| 1. |
- Lundgren, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Analgesic antipyretic use among young children in the TEDDY study : No association with islet autoimmunity
- 2017
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Ingår i: BMC Pediatrics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2431. ; 17:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The use of analgesic antipyretics (ANAP) in children have long been a matter of controversy. Data on their practical use on an individual level has, however, been scarce. There are indications of possible effects on glucose homeostasis and immune function related to the use of ANAP. The aim of this study was to analyze patterns of analgesic antipyretic use across the clinical centers of The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) prospective cohort study and test if ANAP use was a risk factor for islet autoimmunity. Methods: Data were collected for 8542 children in the first 2.5 years of life. Incidence was analyzed using logistic regression with country and first child status as independent variables. Holm's procedure was used to adjust for multiplicity of intercountry comparisons. Time to autoantibody seroconversion was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model with cumulative analgesic use as primary time dependent covariate of interest. For each categorization, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach was used. Results: Higher prevalence of ANAP use was found in the U.S. (95.7%) and Sweden (94.8%) compared to Finland (78.1%) and Germany (80.2%). First-born children were more commonly given acetaminophen (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07, 1.49; p = 0.007) but less commonly Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.78, 0.95; p = 0.002). Acetaminophen and NSAID use in the absence of fever and infection was more prevalent in the U.S. (40.4%; 26.3% of doses) compared to Sweden, Finland and Germany (p < 0.001). Acetaminophen or NSAID use before age 2.5 years did not predict development of islet autoimmunity by age 6 years (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.99-1.09; p = 0.27). In a sub-analysis, acetaminophen use in children with fever weakly predicted development of islet autoimmunity by age 3 years (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.024). Conclusions: ANAP use in young children is not a risk factor for seroconversion by age 6 years. Use of ANAP is widespread in young children, and significantly higher in the U.S. compared to other study sites, where use is common also in absence of fever and infection.
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| 2. |
- Haghighi, Mona, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparison of Rule-based Analysis with Regression Methods in Understanding the Risk Factors for Study Withdrawal in a Pediatric Study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Regression models are extensively used in many epidemiological studies to understand the linkage between specific outcomes of interest and their risk factors. However, regression models in general examine the average effects of the risk factors and ignore subgroups with different risk profiles. As a result, interventions are often geared towards the average member of the population, without consideration of the special health needs of different subgroups within the population. This paper demonstrates the value of using rule-based analysis methods that can identify subgroups with heterogeneous risk profiles in a population without imposing assumptions on the subgroups or method. The rules define the risk pattern of subsets of individuals by not only considering the interactions between the risk factors but also their ranges. We compared the rule-based analysis results with the results from a logistic regression model in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. Both methods detected a similar suite of risk factors, but the rule-based analysis was superior at detecting multiple interactions between the risk factors that characterize the subgroups. A further investigation of the particular characteristics of each subgroup may detect the special health needs of the subgroup and lead to tailored interventions.
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| 3. |
- Parma, Valentina, et al.
(författare)
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More Than Smell—COVID-19 Is Associated With Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 45:7, s. 609-622
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19–79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (−79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (−69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (−37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.
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| 4. |
- Campbell, PJ, et al.
(författare)
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Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 578:7793, s. 82-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale1–3. Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4–5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter4; identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation5,6; analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution7; describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity8,9; and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes8,10–18.
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| 5. |
- Demichev, Vadim, et al.
(författare)
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A time-resolved proteomic and prognostic map of COVID-19
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cell Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-4712 .- 2405-4720. ; 12:8, s. 780-794.e7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- COVID-19 is highly variable in its clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe organ damage and death. We characterized the time-dependent progression of the disease in 139 COVID-19 inpatients by measuring 86 accredited diagnostic parameters, such as blood cell counts and enzyme activities, as well as untargeted plasma proteomes at 687 sampling points. We report an initial spike in a systemic inflammatory response, which is gradually alleviated and followed by a protein signature indicative of tissue repair, metabolic reconstitution, and immunomodulation. We identify prognostic marker signatures for devising risk-adapted treatment strategies and use machine learning to classify therapeutic needs. We show that the machine learning models based on the proteome are transferable to an independent cohort. Our study presents a map linking routinely used clinical diagnostic parameters to plasma proteomes and their dynamics in an infectious disease.
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| 6. |
- Gerkin, Richard C., et al.
(författare)
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Recent Smell Loss Is the Best Predictor of COVID-19 Among Individuals With Recent Respiratory Symptoms
- 2021
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a preregistered, cross-sectional study, we investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19 using a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities during the course of the respiratory illness using 0–100 visual analog scales (VAS) for participants reporting a positive (C19+; n = 4148) or negative (C19−; n = 546) COVID-19 laboratory test outcome. Logistic regression models identified univariate and multivariate predictors of COVID-19 status and post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery. Both C19+ and C19− groups exhibited smell loss, but it was significantly larger in C19+ participants (mean ± SD, C19+: −82.5 ± 27.2 points; C19−: −59.8 ± 37.7). Smell loss during illness was the best predictor of COVID-19 in both univariate and multivariate models (ROC AUC = 0.72). Additional variables provide negligible model improvement. VAS ratings of smell loss were more predictive than binary chemosensory yes/no-questions or other cardinal symptoms (e.g., fever). Olfactory recovery within 40 days of respiratory symptom onset was reported for ~50% of participants and was best predicted by time since respiratory symptom onset. We find that quantified smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 amongst those with symptoms of respiratory illness. To aid clinicians and contact tracers in identifying individuals with a high likelihood of having COVID-19, we propose a novel 0–10 scale to screen for recent olfactory loss, the ODoR-19. We find that numeric ratings ≤2 indicate high odds of symptomatic COVID-19 (4 < OR < 10). Once independently validated, this tool could be deployed when viral lab tests are impractical or unavailable.
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| 7. |
- Han, Pengfei, et al.
(författare)
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Short or long runs : An exploratory study of odor-induced fMRI design
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Laryngoscope. - : Wiley. - 0023-852X .- 1531-4995. ; 130:5, s. 1110-1115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique widely used in olfactory research. During a typical fMRI olfactory block-design, one functional "run" refers to a combination of multiple blocks with continuous brain image acquisition. The current study investigated the length of functional runs on odor-induced brain response signals (blood oxygen level dependent [BLOD]) within the primary and key secondary olfactory areas. Methods Twenty-five female adults (age range 19 to 30 years, mean age 25 years) underwent a block-design fMRI measurement with odor stimulation. Twelve participants received the odor stimuli within a short run paradigm (six blocks in each 4-minute run, eight runs in total), and 13 participants received the odor stimulation with a long-run paradigm (12 blocks in each 8-minute run, four runs in total). For each paradigm, two odors (peach and rose) were alternatingly presented between runs. Participants rated odor intensity and pleasantness at the end of each run. Ratings and fMRI data were analyzed for different subsections and compared between groups. Results There was a higher level of brain activation in the insula and orbitofrontal cortex during the short-run paradigm as compared to the long-run paradigm. However, there was no difference for odor intensity or pleasantness ratings. Conclusion The current study suggested the employment of short runs with multiple repetitions for odor stimulation during fMRI research. Level of Evidence 3 Laryngoscope, 2019
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| 8. |
- Hörberg, Thomas, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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A parosmia severity index based on word-classification predicts olfactory abilities and impairment
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. - : Springer Nature. - 0937-4477 .- 1434-4726. ; 280:8, s. 3695-3706
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parosmia is an olfactory disorder that involves distortions of specific odors that may co-occur with anosmia, loss of smell of other odors. Little is known about which odors frequently trigger parosmia, and measures of parosmia severity are lacking. Here, we present an approach to understand and diagnose parosmia that is based on semantic properties (e.g., valence) of words describing odor sources (“fish”, “coffee”, etc.). Using a data-driven method based on natural language data, we identified 38 odor descriptors. Descriptors were evenly dispersed across an olfactory-semantic space, which was based on key odor dimensions. Parosmia patients (n = 48) classified the corresponding odors in terms of whether they trigger parosmic or anosmic sensations. We investigated whether these classifications are related to semantic properties of the descriptors. Parosmic sensations were most often reported for words describing unpleasant odors of inedibles that are highly associated to olfaction (e.g., “excrement”). Based on PCA modeling, we derived the Parosmia Severity Index—a measure of parosmia severity that can be determined solely from our non-olfactory behavioral task. This index predicts olfactory-perceptual abilities, self-reported olfactory impairment, and depression. We thus provide a novel approach for investigating parosmia and establishing its severity that does not require odor exposure. Our work may enhance our understanding of how parosmia changes over time and how it is expressed differently across individuals.
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| 9. |
- Lindroos, Robert, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptual odor qualities predict successful odor identification in old age
- 2022
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Odor identification is a common assessment of olfaction, and it is affected in a large number of diseases. Identification abilities decline with age, but little is known about whether there are perceptual odor features that can be used to predict identification. Here, we analyzed data from a large, population-based sample of 2,479 adults, aged 60 years or above, from the Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen. Participants performed both free and cued odor identification tests. In a separate experiment, we assessed perceived pleasantness, familiarity, intensity, and edibility of all odors in the first sample, and examined how odor identification performance is associated with these variables. The analysis showed that high-intensity odors are easier to identify than low-intensity odors overall, but also that they are more susceptible to the negative repercussions of old age. This result indicates that sensory decline is a major aspect of age-dependent odor identification impairment, and suggests a framework where identification likelihood is proportional to the perceived intensity of the odor. Additional analyses further showed that high-performing individuals can discriminate target odors from distractors along the pleasantness and edibility dimensions and that unpleasant and inedible odors show smaller age-related differences in identification. Altogether, these results may guide further development and optimization of brief and efficient odor identification tests as well as influence the design of odorous products targeted toward older consumers.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Arshamian, Artin, et al.
(författare)
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The functional neuroanatomy of odor evoked autobiographical memories cued by odors and words
- 2013
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Ingår i: Neuropsychologia. - : Elsevier BV. - 0028-3932 .- 1873-3514. ; 51:1, s. 123-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Behavioral evidence indicates that odor evoked autobiographical memories (OEAMs) are older, more emotional, less thought of and induce stronger time traveling characteristics than autobiographical memories (AMs) evoked by other modalities. The main aim of this study was to explore the neural correlates of AMs evoked by odors as a function of retrieval cue. Participants were screened for specific OEAMs and later presented with the odor cue and its verbal referent in an fMRI paradigm. Because the same OEAM was retrieved across both cue formats (odor and word), potential cue dependent brain activations were investigated. The overall results showed that odor and word cued OEAMs activated regions typically associated with recollection of autobiographical information. Although no odors were presented, a verbal cuing of the OEAMs activated areas associated with olfactory perception (e.g., piriform cortex). However, relative to word cuing, an odor cuing of OEAMs resulted in more activity in MTL regions such as the parahippocampus, and areas involved in visual vividness (e.g., occipital gyrus and precuneus). Furthermore, odor cues activated areas related to emotional processing, such as limbic and tempopolar regions significantly more. In contrast, word cues relative to odor cues recruited a more widespread and bilateral prefrontal activity. Hippocampus activity did not vary as function of the remoteness of the memory, but recollection of OEAMs from the 1st vs the 2nd decade of life showed specific activation in the right OFC, whereas the 2nd reflected a higher activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus.
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| 13. |
- Bernardo, Vitor, et al.
(författare)
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Green wireless-energy efficiency in wireless networks
- 2015
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Ingår i: Large-scale distributed systems and energy efficiency. - Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons. - 9781118864630 - 9781118981122
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wireless networks have become more and more popular because of ease of installation, ease of access, and support of smart terminals and gadgets on the move. In the overall life cycle of providing green wireless technology, from production to operation and, finally, removal, this chapter focuses on the operation phase and summarizes insights in energy consumption of major technologies. The chapter also focuses on the edge of the network, comprising network access points (APs) and mobile user devices. It discusses particularities of most important wireless networking technologies: wireless access networks including 3G/LTE and wireless mesh networks (WMNs); wireless sensor networks (WSNs); and ad-hoc and opportunistic networks. Concerning energy efficiency, the chapter discusses challenges in access, wireless sensor, and ad-hoc and opportunistic networks.
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| 14. |
- Cavazzana, Annachiara, et al.
(författare)
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Electro-olfactogram Responses Before and After Aversive Olfactory Conditioning in Humans
- 2018
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Ingår i: Neuroscience. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4522 .- 1873-7544. ; 373, s. 199-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to investigate whether repetitive aversive odor conditioning induced changes at the level of the peripheral olfactory system in humans. A total of 51 volunteers participated. A pair of indistinguishable odor enantiomers [(+)-rose oxide and (-)-rose oxide] were used as stimuli. During the pre-conditioning, participants' ability to discriminate between the two odors was assessed using a three-alternative, forced-choice discrimination test. In addition, electro-olfactograms ( EOG) from the olfactory epithelium were recorded. Participants underwent three conditioning sessions on consecutive days. The experimental group received an electrical stimulus to the forearm only following (+)-rose oxide presentation, whereas its enantiomer sibling was never paired with the aversive stimulus; the control group did not receive any electrical stimulation. During the post-conditioning session, their ability to discriminate the two enantiomers was assessed again using the discrimination test and EOG recordings were obtained similarly to the pre-conditioning session. Results showed significant differences in the peripheral electrophysiological responses between the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus, demonstrating contextually induced changes at the level of the first neuron in the olfactory system.
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| 15. |
- Cavazzana, Annachiara, et al.
(författare)
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Postinfectious olfactory loss : A retrospective study on 791 patients
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Laryngoscope. - : Wiley. - 0023-852X .- 1531-4995. ; 128:1, s. 10-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives/Hypothesis: Postinfectious olfactory loss is among the most common causes of olfactory impairment and has substantial negative impact on patients' quality of life. Recovery rates have been shown to spontaneously improve in most of patients, usually within 2 to 3 years. However, existing studies are limited by small sample sizes and short follow-up. We aimed to assess the prognostic factors for recovery in a large sample of 791 patients with postinfectious olfactory disorders.Study Design: Retrospective cohort.Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 791 patients with postinfectious olfactory loss. Olfactory functions were assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks test at the first and final visits (mean follow-up = 1.94 years).Results: Smell test scores improved over time. In particular, patient's age and the odor threshold (T), odor discrimination (D), and odor identification (I) (TDI) score at first visit were significant predictors of the extent of change. The percentage of anosmic and hyposmic patients exhibiting clinically significant improvement was 46% and 35%, respectively.Conclusions: This study provides new evidence within the postinfectious olfactory loss literature, shedding light on the prognostic factors and showing that recovery of olfactory function is very frequent, even many years after the infection.
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| 16. |
- Cavazzana, Annachiara, et al.
(författare)
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Sensory-specific impairment among older people : An investigation using both sensory thresholds and subjective measures across the five senses
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 13:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Age-related sensory impairment is a slow and gradual progress, which affects multiple modalities. Two contradictory hypotheses exist about the age-related decline of sensory thresholds. The common factor theory assumes one underlying factor-which accounts for the loss of several sensory modalities simultaneously-and the specific factor theory predicts that the sensory decline is uncorrelated between different modalities. In this study, we aimed to explore whether (i) there is a common factor of sensory thresholds in older people, (ii) older people assume that sensory decline in one modality also affects other modalities, (iii) there is a relation between sensory threshold and the subjective assessment of sensory function. This was accomplished by collecting both threshold measures and self-reported ratings for smell, hearing, taste, vision, and touch function in a group of 104 older people (mean age: 67.2 years; SD: 9.85; range: 50-100 years). Results indicated that there was no common factor of sensory thresholds, hence an impairment in one modality did not necessarily imply a shortfall in other modalities. In contrast, our results suggested one or two common factor(s) for the participants' ratings. Participants who reported a diminished function in one sense tended to generalize this rating to the other senses as well. The correspondence between subjective ratings and sensory thresholds was relatively good for vision and audition, although no correlations were observed for the other domains. These findings have implications for clinicians, suggesting that subjective measures should be combined with sensory threshold measurements when evaluating sensory dysfunction. Also, these data convey a positive message for older people and their physicians by showing that loss in one sensory modality does not necessarily generalize to losses across all sensory modalities.
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| 17. |
- Cavazzana, Annachiara, et al.
(författare)
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The vessel's shape influences the smell and taste of cola
- 2017
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Ingår i: Food Quality and Preference. - : Elsevier BV. - 0950-3293 .- 1873-6343. ; 59, s. 8-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People's smell and taste perception is affected by different features of the vessel in which the beverage is served. In this study we focused on the container's shape and we investigated its impact on participants' olfactory and tasting ratings regarding a popular beverage, i.e., cola. We tested 100 healthy participants who evaluated both cola and sparkling water. These two beverages were presented in three different containers: a cola glass, a water glass and a plastic bottle. The results showed the presence of multisensory interactions between the smell and taste of the drinks and the type of vessel in which they were presented. Cola was perceived as more pleasant and intense when served in a typical coca-cola glass as compared to when it was presented in an incongruent container (i.e., water glass or plastic bottle). These results further support the view that our perception is modulated by the shape of the container in which the liquid is presented, strongly influencing the consumer's drinking experience.
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| 18. |
- Chen, Ben, et al.
(författare)
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Symptoms of Depression in Patients with Chemosensory Disorders
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. - : S. Karger. - 0301-1569 .- 1423-0275. ; 83:3, s. 135-143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Patients with chemosensory dysfunction frequently report symptoms of depression. The current study aims to clarify whether the type (smell dysfunction, taste dysfunction, and mixed smell and taste dysfunction), severity, duration, or cause of dysfunction have differential impacts on the symptoms of depression. Methods: 899 patients with chemosensory disorders and 62 controls were included. Following a structured interview and an otorhinolaryngological examination, subjects underwent olfactory tests (Sniffin' Sticks), gustatory tests (taste sprays) and an assessment of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory). Information on the cause and duration of disorders was also collected. Results: Patients with combined olfactory/gustatory dysfunction had higher depression scores than patients with smell dysfunction only and controls, and no significant difference was found between the smell dysfunction and controls. Anosmia patients, but not hyposmia patients, exhibited higher depression scores than controls. Among various causes of chemosensory disorders, patients from the posttraumatic group had higher depression scores than patients with other causes of chemosensory dysfunction (sinonasal, idiopathic, or postinfectious). Multiple linear regression analyses suggested that reduced olfactory function was associated with enhanced depression scores in the olfactory disorders group (B = -0.326, t = -2.294, and p = 0.02) and in all patients with chemosensory disorders (B = -0.374, t = -2.550, p = 0.017). Discussion/Conclusion: Simultaneously decreased input of olfaction and gustation seems to have an additive effect on the exacerbation of emotional dysfunction. Early intervention should be considered for depression symptoms in patients with mixed olfactory/gustatory dysfunction in clinical practice.
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| 19. |
- Croy, Ilona, et al.
(författare)
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Olfaction as a marker for depression in humans
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-0327 .- 1573-2517. ; 160, s. 80-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Animal studies show a strong link between the loss of olfactory function and depressive behavior. We analyzed, whether olfactory function is a marker for depression in humans. If so, reduced olfactory function can be expected in depression that improves to level of normality after successful antidepressive treatment. Methods: Twenty-seven female in-patients with depression were compared to 28 healthy age-matched women at the beginning and at the end of antidepressive therapy or at two visits, respectively. Olfactory function was assessed comprehensively including threshold, discrimination and identification testing, chemosensory event related potentials and olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results: At the beginning of psychotherapy the patients exhibited reduced olfactory discrimination, prolonged latencies of the event-related potential and reduced activation in secondary olfactory structures (thalamus, insula, and left middle orbitofrontal). After therapy, patients improved significantly in all of the parameters and consequently the differences between control group and patients vanished. Limitations and conclusion: We conclude that olfaction is a marker for depression. However, the results are limited to a relatively selective sample of depressed women. © 2014.
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| 20. |
- Croy, Ilona, et al.
(författare)
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Olfactory disorders and quality of life-an updated review
- 2014
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 39:3, s. 185-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Olfactory disorders are common and affect about one-fifth of the general population. The main causes of olfactory loss are post viral upper respiratory infection, nasal/sinus disease, and head trauma and are therefore very frequent among patients in ear, nose, and throat clinics. We have systematically reviewed the impact of quantitative, qualitative, and congenital olfactory disorders on daily life domains as well as on general quality of life and depression. From the extensive body of literature, it can be concluded that loss of the sense of smell leads to disturbances in important areas, mainly in food enjoyment, detecting harmful food and smoke, and to some extent in social situations and working life. Most patients seem to deal well and manage those restrictions. However, a smaller proportion has considerable problems and expresses a noticeable reduction in general quality of life and enhanced depression. The impact of coping strategies is discussed. © The Author 2014.
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| 21. |
- Croy, Ilona, et al.
(författare)
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Test-Retest Reliability and Validity of the Sniffin' TOM Odor Memory Test
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 40:3, s. 173-179
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Few attempts have been made to develop an olfactory test that captures episodic retention of olfactory information. Assessment of episodic odor memory is of particular interest in aging and in the cognitively impaired as both episodic memory deficits and olfactory loss have been targeted as reliable hallmarks of cognitive decline and impending dementia. Here, 96 healthy participants (18-92 years) and an additional 19 older people with mild cognitive impairment were tested (73-82 years). Participants were presented with 8 common odors with intentional encoding instructions that were followed by a yes-no recognition test. After recognition completion, participants were asked to identify all odors by means of free or cued identification. A retest of the odor memory test (Sniffin' TOM = test of odor memory) took place 17 days later. The results revealed satisfactory test-retest reliability (0.70) of odor recognition memory. Both recognition and identification performance were negatively affected by age and more pronounced among the cognitively impaired. In conclusion, the present work presents a reliable, valid, and simple test of episodic odor recognition memory that may be used in clinical groups where both episodic memory deficits and olfactory loss are prevalent preclinically such as Alzheimer's disease.
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| 22. |
- Faria, Vanda, et al.
(författare)
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Neuroimaging the Development of Olfactory Function in a Woman With No Olfactory Bulbs
- 2024
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Ingår i: JAMA Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2168-6181 .- 2168-619X. ; 150:1, s. 81-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The olfactory bulbs (OB) are the first site of odor representation within the mammalian brain and considered indispensable for encoding olfactory stimuli. We report the development of a patient with congenital anosmia that gained olfactory function without OB.
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| 23. |
- Faria, Vanda, et al.
(författare)
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Verbal suggestions of nicotine content modulate ventral tegmental neural activity during the presentation of a nicotine-free odor in cigarette smokers
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Neuropsychopharmacology. - : ELSEVIER. - 0924-977X .- 1873-7862. ; 31, s. 100-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Expectancies of nicotine content have been shown to impact smokers' subjective responses and smoking behaviors. However, little is known about the neural substrates modulated by verbally induced expectancies in smokers. In this study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate how verbally induced expectations, regarding the presence or absence of nicotine, modulated smokers' neural response to a nicotine-free odor. While laying in the scanner, all participants (N = 24) were given a nicotine-free odor, but whereas one group was correctly informed about the absence of nicotine (control group n = 12), the other group was led to believe that the presented odor contained nicotine (expectancy group n = 12). Smokers in the expectancy group had significantly increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses during the presentation of the nicotine-free odor in the left ventral tegmental area (VTA), and in the right insula, as compared to smokers in the control group (Regions of interest analysis with pFWE-corrected p <= 0.05). At a more liberal uncorrected statistical level (p-unc <= 0.001), increased bilateral reactivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) was also observed in the expectancy group as compared with the control group. Our findings suggest that nicotine-expectancies induced through verbal instructions can modulate nicotine relevant brain regions, without nicotine administration, and provide further neural support for the key role that cognitive expectancies play in the cause and treatment of nicotine dependence.
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| 24. |
- Georgiopoulos, Charalampos, et al.
(författare)
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Differential connectivity of the posterior piriform cortex in Parkinson’s disease and postviral olfactory dysfunction : an fMRI study
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2045-2322. ; 14:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Olfactory dysfunction is a common feature of both postviral upper respiratory tract infections (PV) and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Our aim was to investigate potential differences in the connectivity of the posterior piriform cortex, a major component of the olfactory cortex, between PV and PD patients. Fifteen healthy controls (median age 66 years, 9 men), 15 PV (median age 63 years, 7 men) and 14 PD patients (median age 70 years, 9 men) were examined with task-based olfactory fMRI, including two odors: peach and fish. fMRI data were analyzed with the co-activation pattern (CAP) toolbox, which allows a dynamic temporal assessment of posterior piriform cortex (PPC) connectivity. CAP analysis revealed 2 distinct brain networks interacting with the PPC. The first network included regions related to emotion recognition and attention, such as the anterior cingulate and the middle frontal gyri. The occurrences of this network were significantly fewer in PD patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.023), with no significant differences among PV patients and the other groups. The second network revealed a dissociation between the olfactory cortex (piriform and entorhinal cortices), the anterior cingulate gyrus and the middle frontal gyri. This second network was significantly more active during the latter part of the stimulation, across all groups, possibly due to habituation. Our study shows how the PPC interacts with areas that regulate higher order processing and how this network is substantially affected in PD. Our findings also suggest that olfactory habituation is independent of disease.
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| 25. |
- Georgiopoulos, Charalampos, et al.
(författare)
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Unilateral Choanal Atresia : Indications of Long-Term Olfactory Deficits and Volumetric Brain Changes Postsurgically
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. - : Karger. - 0301-1569 .- 1423-0275. ; 84, s. 89-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Very few studies have investigated whether unilateral choanal atresia is associated with permanent olfactory deficits. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the olfactory performance of patients with unilateral choanal atresia postsurgically. Methods: Three patients with unilateral atresia were examined in terms of olfactory performance with the Sniffin Sticks test (odor identification, threshold, and discrimination), size of the olfactory bulb, and volumetric brain changes. Results: All patients demonstrated significantly lower olfactory performance in terms of odor threshold on the same side with the choanal atresia. Grey matter reductions were found ipsilaterally in the hippocampus. Conclusions: This pilot study indicates that persistent olfactory deficits and volumetric brain changes are present in patients with unilateral choanal atresia.
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| 26. |
- Gerkin, RC, et al.
(författare)
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The best COVID-19 predictor is recent smell loss: a cross-sectional study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences. - : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BackgroundCOVID-19 has heterogeneous manifestations, though one of the most common symptoms is a sudden loss of smell (anosmia or hyposmia). We investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19.MethodsThis preregistered, cross-sectional study used a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities during the course of the respiratory illness using 0-100 visual analog scales (VAS) for participants reporting a positive (C19+; n=4148) or negative (C19-; n=546) COVID-19 laboratory test outcome. Logistic regression models identified singular and cumulative predictors of COVID-19 status and post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery.ResultsBoth C19+ and C19-groups exhibited smell loss, but it was significantly larger in C19+ participants (mean±SD, C19+: -82.5±27.2 points; C19-: -59.8±37.7). Smell loss during illness was the best predictor of COVID-19 in both single and cumulative feature models (ROC AUC=0.72), with additional features providing negligible model improvement. VAS ratings of smell loss were more predictive than binary chemosensory yes/no-questions or other cardinal symptoms, such as fever or cough. Olfactory recovery within 40 days was reported for ∼50% of participants and was best predicted by time since illness onset.ConclusionsAs smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19, we developed the ODoR-19 tool, a 0-10 scale to screen for recent olfactory loss. Numeric ratings ≤2 indicate high odds of symptomatic COVID-19 (4<OR<10), which can be deployed when viral lab tests are impractical or unavailable.
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| 27. |
- Han, Pengfei, et al.
(författare)
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Neural processing of odor-associated words : an fMRI study in patients with acquired olfactory loss
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Brain Imaging and Behavior. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1931-7557 .- 1931-7565. ; 14, s. 1164-1174
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Perception of olfactory information is mediated by both bottom-up (from molecules to perception) and top-down (e.g. cross-modal associative learning) processes. Acquired olfactory loss is a frequent disorder which is typically due to alterations in the bottom-up pathway. However, it is unclear how the top-down modulation of olfactory processing is affected by olfactory impairment. Our study aimed to investigate the top-down olfactory processing in patients with acquired olfactory loss and participants with normal olfaction. Using functional MRI, brain responses from 14 patients and 16 healthy controls were assessed during a task of expectation and reading of words with strong olfactory associations (OW) (e.g. “Rose”) and control words with little to no olfactory associations (CW) (e.g. “Door”). The expectation but not reading of the OW was associated with stronger neural activation in the angular gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus extending to insula in the group of patients. During OW reading, the brain activation in the left OFC and right putamen was negatively correlated with odor identification score in patient and control groups, respectively. In addition, the duration of olfactory loss among patients was positively associated with activation in the left putamen during OW expectation. Taken together, these findings suggest an enhanced top-down olfactory modulation in patients with olfactory loss.
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| 28. |
- Hedman, Linnea, et al.
(författare)
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Receiving support to quit smoking and quit attempts among smokers with and without smoking related diseases : Findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys
- 2018
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Ingår i: Tobacco Induced Diseases. - Heraklion : European Publishing. - 1617-9625. ; 16
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION Having a chronic disease either caused or worsened by tobacco smoking does not always translate into quitting smoking. Although smoking cessation is one of the most cost-effective medical interventions, it remains poorly implemented in healthcare settings. The aim was to examine whether smokers with chronic and respiratory diseases were more likely to receive support to quit smoking by a healthcare provider or make a quit attempt than smokers without these diseases.METHODS This population-based study included a sample of 6011 adult smokers in six European countries. The participants were interviewed face-to-face and asked questions on sociodemographic characteristics, current diagnoses for chronic diseases, healthcare visits in the last 12 months and, if so, whether they had received any support to quit smoking. Questions on smoking behavior included nicotine dependence, motivation to quit smoking and quit attempts in the last 12 months. The results are presented as weighted percentages with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and as adjusted odds ratios with 95% CI based on logistic regression analyses.RESULTS Smokers with chronic respiratory disease, those aged 55 years and older, as well as those with one or more chronic diseases were more likely to receive smoking cessation advice from a healthcare professional. Making a quit attempt in the last year was related to younger age, high educational level, higher motivation to quit, lower nicotine dependence and having received advice to quit from a healthcare professional but not with having chronic diseases. There were significant differences between countries with smokers in Romania consistently reporting more support to quit as well as quit attempts.CONCLUSIONS Although smokers with respiratory disease did indeed receive smoking cessation support more often than smokers without disease, many smokers did not receive any advice or support to quit during a healthcare visit.
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| 29. |
- Hedner, Margareta, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive factors in odor detection, odor discrimination, and odor identification tasks
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1380-3395 .- 1744-411X. ; 32:10, s. 1062-1067
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to determine cognitive correlates of olfactory performance across three different tasks. A total of 170 men and women (30-87 years of age) were assessed in olfactory sensitivity, discrimination, and identification. Also, participants were tested in a range of cognitive tests covering executive functioning, semantic memory, and episodic memory. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that proficiency in executive functioning and semantic memory contributed significantly to odor discrimination and identification performance, whereas all of the cognitive factors proved unrelated to performance in the odor threshold test. This pattern of outcome suggests that an individual's cognitive profile exerts a reliable influence on performance in higher order olfactory tasks.
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| 30. |
- Hummel, Maureen, et al.
(författare)
-
Proteomic LC-MS analysis of Arabidopsis cytosolic ribosomes : Identification of ribosomal protein paralogs and re-annotation of the ribosomal protein genes
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Proteomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1874-3919 .- 1876-7737. ; 128, s. 436-449
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arabidopsis thaliana cytosolic ribosomes are large complexes containing eighty-one distinct ribosomal proteins (r-proteins), four ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) and a plethora of associated (non-ribosomal) proteins. In plants, r-proteins of cytosolic ribosomes are each encoded by two to seven different expressed and similar genes, forming an r-protein family. Distinctions in the r-protein coding sequences of gene family members are a source of variation between ribosomes. We performed proteomic investigation of actively translating cytosolic ribosomes purified using both immunopurification and a classic sucrose cushion centrifugation-based protocol from plants of different developmental stages. Both 1D and 2D LC MSE with data-independent acquisition as well as conventional data-dependent MS/MS procedures were applied. This approach provided detailed identification of 165 r-protein paralogs with high coverage based on proteotypic peptides. The detected r-proteins were the products of the majority (68%) of the 242 cytosolic r-protein genes encoded by the genome. A total of 70 distinct r-proteins were identified. Based on these results and information from DNA microarray and ribosome footprint profiling studies a re-annotation of Arabidopsis r-proteins and genes is proposed. This compendium of the cytosolic r-protein proteome will serve as a template for future investigations on the dynamic structure and function of plant ribosomes. Biological significance: Translation is one of the most energy demanding processes in a living cell and is therefore carefully regulated. Translational activity is tightly linked to growth control and growth regulating mechanism. Recently established translational profiling technologies, including the profiling of mRNAs associated with polysomes and the mapping of ribosome footprints on mRNAs, have revealed that the expression of gene expression is often fine-tuned by differential translation of gene transcripts. The eukaryotic ribosome, the hub of these important processes, consists of close to eighty different proteins (depending on species) and four large RNAs assembled into two highly conserved subunits. In plants and to lesser extent in yeast the r-proteins are encoded by more than one actively transcribed gene. As r-protein gene paralogs frequently do not encode identical proteins and are regulated by growth conditions and development, in vivo ribosomes are heterogeneous in their protein content The regulatory and physiological importance of this heterogeneity is unknown. Here, an improved annotation of the more than two hundred r-protein genes of Arabidopsis is presented that combines proteomic and advanced mRNA expression data. This proteomic investigation and re-annotation of Arabidopsis ribosomes establish a base for future investigations of translational control in plants.
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| 31. |
- Hummel, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Advancement of PD Is Reflected by White Matter Changes in Olfactory Areas : A Pilot Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Medicina. - : MDPI. - 1010-660X .- 1648-9144. ; 57:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Loss of sense of smell is a well-known non-motor symptom of Parkinsons disease (PD). Here, we present insight into the association between PD advancement and equivalents of smell loss in olfactory-eloquent brain areas, such as the posterior cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. Twelve PD patients in different Hoehn and Yahr stages and 12 healthy normosmic individuals were examined with diffusion tensor imaging. Tract-based spatial statistics were used to analyze microstructural changes in white matter adjacent to the bilateral posterior and orbitofrontal cortex. Axial diffusivity, mean diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were significantly higher in olfactory ROIs in advanced PD patients. The results of this preliminary study indicate that PD advancement is associated with progressive neurodegeneration in olfactory-related brain areas.
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| 32. |
- Hummel, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Androstadienone odor thresholds in adolescents.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Horm Behav. - 0018-506X. ; 47:3, s. 306-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A sex-related difference in olfactory sensitivity to androstenone has been reported to occur during adolescence. More males than females exhibited anosmia to androstenone, or an increase in androstenone threshold with age. The current study addressed the question whether similar, sexually dimorphic effects of aging over puberty can also be found for androstadienone. A total of 102 subjects participated (36 females, 66 males). Similar to previous investigations, subjects were divided into a group of 47 individuals with a mean age of 13.3 years, defined as pre/peri-pubertal, and a group of 55 subjects with a mean age of 17.1 years, defined as post-pubertal. All subjects underwent tests for verbal abilities, general olfactory function, and measurements of androstadienone thresholds. The study provided the following major results: (1) Male subjects exhibited higher androstadienone sensitivity in the pre/peri-pubertal group as compared to the post-pubertal group. This difference was not observed in female subjects. Correspondingly, a negative correlation between age and androstadienone sensitivity was found for male subjects, but not for female subjects. (2) In contrast to this sex-specific change of the androstadienone odor threshold, verbal skills and odor identification abilities increased with age in all subjects regardless of their sex. In conclusion, the present observations confirm previous research on sex-differentiated effects of aging during puberty on sensitivity towards odorous steroids. While the underlying causes are unknown, it may be hypothesized that the decreased sensitivity could result from the increased endogenous levels of androstadienone in male subjects. Future studies should include both steroid and non-steroid odorants to futher explore these age-related changes.
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| 33. |
- Hummel, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Gated- and optical biasing for SNSPDs
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Optics: Proceedings Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023, FiO, LS 2023. - : Optica Publishing Group.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- SNSPDs are usually limited to constant current bias operation due to the required room temperature auxiliary electronics. We show gated mode operation and low power biasing of SNSPDs with cryogenic integrated current sources.
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| 34. |
- Hummel, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Nanosecond gating of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors using cryogenic bias circuitry
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Optics Express. - : Optica Publishing Group. - 1094-4087. ; 31:1, s. 610-625
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) show near unity efficiency, low dark count rate, and short recovery time. Combining these characteristics with temporal control of SNSPDs broadens their applications as in active de-latching for higher dynamic range counting or temporal filtering for pump-probe spectroscopy or LiDAR. To that end, we demonstrate active gating of an SNSPD with a minimum off-to-on rise time of 2.4 ns and a total gate length of 5.0 ns. We show how the rise time depends on the inductance of the detector in combination with the control electronics. The gate window is demonstrated to be fully and freely, electrically tunable up to 500 ns at a repetition rate of 1.0 MHz, as well as ungated, free-running operation. Control electronics to generate the gating are mounted on the 2.3K stage of a closed-cycle sorption cryostat, while the detector is operated on the cold stage at 0.8 K. We show that the efficiency and timing jitter of the detector is not altered during the on-time of the gating window. We exploit gated operation to demonstrate a method to increase in the photon counting dynamic range by a factor 11.2, as well as temporal filtering of a strong pump in an emulated pump-probe experiment.
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| 35. |
- Iravani, Behzad, et al.
(författare)
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Acquired olfactory loss alters functional connectivity and morphology
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 11:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Removing function from a developed and functional sensory system is known to alter both cerebral morphology and functional connections. To date, a majority of studies assessing sensory-dependent plasticity have focused on effects from either early onset or long-term sensory loss and little is known how the recent sensory loss affects the human brain. With the aim of determining how recent sensory loss affects cerebral morphology and functional connectivity, we assessed differences between individuals with acquired olfactory loss (duration 7-36 months) and matched healthy controls in their grey matter volume, using multivariate pattern analyses, and functional connectivity, using dynamic connectivity analyses, within and from the olfactory cortex. Our results demonstrate that acquired olfactory loss is associated with altered grey matter volume in, among others, posterior piriform cortex, a core olfactory processing area, as well as the inferior frontal gyrus and angular gyrus. In addition, compared to controls, individuals with acquired anosmia displayed significantly stronger dynamic functional connectivity from the posterior piriform cortex to, among others, the angular gyrus, a known multisensory integration area. When assessing differences in dynamic functional connectivity from the angular gyrus, individuals with acquired anosmia had stronger connectivity from the angular gyrus to areas primary responsible for basic visual processing. These results demonstrate that recently acquired sensory loss is associated with both changed cerebral morphology within core olfactory areas and increase dynamic functional connectivity from olfactory cortex to cerebral areas processing multisensory integration.
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| 36. |
- Iravani, Behzad, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship Between Odor Intensity Estimates and COVID-19 Prevalence Prediction in a Swedish Population
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 45:6, s. 449-456
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, countries have implemented various strategies to reduce and slow the spread of the disease in the general population. For countries that have implemented restrictions on its population in a stepwise manner, monitoring of COVID-19 prevalence is of importance to guide the decision on when to impose new, or when to abolish old, restrictions. We are here determining whether measures of odor intensity in a large sample can serve as one such measure. Online measures of how intense common household odors are perceived and symptoms of COVID-19 were collected from 2440 Swedes. Average odor intensity ratings were then compared to predicted COVID-19 population prevalence over time in the Swedish population and were found to closely track each other (r = -0.83). Moreover, we found that there was a large difference in rated intensity between individuals with and without COVID-19 symptoms and the number of symptoms was related to odor intensity ratings. Finally, we found that individuals progressing from reporting no symptoms to subsequently reporting COVID-19 symptoms demonstrated a large drop in olfactory performance. These data suggest that measures of odor intensity, if obtained in a large and representative sample, can be used as an indicator of COVID-19 disease in the general population. Importantly, this simple measure could easily be implemented in countries without widespread access to COVID-19 testing or implemented as a fast early response before widespread testing can be facilitated.
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| 37. |
- Islar, Mine, et al.
(författare)
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Diverse values of nature for sustainability
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 620, s. 813-823
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty-five years since foundational publications on valuing ecosystem services for human well-being1,2, addressing the global biodiversity crisis3 still implies confronting barriers to incorporating nature’s diverse values into decision-making. These barriers include powerful interests supported by current norms and legal rules such as property rights, which determine whose values and which values of nature are acted on. A better understanding of how and why nature is (under)valued is more urgent than ever4. Notwithstanding agreements to incorporate nature’s values into actions, including the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)5 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals6, predominant environmental and development policies still prioritize a subset of values, particularly those linked to markets, and ignore other ways people relate to and benefit from nature7. Arguably, a ‘values crisis’ underpins the intertwined crises of biodiversity loss and climate change8, pandemic emergence9 and socio-environmental injustices10. On the basis of more than 50,000 scientific publications, policy documents and Indigenous and local knowledge sources, the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) assessed knowledge on nature’s diverse values and valuation methods to gain insights into their role in policymaking and fuller integration into decisions7,11. Applying this evidence, combinations of values-centred approaches are proposed to improve valuation and address barriers to uptake, ultimately leveraging transformative changes towards more just (that is, fair treatment of people and nature, including inter- and intragenerational equity) and sustainable futures.
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| 38. |
- Jafari, Shadi, et al.
(författare)
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Combinatorial Activation and Repression by Seven Transcription Factors Specify Drosophila Odorant Receptor Expression
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLoS biology. - : Public Library of Science. - 1544-9173 .- 1545-7885. ; 10:3, s. e1001280-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanism that specifies olfactory sensory neurons to express only one odorant receptor (OR) from a large repertoire is critical for odor discrimination but poorly understood. Here, we describe the first comprehensive analysis of OR expression regulation in Drosophila. A systematic, RNAi-mediated knock down of most of the predicted transcription factors identified an essential function of acj6, E93, Fer1, onecut, sim, xbp1, and zf30c in the regulation of more than 30 ORs. These regulatory factors are differentially expressed in antennal sensory neuron classes and specifically required for the adult expression of ORs. A systematic analysis reveals not only that combinations of these seven factors are necessary for receptor gene expression but also a prominent role for transcriptional repression in preventing ectopic receptor expression. Such regulation is supported by bioinformatics and OR promoter analyses, which uncovered a common promoter structure with distal repressive and proximal activating regions. Thus, our data provide insight into how combinatorial activation and repression can allow a small number of transcription factors to specify a large repertoire of neuron classes in the olfactory system.
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| 39. |
- Joshi, Akshita, et al.
(författare)
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Neural Processing of Odors with Different Well-Being Associations-Findings from Two Consecutive Neuroimaging Studies
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Brain Sciences. - : MDPI. - 2076-3425. ; 13:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much is known about the effect of odors on mood, cognition and behavior, but little is known about the relationship between odors and well-being. We investigated the neural processing of odors with different degrees of association with well-being (WB) through two large independent datasets. The study encompassed pre-testing and fMRI. During pre-testing, 100 and 80 (studies 1 and 2) young, healthy subjects participated, rating intensity, valence, and WB association for 14 (study 1) and 8 (study 2) different odors. Pre-testing resulted in the selection of two odors with high WB association (WB-associated) and two odors with lower WB association (neutral odors) for each study. Odors were delivered intranasally to the subjects who underwent fMRI scanning (44 and 41 subjects, respectively, for studies 1 and 2). We assessed brain activity for subjects when they experienced WB-associated versus neutral odors. In study 1, WB-associated odors showed increased activation in the right angular gyrus whereas in study 2, increased activity in the left angular gyrus existed, together with increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior orbitofrontal cortex. The increased activity of higher-order cognitive and emotional regions during the processing of WB-associated odors in the two independent studies suggests a role of odors in influencing individual well-being. Moreover, the consistent activation of the angular gyrus might suggest its key role in shifting attention toward relevant emotional stimuli.
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| 40. |
- Joshi, Akshita, et al.
(författare)
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Neural processing of olfactory-related words in subjects with congenital and acquired olfactory dysfunction
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Olfactory loss can be acquired (patients with a history of olfactory experiences), or inborn (patients without olfactory experiences/life-long inability to smell). Inborn olfactory loss, or congenital anosmia (CA), is relatively rare and there is a knowledge gap regarding the compensatory neural mechanisms involved in this condition. The study aimed to investigate the top-down olfactory processing in patients with CA or idiopathic acquired anosmia (IA) in comparison to normosmia controls (NC) during expectancy and reading of odor-associated words. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess brain activations in 14 patients with CA, 8 patients with IA, and 16 NC healthy participants during an expectancy and reading task. Words with strong olfactory associations (OW) (e.g. “banana”) or with little or no olfactory associations (CW) (e.g. “chair”) were used as stimuli and were presented with a block design Analyses were conducted to explore the brain activation in response to OW expectancy or OW reading between groups (CW as baseline). During the expectancy condition of OW, IA and NC groups showed stronger activation in posterior OFC extending to right insula, caudate region and frontal medial OFC respectively. Whereas during the reading condition of OW, CA patients showed stronger activation in posterior OFC extending to the insula. Increased activation of higher-order brain regions related to multisensory integration among CA patients suggests a compensatory mechanism for processing semantic olfactory cues.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Konstantinidis, Iordanis, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of unpleasant odors is independent of age.
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0887-6177. ; 21:7, s. 615-621
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to investigate (a) the relationship between identification proficiency for specific odors and chronological age and (b) to determine whether the relationships were related to perceived quality (i.e., judgments of familiarity, intensity, and hedonics) of the odor item. Data from 472 subjects (227 men, 245 women) ranging in age from 18-79 years were assessed in a cued identification test comprising 16 odors. The results indicated a reliable age effect in overall odor identification performance. Further analyses indicated that the observed age-related deficit was odorant-specific, with some odors being equally well identified across age cohorts and others showing sensitivity to the process of aging. Additional examination regarding the observed age-differential effects across the different odor types indicated that these may be understood according to the pleasantness/upleasantness associated with the odor. Specifically, odors perceived as unpleasant showed age invariance whereas odors rated as pleasant exhibited age sensitivity.
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| 43. |
- Landis, Basil N., et al.
(författare)
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Chemosensory interaction : acquired olfactory impairment is associated with decreased taste function
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Neurology. - : Springer. - 0340-5354 .- 1432-1459. ; 257, s. 1303-1308
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Olfaction, taste and trigeminal function are three distinct modalities. However, in daily life they are often activated concomitantly. In health and disease, it has been shown that in two of these senses, the trigeminal and olfactory senses, modification of one sense leads to changes in the other sense and vice versa. The objective of the study was to investigate whether and (if so) how, the third modality, taste, is influenced by olfactory impairment. We tested 210 subjects with normal (n = 107) or impaired (n = 103) olfactory function for their taste identification capacities. Validated tests were used for olfactory and gustatory testing (Sniffin’ Sticks, Taste Strips). In an additional experiment, healthy volunteers underwent reversible olfactory cleft obstruction to investigate shorttime changes of gustatory function after olfactory alteration. Mean gustatory identification (taste strip score) for the subjects with impaired olfaction was 19.4 ± 0.6 points and 22.9 ± 0.5 points for those with normal olfactory function (t = 4.6, p\0.001). The frequencies of both, smell and taste impairments interacted significantly (Chi2, F = 16.4, p\0.001), and olfactory and gustatory function correlated (r210 = 0.30, p\0.001). Neither age nor olfactory impairment cause effects interfered with this olfactory–gustatory interaction. In contrast, after shortlasting induced olfactory decrease, gustatory function remained unchanged. The present study suggests that longstanding impaired olfactory function is associated with decreased gustatory function. These findings seem to extend previously described mutual chemosensory interactions also to smell and taste. It further raises the question whether chemical senses in general decrease mutually after acquired damage.
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| 44. |
- Landis, Basile Nicolas, et al.
(författare)
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"Taste Strips" - a rapid, lateralized, gustatory bedside identification test based on impregnated filter papers.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of neurology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-1459 .- 0340-5354. ; 256:2, s. 242-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To elaborate normative values for a clinical psychophysical taste test ("Taste Strips"). BACKGROUND: The "Taste Strips" are a psychophysical chemical taste test. So far, no definitive normative data had been published and only a fairly small sample size has been investigated. In light of this shortcoming for this easy, reliable and quick taste testing device, we attempted to provide normative values suitable for the clinical use. SETTING: Normative value acquisition study, multicenter study. METHODS: The investigation involved 537 participants reporting a normal sense of smell and taste (318 female, 219 male, mean age 44 years, age range 18-87 years). The taste test was based on spoon-shaped filter paper strips ("Taste Strips") impregnated with the four (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) taste qualities in four different concentrations. The strips were placed on the left or right side of the anterior third of the extended tongue, resulting in a total of 32 trials. With their tongue still extended, patients had to identify the taste from a list of four descriptors, i. e., sweet, sour, salty, and bitter (multiple forced-choice). To obtain an impression of overall gustatory function, the number of correctly identified tastes was summed up for a "taste score". RESULTS: Taste function decreased significantly with age. Women exhibited significantly higher taste scores than men which was true for all age groups. The taste score at the 10(th) percentile was selected as a cut-off value to distinguish normogeusia from hypogeusia. Results from a small series of patients with ageusia confirmed the clinical usefulness of the proposed normative values. CONCLUSION: The present data provide normative values for the "Taste Strips" based on over 500 subjects tested.
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- Lundström, Johan N., et al.
(författare)
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Olfactory event-related potentials reflect individual differences in odor valence perception
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 31:8, s. 705-711
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Investigating the neural substrates of perceived quality in olfaction using different odorants is intrinsically difficult. By utilizing individual differences in perceived quality of the odor of androstenone, we obtained a continuum of individual differences in rated valence of the same stimulus allowing investigations of its manifestation in the olfactory event-related potentials (ERPs). In an initial group consisting of 43 individuals that were screened for their verbal descriptors and sensitivity for the odor of androstenone, 22 normosmic volunteers were chosen forming 2 distinct groups with regard to verbal labels ("body odor" and "nonbody odor") for androstenone while maintaining chemical structure, concentration, and intensity constant. In the main experiment, these participants rated both intensity and pleasantness of androstenone during the recording of olfactory ERPs. There was a significant difference in rated valence between the groups but not in intensity. Participants in the body odor label group had larger amplitudes of the late positive ERP component than those in the nonbody odor label group. A negative correlation between valence and amplitudes of the late positive component for androstenone indicated that these differences were mediated by the difference in odor valence between the 2 groups. This was further supported by a comparison of ERP peaks in response to stimulation with androstenone and the invariably unpleasant hydrogen sulfide that had been used as a control. Altogether, the results suggest that the late positive component reflects the processing of odor valence. Future olfactory studies with the aim of assessing the dimension of pleasantness would benefit from the use of these interindividual differences in the perception of a specific odor.
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