| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 4. |
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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Akiyama, Kazunori, et al.
(författare)
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First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. EHT and Multiwavelength Observations, Data Processing, and Calibration
- 2022
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8213 .- 2041-8205. ; 930:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm measurements of the radio source located at the position of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), collected during the 2017 April 5-11 campaign. The observations were carried out with eight facilities at six locations across the globe. Novel calibration methods are employed to account for Sgr A*'s flux variability. The majority of the 1.3 mm emission arises from horizon scales, where intrinsic structural source variability is detected on timescales of minutes to hours. The effects of interstellar scattering on the image and its variability are found to be subdominant to intrinsic source structure. The calibrated visibility amplitudes, particularly the locations of the visibility minima, are broadly consistent with a blurred ring with a diameter of similar to 50 mu as, as determined in later works in this series. Contemporaneous multiwavelength monitoring of Sgr A* was performed at 22, 43, and 86 GHz and at near-infrared and X-ray wavelengths. Several X-ray flares from Sgr A* are detected by Chandra, one at low significance jointly with Swift on 2017 April 7 and the other at higher significance jointly with NuSTAR on 2017 April 11. The brighter April 11 flare is not observed simultaneously by the EHT but is followed by a significant increase in millimeter flux variability immediately after the X-ray outburst, indicating a likely connection in the emission physics near the event horizon. We compare Sgr A*'s broadband flux during the EHT campaign to its historical spectral energy distribution and find that both the quiescent emission and flare emission are consistent with its long-term behavior.
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| 7. |
- Gao, Jia, et al.
(författare)
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Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Glycopeptides Bearing Galactose-Xylose Disaccharide from the Proteoglycan Linkage Region
- 2021
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Ingår i: Organic Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1523-7060 .- 1523-7052. ; 23:5, s. 1738-1741
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Proteoglycans have important biological activities. To improve the overall synthetic efficiency, a new chemoenzymatic route has been established for the proteoglycan linkage region bearing a galactose-xylose disaccharide. The xylosylated glycopeptides were synthesized via solid phase synthesis, which was followed by the addition of the galactose unit by the galactosyl transferase β4GalT7. This work leads to a better understanding of the acceptor preference of β4GalT7 and opens the door for expeditious synthesis of the proteoglycan linkage region.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Chen, Shiqian, et al.
(författare)
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Ultrafast metal-free microsupercapacitor arrays directly store instantaneous high-voltage electricity from mechanical energy harvesters
- 2024
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Ingår i: Advanced Science. - : Wiley. - 2198-3844. ; 11:22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Harvesting renewable mechanical energy is envisioned as a promising and sustainable way for power generation. Many recent mechanical energy harvesters are able to produce instantaneous (pulsed) electricity with a high peak voltage of over 100 V. However, directly storing such irregular high-voltage pulse electricity remains a great challenge. The use of extra power management components can boost storage efficiency but increase system complexity. Here utilizing the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS, high-rate metal-free micro-supercapacitor (MSC) arrays are successfully fabricated for direct high-efficiency storage of high-voltage pulse electricity. Within an area of 2.4 × 3.4 cm2 on various paper substrates, large-scale MSC arrays (comprising up to 100 cells) can be printed to deliver a working voltage window of 160 V at an ultrahigh scan rate up to 30 V s−1. The ultrahigh rate capability enables the MSC arrays to quickly capture and efficiently store the high-voltage (≈150 V) pulse electricity produced by a droplet-based electricity generator at a high efficiency of 62%, significantly higher than that (<2%) of the batteries or capacitors demonstrated in the literature. Moreover, the compact and metal-free features make these MSC arrays excellent candidates for sustainable high-performance energy storage in self-charging power systems.
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| 11. |
- Chou, Cheng Han, et al.
(författare)
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Bat fatalities at wind farms in Taiwan
- 2017
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Ingår i: Mammal Study. - : Mammalogical Society of Japan. - 1343-4152 .- 1348-6160. ; 42:2, s. 121-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We collected bat carcasses at three wind farms in Taiwan, located along the west coast mostly near the sea and/or in former coastal wetland habitats. We found 43 bat carcasses, mostly of common aerial-hawking species such as Pipistrellus abramus and Scotophilus kuhlii, but the island endemics Eptesicus serotinus horikawai and Myotis formosus flavus were also recovered. All bat species affected are believed to remain on the island all year. As far as we know this is the first report of bat fatalities at wind energy facilities in eastern Asia.
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| 12. |
- Huang, Po-Han, et al.
(författare)
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3d Printing of Silica-HSQ Composites with Sub-Micrometer Resolution and Selectively Generated Silicon Nanocrystals
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2023 22nd International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, Transducers 2023. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. ; , s. 433-436
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Silica glass is a high-performance material that has become essential in modern life. Functionalization of silica glass is critically important for its optical applications such as in lenses and filters, which is however challenging to realize and manipulate in 3D-printed silica glass. Here, we report 3D printing of solid composites of silica glass and hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) with sub-micrometer resolution. This is achieved by encapsulating HSQ inside silica glass by selectively transforming HSQ to silica glass by multi-photon absorption using a femtosecond laser. Furthermore, we demonstrated selective generation of photoluminescent silicon nanocrystals in the HSQ regions inside the composites by annealing. This is based on our experimental observation that the silica glass transformed from HSQ by multi-photon absorption, unlike HSQ, does not generate silicon nanocrystals upon annealing.
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| 13. |
- Huang, Po-Han
(författare)
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Femtosecond Laser Microfabrication of Glasses and 2D Materials for Photonics and Energy Storage
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Femtosecond laser-based fabrication technologies have seen rapid developments in the past decades, thanks to the capability of femtosecond lasers to induce localized multiphoton absorption in materials. Multiphoton absorption can result in various material modifications that can be leveraged for additive and subtractive manufacturing. Their versatile applications have demonstrated the great potential of femtosecond lasers in advancing micro- and nano-fabrication. These include (1) multiphoton crosslinking enabling 3D printing with unprecedented patterning freedom and sub-micrometer resolution,(2) the formation of self-organized structures enabling the creation of multi-functional sub-wavelength patterns in solid materials, and (3) multiphoton ablation enabling precise sculpturing of wide-ranging materials. Nevertheless, there remains a large room to explore when it comes to available materials and achievable devices. This thesis aims to advance the applications of femtosecond lasers to glasses and 2D materials for the fabrication of advanced and integrated microdevices for photonics and energy storage. The first part of this thesis presents two approaches for 3D printing of inorganic glass. These approaches are based on two unusual observations in hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) upon femtosecond laser exposure: (1) multiphoton crosslinking and (2) the formation of self-organized structures. The first work reports an approach for 3D printing of solid silica glass with sub-micrometer resolution by multiphoton crosslinking of HSQ. In contrast to the alternative methods, our approach does not require any thermal treatments, which offers desirable design fidelity and integration flexibility. The second work reports the possibility of inducing material modifications (1) and (2) in HSQ simultaneously. This possibility enables additive manufacturing of self-organized nanogratings, and thus, 3D printing of hierarchical structures made of Si-rich glass. In the third work, a protocol to perform the 3D printing on optical fiber tips is developed, which enables the fabrication of fiber-tip optical microdevices for sensing and beam shaping. The second part of this thesis presents the application of femtosecond lasers to fabricating on-paper microsupercapacitors (MSCs).MSCs are promising energy-storage microdevices for self-powering electronics, and paper substrates, yet vulnerable, are attractive for their sustainability and flexibility. The material and shape of MSCelectrodes play a crucial role in the energy-storage performance, and 2D materials have emerged as suitable candidate materials. In the last two works, a scalable approach for the precise micromachining of 2D-material electrodes by multiphoton ablation is developed, preserving their electrochemical performance and the integrity of the paper substrates.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Huang, Po-Han, et al.
(författare)
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Three-dimensional printing of silica glass with sub-micrometer resolution
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Silica glass is a high-performance material used in many applications such as lenses, glassware, and fibers. However, modern additive manufacturing of micro-scale silica glass structures requires sintering of 3D-printed silica-nanoparticle-loaded composites at similar to 1200 degrees C, which causes substantial structural shrinkage and limits the choice of substrate materials. Here, 3D printing of solid silica glass with sub-micrometer resolution is demonstrated without the need of a sintering step. This is achieved by locally crosslinking hydrogen silsesquioxane to silica glass using nonlinear absorption of sub-picosecond laser pulses. The as-printed glass is optically transparent but shows a high ratio of 4-membered silicon-oxygen rings and photoluminescence. Optional annealing at 900 degrees C makes the glass indistinguishable from fused silica. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by 3D printing an optical microtoroid resonator, a luminescence source, and a suspended plate on an optical-fiber tip. This approach enables promising applications in fields such as photonics, medicine, and quantum-optics.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Lai, Lee-Lun, et al.
(författare)
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3D Printing of Glass Micro-Optics with Subwavelength Features on Optical Fiber Tips
- 2024
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Ingår i: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 18:16, s. 10788-10797
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Integration of functional materials and structures on the tips of optical fibers has enabled various applications in micro-optics, such as sensing, imaging, and optical trapping. Direct laser writing is a 3D printing technology that holds promise for fabricating advanced micro-optical structures on fiber tips. To date, material selection has been limited to organic polymer-based photoresists because existing methods for 3D direct laser writing of inorganic materials involve high-temperature processing that is not compatible with optical fibers. However, organic polymers do not feature stability and transparency comparable to those of inorganic glasses. Herein, we demonstrate 3D direct laser writing of inorganic glass with a subwavelength resolution on optical fiber tips. We show two distinct printing modes that enable the printing of solid silica glass structures (“Uniform Mode”) and self-organized subwavelength gratings (“Nanograting Mode”), respectively. We illustrate the utility of our approach by printing two functional devices: (1) a refractive index sensor that can measure the indices of binary mixtures of acetone and methanol at near-infrared wavelengths and (2) a compact polarization beam splitter for polarization control and beam steering in an all-in-fiber system. By combining the superior material properties of glass with the plug-and-play nature of optical fibers, this approach enables promising applications in fields such as fiber sensing, optical microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and quantum photonics.
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| 19. |
- Lai, Lee-Lun, et al.
(författare)
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Picoliter-volume refractive index sensor 3D-printed in silica glass on an optical fiber tip
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2023 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2023. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate a refractive index sensor additively 3D-printed in silica glass on an optical fiber tip. The sensor shows a sensitivity of 900 nm/RIU and measures a liquid volume as small as 0.6 pl.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Lin, Pen-Sheng, et al.
(författare)
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Low-concentration detection of CO2 using suspended silicon waveguides in the mid-IR
- 2022
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Ingår i: 2022 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2022. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show detection of CO2 concentrations as low as 500 ppm using a suspended silicon photonic mid-IR waveguide. The performance is enabled by the low propagation loss (2.35 ±0.25) dB/cm permitting sensing with waveguides up to 7 cm in length.
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| 22. |
- Marschner, David E., et al.
(författare)
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A methodology for two-photon polymerization micro 3D printing of objects with long overhanging structures
- 2023
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Ingår i: Additive Manufacturing. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-8604 .- 2214-7810. ; 66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 3D printing by two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a well-established manufacturing approach for realizing 3D polymer structures at the micro- and nanoscale. However, an important shortcoming of 3D printing by two-photon polymerization is that it is extremely challenging to print 3D objects with long overhanging features, which severely limits the application space of this technology. Here, we introduce a methodology for 3D printing by two-photon polymerization that allows the realization of 3D objects with long overhanging structures that cannot be printed using conventional printing strategies. Our methodology combines different printing approaches for realizing the overhanging structure, including locally adjusted printing block sizes and a mix of the Shell & Scaffold and Solid printing modes. As a result, objects with long overhanging parts can be printed without the need for added support structures. Using this approach, we demonstrate successful printing of overhanging cantilevers with a quadratic cross-section of 50 µm x 50 µm and lengths of up to 1000 µm. Thus, our printing modality substantially extends the capabilities and application space of 3D printing by two-photon polymerization and removes current design limitations regarding 3D printed objects with long overhanging structures.
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| 23. |
- Wu, Po-Han, et al.
(författare)
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An innovative concept map approach for improving students’ learning performance with an instant feedback mechanism
- 2012
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Ingår i: British Journal of Educational Technology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0007-1013 .- 1467-8535. ; 43:2, s. 217-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concept maps have been widely employed for helping students organise their knowledgeas well as evaluating their knowledge structures in a wide range of subject matters.Although researchers have recognised concept maps as being an important educationaltool, past experiences have also revealed the difficulty of evaluating the correctness of aconcept map. It usually takes days or weeks for teachers to manually evaluate theconcept maps developed by students; consequently, the students cannot receive timelyfeedback from the teachers, which not only affects their learning schedules, but alsosignificantly influences the students’ learning achievements. In this paper, a computerbasedconcept map-oriented learning strategy with real-time assessment and feedback isproposed in order to cope with the problems mentioned above. Our approach providesimmediate evaluation of concept maps and gives also real-time feedback to the students.An experiment has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this new strategy incomparison with the conventional computer-based concept map approach. It is foundthat our innovative approach can be significantly beneficial to promote learningachievements as well as the learning attitudes of students.
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