2022, Dublin, Ireland - Poster Abstracts.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper describes an experiment that collects human dialogues about predictions of participants’ personality traits on the basis of their music preferences, and presents preliminary results. This type of data can inform the design of explanatory dialogue systems, and the method can straightforwardly be adapted to other domains and statistical models.
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| 11. |
- Berman, Alexander, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Counterfactual reasoning capabilities of GPT: Preliminary findings
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 18th SweCog Conference, Göteborg, 5-6 October, 2023. - 1653-2325. - 9789198903805
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recently, there has been a large interest in large language models (LLMs) such as GPT and their ability to engage in human-like dialogue and use commonsense reasoning. We experimentally investigate specific aspects of these abilities, namely counterfactual reasoning and explanations. These abilities are particularly important when using LLMs to assist high-stake decisions and assessments such as credit approval or medical diagnostics. For example, if a loan applicant is denied credit, a counterfactual explanation conveys the conditions under which the credit would have been granted. By injecting a decision-making algorithm into the model's prompt and systematically probing and annotating responses for carefully chosen inputs, we study potential patterns in GPT's selection of counterfactual examples. Preliminary results indicate that when GPT 3.5 provides counterfactual explanations, it does not consider causal relations between variables in a way that one would expect from a model with strong commonsense reasoning capabilities. We discuss potential implications of these results for real-world applications and future research.
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| 12. |
- Bondarenko, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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Directory Enquiries Corpus
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Open Science Foundation (OSF).
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Transcriptions, audio and annotations of Directory Enquires dialogues collected by Anastasia Bondarenko as part of a Masters in Language Technology at Gothenburg University.
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| 13. |
- Breitholtz, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
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All the more reasons: Mismatches in topoi in dialogue
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Pragmatics. - 0378-2166. ; 217, s. 172-184
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we show how topoi warrant inferences for interpreting and producing dialogue contributions, particularly in the case of enthymemes where the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises. We situate our theory of topoi in the context of pragmatic theory by relating it to other theories of inference and coherence. Through detailed analysis of a single dialogue, we show how dialogue participants can incrementally entertain and resolve mismatching interpretations of an enthymematic utterance. We discuss how the notions of topoi and enthymemes can add to a generalisable model of coherence in dialogue.
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| 14. |
- Breitholtz, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
-
Communicable reasons: How children learn topoi through dialogue
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 24th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, Waltham, Massachusetts, July 18-19, 2020, (online) / Sophia Malamud, James Pustejovsky, Jonathan Ginzburg (Editors). - : SEMDIAL. - 2308-2275.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Breitholtz, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
-
Incrementality all the way up
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Computing Natural Inference Workshop at the International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dialogue is known to be incremental, with people able to make interpretations based on incomplete or partial information, and this underspecification is rife at all levels including sound, structure and meaning. We argue that underspecification and incrementality is also inherent in how people reason in dialogue, using enthymemes. We discuss how incremental reasoning can be elucidated in dialogue at points of mismatch, and provide the outline of a formal analysis using Type Theory with Records for one such example. This approach is compatible with existing dialogue models, and we believe that adding incremental reasoning abilities to conversational agents will allow them to be both more flexible and human-like in dialogue.
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| 20. |
- Breitholtz, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
-
Reasoning in Multiparty Dialogue Involving Patients with Schizophrenia
- 2021
-
Ingår i: (In)coherence of Discourse : formal and Conceptual Issues of Language / Maxime Amblard, Michel Musiol, Manuel Rebuschi (eds.). - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2364-4109 .- 2364-4117. - 9783030714338 ; , s. 43-63
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interacting with others frequently involves making common-sense inferences linking context, background knowledge, and beliefs to utterances in the dialogue. As language users we are generally good at this kind of dialogical reasoning, and might not even be aware we are involved in it while we engage in a conversation. However, sometimes it is not obvious how a particular contribution should be interpreted in terms of the underpinning assumptions warranting an inference. In dialogue involving participants who demonstrate atypical linguistic behavior, such as patients with schizophrenia, the effects may be even more marked. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Cognitive science, language as a tool for interaction, and a new look at language evolution
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Formal Approaches to the Dynamics of Linguistic Interaction workshop, ESSLLI 2017. Toulouse, France, July 17-21, 2017. Edited by Christine Howes, Hannes Rieser. Vol 1863.. - Aachen : M. Jeusfeld c/o Redaktion Sun SITE, Informatik V, RWTH Aachen. - 1613-0073.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Decker, Amandine, 2000, et al.
(författare)
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Topic and genre in dialogue
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 27th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue - Poster Abstracts, August 16–17, 2023, Maribor, Slovenia / Andy Lücking, Chiara Mazzocconi & Darinka Verdonik (eds.). - 2308-2275.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 26. |
- Dobnik, Simon, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Changing perspective: Local alignment of reference frames in dialogue
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of SemDial 2015 (goDIAL): The 19th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue. Christine Howes and Staffan Larsson (eds.). Gothenburg, 24–26 August 2015. - 2308-2275. ; , s. 24-32
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 27. |
- Dobnik, Simon, 1977, et al.
(författare)
-
Changing perspective: Local alignment of reference frames in dialogue
- 2015
-
Ingår i: The 6th annual CLT workshop. Tollered, 20-22 October, 2015.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we examine how people negotiate, interpret and repair the frame of reference (FoR) in free dialogues discussing spatial scenes. We describe a pilot study in which participants are given different perspectives of the same scene and asked to locate several objects that are only shown on one of their pictures. This task requires participants to coordinate on FoR in order to identify the missing objects. Preliminary results indicate that conversational participants align locally on FoR but do not converge on a global frame of reference. Misunderstandings lead to clarification sequences in which participants shift the FoR. These findings have implications for situated dialogue systems.
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| 28. |
- Dobnik, Simon, 1977, et al.
(författare)
-
Local alignment of frame of reference assignment in English and Swedish dialogue
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Spatial Cognition XII, 12th International Conference, Spatial Cognition 2020, Riga, Latvia, August 26–28, 2020, Proceedings / Jurǵis Šķilters, Nora S. Newcombe, David Uttal (eds.). - Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland AG. - 0302-9743 .- 1611-3349. - 9783030579821
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we examine how people assign, interpret, negotiate and repair the frame of reference (FoR) in online text-based dialogues discussing spatial scenes in English and Swedish. We describe our corpus and data collection which involves a coordination experiment in which dyadic dialogue participants have to identify differences in their picture of a visual scene. As their perspectives of the scene are different, they must coordinate their FoRs in order to complete the task. Results show that participants do not align on a global FoR, but tend to align locally, for sub-portions (or particular conversational games) in the dialogue. This has implications for how dialogue systems should approach problems of FoR assignment - and what strategies for clarification they should implement.
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| 29. |
- Dobnik, Simon, 1977, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards a computational model of frame of reference alignment in dialogue
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Joint Action Meeting (JAM 2017), Queen Mary University of London, July 22-26 2017.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We are interested in how participants align the frame of reference of spatial descriptions such as "to the left of the green cup" in dyadic text dialogues in English and Swedish when they perceive a scene from different locations. How do they identify if a misalignment has occurred, and what strategies do they use to get back on track? We show that there is no general preference of FoR in dialogue but the choice is related to the communicative acts of particular dialogue games (a sequence of dialogue moves centred towards a particular goal). There is also evidence that participants align their FoR locally over a sequence of turns, but not globally; at points of misunderstanding it may be prudent to shift FoR to get the conversation back on track. We isolate several conversational games where the dynamics of the FoR assignment appears to be linked to other properties of interaction between the agents, for example whether they are focusing on a particular part of the scene or whether they are identifying individual objects scattered around the scene. It follows that alignment is consistently used as a strategy but there are other factors that trigger changes in FoR.
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| 30. |
- Dobnik, Simon, 1977, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards a computational model of frame of reference alignment in Swedish dialogue
- 2016
-
Ingår i: The Sixth Swedish language technology conference (SLTC). Umeå University, 17-18 November, 2016/ (ed. Björklund, Johanna and Stymne, Sara). - Umeå : Umeå University.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we examine how people negotiate, interpret and repair the frame of reference (FoR) in online text based dialogues discussing spatial scenes in Swedish. We describe work-in-progress in which participants are given different perspectives of the same scene and asked to locate several objects that are only shown on one of their pictures. This task requires participants to coordinate on FoR in order to identify the missing objects. This study has implications for situated dialogue systems.
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| 31. |
- Eshghi, Arash, et al.
(författare)
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Action coordination and learning in dialogue
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Probabilistic Approaches to Linguistic Theory / edited by Jean-Philippe Bernardy, Rasmus Blanck, Stergios Chatzikyriakidis, Shalom Lappin, Aleksandre Maskharashvili. - Stanford : Center for the Study of Language and Information. - 9781684000791 ; , s. 357-418
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 32. |
- Eshghi, Arash, et al.
(författare)
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Feedback in Conversation as Incremental Semantic Update
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics, 15-17 April 2015, Queen Mary University of London, London UK. - 9781941643334 ; , s. 261-271
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In conversation, interlocutors routinely indicate whether something said or done has been processed and integrated. Such feedback includes backchannels such as ‘okay’ or ‘mhm’, the production of a next relevant turn, and repair initiation via clarification requests. Importantly, such feedback can be produced not only at sentence/turn boundaries, but also sub-sententially. In this paper, we extend an existing model of incremental semantic processing in dialogue, based around the Dynamic Syntax (DS) grammar framework, to provide a low-level, integrated account of backchannels, clarification requests and their responses; demonstrating that they can be accounted for as part of the core semantic structure-building mechanisms of the grammar, rather than via higher level pragmatic phenomena such as intention recognition, or treatment as an “unofficial” part of the conversation. The end result is an incremental model in which words, not turns, are seen as procedures for contextual update and backchannels serve to align participant semantic processing contexts and thus ease the production and interpretation of subsequent conversational actions. We also show how clarification requests and their following responses and repair can be modelled within the same DS framework, wherein the divergence and re-alignment effort in participants’ semantic processing drives conversations forward.
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| 33. |
- Eshghi, Arash, et al.
(författare)
-
Incremental Turn Processing in Dialogue
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing. - York, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 34. |
- Gregoromichelaki, Eleni, et al.
(författare)
-
Actionism in syntax and semantics.
- 2020
-
Ingår i: CLASP Papers in Computational Linguistics: Dialogue and Perception. - Extended papers from DaP2018 / edited by Christine Howes, SimonDobnik and Ellen Breitholtz. - Gothenburg : Centre for Linguistic Theory and Studies in Probability (CLASP). - 2002-9764.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 35. |
- Gregoromichelaki, Eleni, et al.
(författare)
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Affordance competition in dialogue: the case of syntactic universals
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of SemDial (WatchDial2020), Waltham, Massachusetts, July 18-19 2020 (Online) / Sophia Malamud, James Pustejovsky & Jonathan Ginzburg (eds.). - : SemDial. - 2308-2275.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 36. |
- Gregoromichelaki, Eleni, et al.
(författare)
-
Completability vs (In)completeness
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Acta Linguistica Hafniensia. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0374-0463 .- 1949-0763. ; 52:2, s. 260-284
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 The Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen. In everyday conversation, no notion of “complete sentence” is required for syntactic licensing. However, so-called “fragmentary”, “incomplete”, and abandoned utterances are problematic for standard formalisms. When contextualised, such data show that (a) non-sentential utterances are adequate to underpin agent coordination, while (b) all linguistic dependencies can be systematically distributed across participants and turns. Standard models have problems accounting for such data because their notions of ‘constituency’ and ‘syntactic domain’ are independent of performance considerations. Concomitantly, we argue that no notion of “full proposition” or encoded speech act is necessary for successful interaction: strings, contents, and joint actions emerge in conversation without any single participant having envisaged in advance the outcome of their own or their interlocutors’ actions. Nonetheless, morphosyntactic and semantic licensing mechanisms need to apply incrementally and subsententially. We argue that, while a representational level of abstract syntax, divorced from conceptual structure and physical action, impedes natural accounts of subsentential coordination phenomena, a view of grammar as a “skill” employing domain-general mechanisms, rather than fixed form-meaning mappings, is needed instead. We provide a sketch of a predictive and incremental architecture (Dynamic Syntax) within which underspecification and time-relative update of meanings and utterances constitute the sole concept of “syntax”.
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| 37. |
- Gregoromichelaki, Eleni, et al.
(författare)
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Dialogue Modelling and the Remit of Core Grammar
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS 2009). - 9789074029346
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Healey, P. G. T., et al.
(författare)
-
Running Repairs: Coordinating Meaning in Dialogue
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Topics in Cognitive Science. - : Wiley. - 1756-8757. ; 10:2, s. 367-388
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People give feedback in conversation: both positive signals of understanding, such as nods, and negative signals of misunderstanding, such as frowns. How do signals of understanding and misunderstanding affect the coordination of language use in conversation? Using a chat tool and a maze-based reference task, we test two experimental manipulations that selectively interfere with feedback in live conversation: (a) Attenuation that replaces positive signals of understanding such as right or okay with weaker, more provisional signals such as errr or umm and (2) Amplification that replaces relatively specific signals of misunderstanding from clarification requests such as on the left? with generic signals of trouble such as huh? or eh?. The results show that Amplification promotes rapid convergence on more systematic, abstract ways of describing maze locations while Attenuation has no significant effect. We interpret this as evidence that running repairsthe processes of dealing with misunderstandings on the flyare key drivers of semantic coordination in dialogue. This suggests a new direction for experimental work on conversation and a productive way to connect the empirical accounts of Conversation Analysis with the representational and processing concerns of Formal Semantics and Psycholinguistics. Healey etal. use experiments with chat dialogues to test the hypothesis that language co-ordination is driven by running repairs'. They replace signals of understanding such as okay with weaker, spoof' signals like ummm, and replace specific requests for clarification like on the left? with signals that suggest a higher degree of misunderstanding like what?. The latter manipulation causes participants to switch rapidly to more abstract forms of referring expression.
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| 44. |
- Healey, P. G. T., et al.
(författare)
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Structural Divergence in Dialogue
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of 20th Annual Meeting of the Society for Text and Discourse. - Chicago, IL.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Healey, Patrick G. T., et al.
(författare)
-
When Words Fail: Collaborative Gestures During Clarification Dialogues
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Turn-Taking and Coordination in Human-Machine Interaction. Papers from the 2015 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23–25 2015, Palo Alto, USA. - 9781577357117 ; , s. 23-29
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on co-speech gestures has primarily focussed on speakers. However, in conversation non-speaking addressees can also gesture. Often this is to provide concurrent feedback such as backchannels but sometimes it involves gestures that relate to the specific content of the speaker's turn. We hypothesise that non-speakers should contribute most actively during clarification sequences i.e. at the moments when mutual-understanding is threatened. We test this hypothesis using a corpus of story-telling dialogues, captured using video and motion capture. The results show that during clarification sequences speaker and non-speaker behaviours tend to merge. Non-speakers in particular move their hands faster and produce more than twice as many content-specific specific gestures in overlap with speaker turns. These results underline the collaborative nature of conversation, the strategic importance of non-verbal resources for sustaining mutual-understanding and the critical role of clarification and repair in successful communication.
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| 48. |
- Healey, P. G. T., et al.
(författare)
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"Who's there?": Depicting identity in interaction
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Behavioral and Brain Sciences. - 0140-525X. ; 46
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social robots have limited social competences. This leads us to view them as depictions of social agents rather than actual social agents. However, people also have limited social competences. We argue that all social interaction involves the depiction of social roles and that they originate in, and are defined by, their function in accounting for failures of social competence.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
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