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1.	Forsberg, Viviane, 1981-, et al. (författare) Photodetector of multilayer exfoliated MoS2 deposited on polyimide films 2018 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract We fabricated a photodetector based on multilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by micromechanical cleavage of a molybdenite crystal using a polyimide film. We deposited 40 nm of gold by vacuum sputtering and copper tape was used for the contacts. Without any surface treatment, we achieved high responsivity at different incident optical power. The calculated responsivity was 23 mA/W of incident optical power in the range between 400 and 800 nm. For the responsivity measurement it was estimated that MoS2 have a bandgap of 1.6 eV, which lies between monolayer and multilayer films. The thickness of the MoS2 thin film was determined by Raman spectroscopy evaluating the difference between the in plane and out of plane Raman modes. The measurement of IV curves indicated Ohmic contacts in respect to the Au regardless of the incident optical power. Our device fabrication was much simpler than previous reported devices and can be used to test the light absorption and luminescence capabilities of exfoliated MoS2.
2.	Forsberg, Viviane, 1981-, et al. (författare) Printability of functional inkjet inks onto commercial inkjet substrates and a taylor made pigmented coated paper 2018 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Printed electronics are of increasing interest. The substrates used have primarily been plastics although the interest for cellulose-based substrates is increasing due to the environmental aspect as well as cost. The requirements of substrates for electronically active inks differs from graphical inks and therefore we have investigated a custom-made pigment based coated paper and compared it to commercial photo-papers and a coated PE film.Our goal with the study of different substrates was to select the most suitable substrate to print water based 2D materials inkjet inks for flexible electronics.The discovery of graphene, a layered material achieved from the exfoliation of graphite, has resulted in the study of other materials with similar properties to cover areas where graphene could not be used due to the absence of a bandgap in the material. For example in thin film transistors (TFT) a semiconductor layer is essential to enable turn on and off the device. This semiconductor layer can be achieved using various materials but particular interest have been dedicated to abundant and cheap 2D materials such as the transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). To date, most of the dispersions based on TMDs use organic solvents or water solutions of surfactants. Previously we focus on the study of environmental friendly inks produced by liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of MoS2 in water using cellulose stabilizers such as ethyl cellulose (EC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and nanofibrilcellulose (NFC). We have study various aspects of the ink fabrication includi ng pH range, the source of MoS2, nanosheets thickness, particle size distribution, ink stabilizers, ink concentration, viscosity and surface tension. These inks have very low concentration requiring a number of printing passes to cover the substrate. Therefore the substrate selection is crucial as a large amount of solvent is to be absorb by the substrate. Our goal was to use such an ink to print electrodes of MoS2 into a paper substrate after substrate selection.Commercial photo papers, a commercial coated PE film and a tailor made multilayer pigment coated paper substrate were used for the substrate selection analysis. We print the substrates using a DIMATIX inkjet printer with a 10 pL printing head using the distillated water waveform supplied by the printer manufacturer. The voltage used was 23V and 4 nozzles were used for the print outs. The inkjet ink used was the organic PEDOT:PSS. We printed lines ranging from 1 pixel to 20 pixels with 1, 2 and 3 printing passes. The printing quality was evaluated through measurements of the waviness of the printed lines measured after imaging the printed samples with a SEM microscope. The line width measurement was done using the software from the SEM.We also evaluated the structure of the coatings using SEM and topography measurements. The ink penetration through the substrates was evaluated using Raman Spectroscopy. For the pigmented coated sample we measured 4% of ink penetration through the substrate for the 1pxl printed line printed once onto the paper. Cross-section SEM images of the printed lines were made to visualize the ink penetration into the substrate.Regarding the electrical conductivity of the printed samples, the differences in resistivity varying the width of the printed lines and the number of printed passes were evaluated. The resistivity of the printed electrodes was evaluated using the 2-points probe method. Before the resistivity measurements, the printed substrates were heated at 50°C and 100°C for 30 minutes in an oven.We choose the PEDOT:PSS ink because it is a low price ink compared to metal nanoparticles inks for printed electronics. The print outs had low resistivity at a few printing passes with no need for sintering at high temperatures. The MoS2 ink has a very high resistance at a few printing passes due to lower coverage of the substrate therefore for this ink these measurements were not possible to be made. The main pigment composition of the paper coatings of the substrates was evaluated using FT-IR and EDX, these data plus the coating structure evaluated by SEM was related to the print quality.The best in test papers were used to print MoS2 electrodes. After the printing tests, another step for the optimization of the MoS2 ink properties shall be carried out in future studies for better print quality. We also evaluated the surface energy of the substrates through contact angle measurements to match the surface tension of the PEDOT:PSS ink and later the MoS2 ink. Although the pigmented coated printing substrate did not show better results than the commercial photo papers and PE foil in terms of line quality, it shows the lowest resistivity and sufficient results for low cost recyclable electronics, which do not require high conductivity. Nevertheless, the substrate was very thin and it could even be used in magazines as traditional lightweight coated papers (LWC) are used but with the additional of a printed electronic feature.
3.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Cellulose-Based Fully Green Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Output Power Density of 300 W m−2 2020 Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 32:38 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted increasing attention because of their excellent energy conversion efficiency, the diverse choice of materials, and their broad applications in energy harvesting devices and self-powered sensors. New materials have been explored, including green materials, but their performances have not yet reached the level of that for fluoropolymers. Here, a high-performance, fully green TENG (FG-TENG) using cellulose-based tribolayers is reported. It is shown that the FG-TENG has an output power density of above 300 W m−2, which is a new record for green-material-based TENGs. The high performance of the FG-TENG is due to the high positive charge density of the regenerated cellulose. The FG-TENG is stable after more than 30 000 cycles of operations in humidity of 30%–84%. This work demonstrates that high-performance TENGs can be made using natural green materials for a broad range of applications.
4.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Energy Harvesting Using Wastepaper-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators 2023 Ingår i: Advanced Engineering Materials. - : Wiley. - 1438-1656 .- 1527-2648. ; 25:11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Inks and toners used for printing contain materials, such as polyester, with strong triboelectric properties to enhance the binding effects, making wastepaper, such as magazines and newspapers, good candidates for triboelectric materials. Herein, high-output power triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) that utilize wastepaper as triboelectric layers (wastepaper-based triboelectric nanogenerators (WP–TENGs)) are reported. Journal paper and office copy paper wastes are investigated. The results show that the maximum power densities of the WP–TENGs reach 43.5 W m−2, which is approximately 250 times the previously reported output of the TENG with a recycled triboelectric layer made from wastepaper. The maximum open circuit voltage (V OC) and short circuit current (I SC) are 774 V and 3.92 mA (784 mA m−2), respectively. These findings can be applied to extend the life cycle of printed papers for energy harvesting, and they can later be applied for materials recycling to enhance the sustainable development of our society.
5.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) High-performance transparent and flexible electrodes made by flash-light sintering of gold nanoparticles 2018 Ingår i: ACS Applied Energy Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2574-0962. ; 1:12, s. 7191-7198 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Metallic nanowire-based transparent electrodes (TEs) are potential alternatives to indium tin oxide (ITO). To achieve a high performance [sheet resistance (Rs) < 100 Ω/sq, transmittance (T%) > 90%], the nanowires must have a high length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio to minimize the number of wire-to-wire junctions. Attempts to produce TEs with gold nanowires have been made, and the results reveal difficulties in achieving the requirements. A successful strategy involves creating templated gold nanonetworks through multiple procedures. Here, we present a simple and efficient method that uses flash-light sintering of a gold nanonetwork film into gold TEs (Rs: 82.9 Ω/sq, T %: 91.79%) on a thin polycarbonate film (25 μm). The produced gold TEs have excellent mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical stabilities. Mechanisms of the formation of gold nanonetworks and the effect of flash-light have been analyzed. Our findings provide a scalable process for producing transparent and flexible gold electrodes with a total processing time of less than 8 min without the use of heating, vacuum processing, and organic chemicals and without any material loss. This is possible because all the gold nanoparticles have been aggregated and filtrated on the filter membranes. The area density of gold is 0.094 g/m2 leading low material costs, which is very competitive with the price of commercial TEs.
6.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Photoconductivity of acid exfoliated and flash-light-processed MoS2 films 2018 Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract MoS2 has been studied intensively during recent years as a semiconducting material in several fields, including optoelectronics, for applications such as solar cells and phototransistors. The photoresponse mechanisms of MoS2 have been discussed but are not fully understood, especially the phenomenon in which the photocurrent slowly increases. Here, we report on a study of the photoresponse flash-light-processed MoS2 films of different thicknesses and areas. The photoresponse of such films under different light intensities and bias voltages was measured, showing significant current changes with a quick response followed by a slow one upon exposure to pulsed light. Our in-depth study suggested that the slow response was due to the photothermal effect that heats the MoS2; this hypothesis was supported by the resistivity change at different temperatures. The results obtained from MoS2 films with various thicknesses indicated that the minority-carrier diffusion length was 1.36 mu m. This study explained the mechanism of the slow response of the MoS2 film and determined the effective thickness of MoS2 for a photoresponse to occur. The method used here for fabricating MoS2 films could be used for fabricating optoelectronic devices due to its simplicity.
7.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Sensing body motions based on charges generated on the body 2019 Ingår i: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 63 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The sensing of body motions is of great importance in areas such as healthcare, rehabilitation, and human-computer interactions. Different methods have been developed based on visual or electrical signals. However, such signals are acquired by external devices and are not intrinsic signals that are created on the body. Here, we report a new universal body motion sensor (UBS) to detect motions based on the intrinsic contact electrification (CE) of the skin or electrical induction (EI) of the body. The CE or EI generates charges on the body, leading to potential differences between the body and ground that can be measured to identify different body motions, such as motions of the head, arms, fingers, waist, legs, feet and toes. Proof-of-concept experiments have demonstrated that the UBS can be used to monitor the conditions of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to quantitatively monitor the recovery of those with a leg injury, suggesting great potential for healthcare applications.
8.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Triboelectric nanogenerators with ultrahigh current density enhanced by hydrogen bonding between nylon and graphene oxide 2023 Ingår i: Nano Energy. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 115 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The triboelectric properties of the tribolayers are essential factors affecting the current density of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). To enhance the current density, composites have been developed to tune their triboelectric properties. Previous studies have reported enhanced TENG performance with composite materials, primarily based on their composition, while chemical interactions between the components have been less analyzed. In this study, we report a novel approach to improve the current density of a TENG by introducing dipole-dipole interactions between a nylon filter membrane and graphene oxide (GO) through hydrogen bonds. The Raman spectroscopy confirmed the occurrence of the interactions resulting from hydrogen bonding. The enhancing mechanisms of hydrogen bonds were further analyzed by Kelvin probe force microscope (KPFM) measurement, which demonstrated that hydrogen bonding could influence the surface potential of the coated GO, leading to increased output of the nylon/GO@NFM TENG (NGN-TENG). Our results show that an ultrahigh current density of 1757 mA·m−2 was obtained with a 2 × 2 cm2 NGN-TENG. Additionally, we demonstrated the feasibility of using the NGN-TENG as a motion sensor to sense finger motions. These findings suggest that the introduction of hydrogen bonds in TENG composites can provide a promising route for improving their performance.
9.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Wastepaper-based Triboelectric Nanogenerators 2023 Ingår i: Book of Abstracts EPNOE 2023. - : Graz University of Technology. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract nks and toners used for printing contain materials, such as polyester, with strong triboelectric properties to enhance the binding effects, making wastepaper, such as magazines and newspapers, good candidates for triboelectric materials. In this study, we report high- output power triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) that utilize wastepaper as triboelectric layers (wastepaper-based triboelectric nanogenerators (WP–TENGs)) [1]. Journal paper and office copy paper wastes are investigated. The results show that the maximum power densities of the WP–TENGs reach 43.5 W·m-2, which is approximately 250 times the previously reported output of the TENG with a recycled triboelectric layer made from wastepaper [2]. The maximum open circuit voltage (VOC) and short circuit current (ISC) are 774 V and 3.92 mA (784 mA m-2), respectively. These findings can be applied to extend the life cycle of printed papers for energy harvesting, and they can later be applied for materials recycling to enhance the sustainable development of our society.[1] Zhang, R., Hummelgård, M., Örtegren, J., Andersson, H., Olsen, M., Chen, W., Wang, P., Eivazi, A., Dahlström, C. & Norgren, M. Adv. Engin. Mater., in press, 2023; https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202300107[2] Zhang, Z., Jie, Y., Zhu, J., Zhu, Z., Chen, H, Lu, Q., Zeng, Y., Cao, X., Wang, N. & Wang, Z. Nano Res. 15, 1109, 2022; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3612-8
10.	An, Siwen, et al. (författare) Comparison of Elemental Analysis Techniques for Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration using X-rays and Electron Beams 2019 Ingår i: IOP Conference Series. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract With the rapid expansion of the waste incineration business both in Europe and globally, there is a growing need for the elemental analysis for fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration. In this work, samples of washed and unwashed ash from municipal solid waste incineration in Sundsvall are evaluated. Qualitative analysis and semi-quantitative analysis are used to compare two elemental analysis methods, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurement. Both methods are used to retrieve the difference in elemental composition between washed and unwashed fly ash. SEM-EDS accurately detects light elements from well-prepared samples in a vacuum environment, while, for online measurements, XRF is a potential method that analyses hazardous metal content in the fly ash.
11.	Arshadi Rastabi, Shahrzad, et al. (författare) Metallurgical investigation of aluminum anode behavior in water-in-salt electrolyte for aqueous aluminum batteries 2022 Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 523 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Although ionic liquid electrolytes (ILs) are environmentally unfriendly, they are the most common electrolyte used in aluminum-ion batteries (AIB). Aqueous electrolytes offer a more sustainable alternative, but problem with oxide passivating barrier on Al surface becomes more profound. Recently, a new sub-class of aqueous electrolytes, water-in-salt (WIS) of (AlCl3·6H2O), has been considered, but experimental validation of the behavior of the Al electrode over cycling is required. This work investigates aluminum/graphitic cells using WIS electrolytes with a mass ratio of salt to water of 4, 8, and 12 and finds that they show similar trends in cycling performance. The degradation observed over cycling has been attributed to the formation of a detrimental solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the Al surface. It was found that WIS 4 increased Al corrosion, resulting in a slightly higher capacity and longer cycling life. Metallurgical observation showed that the Al matrix has a tendency to initiate corrosion around Al3Fe intermetallic phases in both WIS and ILs. This implies that the presence of Al3Fe particles allows the electrolyte to break the oxide barrier and access the bulk Al. These results suggests that metallurgical treatments are important to enhance the electrochemical performance of AIB.
12.	Blomquist, Nicklas, 1987-, et al. (författare) Effects of Geometry on Large-scale Tube-shear Exfoliation of Multilayer Graphene and Nanographite in Water 2019 Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Industrially scalable methods for the production of graphene and other nanographites are needed to achieve cost-efficient commercial products. At present, there are several available routes for the production of these materials but few allow large-scale manufacturing and environmentally friendly low-cost solvents are rarely used. We have previously demonstrated a scalable and low-cost industrial route to produce nanographites by tube-shearing in water suspensions. However, for a deeper understanding of the exfoliation mechanism, how and where the actual exfoliation occurs must be known. This study investigates the effect of shear zone geometry, straight and helical coil tubes, on this system based on both numerical simulation and experimental data. The results show that the helical coil tube achieves a more efficient exfoliation with smaller and thinner flakes than the straight version. Furthermore, only the local wall shear stress in the turbulent flow is sufficient for exfoliation since the laminar flow contribution is well below the needed range, indicating that exfoliation occurs at the tube walls. This explains the exfoliation mechanism of water-based tube-shear exfoliation, which is needed to achieve scaling to industrial levels of few-layer graphene with known and consequent quality.
13.	Ebadi, Seyed Morteza (författare) Design and Numerical Modelling of Nanoplasmonic Structures at Near-Infrared for Telecom Applications 2022 Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Industrial innovation is mostly driven by miniaturization. As a result of remarkable technological advancements in the fields of equipment, materials and production processes, transistor, the fundamental active component in conventional electronics, has shrunk in size. Semiconductor technology is unique in that all performance metrics are enhanced, while at the same time unit prices are reduced. Moore’s Law, which predicts that the number of components per chip will double every two years, was established in 1965, and the industry has been able to keep up with this prophetic prognosis since. Thermal management, on the other hand, has become a key limiting factor for current electronic circuits and is set to put a stop to Moore’s Law. Given the fact that complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) scaling is reaching fundamental limits, there are several new alternative processing devices and architectures that have been investigated for both traditional integrated circuit (IC) technologies and novel technologies, including new technologies aimed at contributing to advances in scaling progress and cost reductions in manufacturing operations in the coming decades. These factors will encourage the development of new information processing and memory systems, new technologies for integrating numerous features heterogeneously and new system architectural design layouts, among other things. Energy efficiency is advantageous from a sustainability perspective and for consumer electronics, for which fewer power-hungry components mean longer times between charges and smaller batteries. The creation of novel chip-scale tools that can aid in the transfer of information across optical frequencies and microscale photonics between nanoscale electronic devices is now a possibility. Bridging this technological gap may be achieved by plasmonics. The incorporation of plasmonic, photonic and electrical components on a single chip may lead to a number of innovative breakthroughs. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) enable the realization of ultra-small, high-efficiency, ultra-responsive and CMOS-compatible devices that can be used in applications ranging from optical wireless communication systems (6G and beyond) and supercomputers to health and energy. This thesis provides a platform from which to design nanoplasmonic devices while facilitating high-transmission and/or absorption efficiency, miniaturized size and the use of near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths for telecom applications. With a significant amount of Internet traffic transmitted optically, communication systems are further tightening the requirements for the development of new optical devices. Several new device structures based on the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic waveguide are proposed and investigated using performance metrics. The transmission line theory (TLM) from microwave circuit theory and coupled mode theory (CMT) is studied and employed in the design process of the nanostructures, in particular to address the losses in plasmonic-based devices, which has been the major factor hampering their widespread usage in communication systems. By taking advantage of well-established microwave circuit theory (through new design that paves the way for mitigating these losses and enabling efficient transmission of power flow in the optical devices), we have suggested a number of high-transmission efficiency nanodevices that offer highly competitive performance compared with other platforms. As a result, a promising future for plasmonic technology, which would enable design and fabrication of multipurpose and multifunctional optical devices that are efficient in terms of losses, footprint and capability of integrating active devices, is anticipated.
14.	Forsberg, Viviane, 1981-, et al. (författare) Cellulose stabilizers for 2D materials inkjet inks 2017 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract To date, the most promising scalable method for achieving 2D materials dispersions is through liquidbasedexfoliation of nanosheets in solvents. We study the use of high throughput shear exfoliation insteadof sonication to exfoliate water dispersions of MoS2 using environmental friendly stabilizers based oncellulose. The resulted dispersion was then concentrated and inkjet printed on a flexible substrate. We usedethyl cellulose, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and ultra-fine cellulose nanofibers (UF-CNF). The stability wasevaluated by measuring the differences in concentration over time. The particle size distribution (PSD) ofthe dispersed particles was evaluated using statistical methods applied to SEM images of the dispersions(See Fig 1 and 2). The zeta potential and the mechanisms of stabilization involved was evaluated (See Fig4). All three stabilizers appear to work very well for MoS2 nanosheets even though the mechanisms ofstabilization were different i.e. steric stabilization for MoS2-EC and electrostatic stabilization for MoS2-CNF and MoS2-UF-CNF dispersions. For the MoS2-EC dispersions we achieved a broader PSD (Fig. 1)and higher stability. Thin nanosheets was observed from the SEM image of MoS2-EC dispersions depositedonto cellulose filters by vacuum filtration (Fig. 5) which demonstrated that the exfoliation technique usedwas successful. The estimated concentration of the MoS2-EC dispersion after 8 days of sample preparationwas 0.24 mg/mL, 77% of the initial concentration (see Fig. 6) and it was relatively steady after 40 days ofsample preparation (0.22 mg/mL). To adjust the concentration and the viscosity of the MoS2-EC dispersion,we concentrated it using a rotary evaporator solvent exchange technique. For this we used terpineol andadjusted the viscosity using ethanol. This paper presents the results of an inkjet 2D material ink usingenvironmental friendly components different than previous 2D materials inks that used organic solvents orwater based dispersions containing surfactants.
15.	Forsberg, Viviane, 1981-, et al. (författare) The Influence of pH on the Stability of Inks of Two-Dimensional Materials for Digital Fabrication 2017 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract We aim to achieve stable printable 2D inks with environmental friendly solvents using a surfactant as a stabilizer. This study focuses on the influence of the pH on the stability of the MoS2 dispersionsin acetic acid at concentrations ranging from pH 1 to 5.The effectiveness of liquid-based exfoliation using shear exfoliation was also evaluated though SEM images and resulted in very thin nanosheets. We observed that at pH concentrations higher than 2, the dispersions were more stable.
16.	Forsberg, Viviane, 1981-, et al. (författare) Towards flexible and cheap printed electronics using inks of exfoliated 2D materials stabilized by cellulose 2017 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Flexible and cheap electronics are needed for simple applications such as sensors and solar cells. To achieve this, thin functional materials should be deposited efficiently to flexible substrates such as paper. A promising method for the deposition of such materials is through inkjet printing that said a stable and printable dispersion is necessary. We achieved this through liquid-based exfoliation of 2D materials in water using shear exfoliation and cellulose stabilizers. The resulted dispersion was then concentrated and inkjet printed on a flexible substrate. We used ethyl cellulose, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and ultra-fine cellulose nanofibers (UF-CNF). All three stabilizers appear to work very well for MoS2 nanosheets even though the mechanisms of stabilization were different among them. For the MoS2-EC dispersions we achieved a broader PSD and higher dispersion stability. Thin nanosheets were observed from the SEM image of MoS2-EC dispersions deposited onto cellulose filters. The estimated concentration of the MoS2-EC dispersion after 20 days of sample preparation was 0.20 mg/mL. This dispersion was further processed to adjust the concentration and viscosity. Good coverage of the substrate was achieved after 50 printing passes. If the same technique is applied to other 2D materials such as graphene (conductor) and boro nitride (insulator), a transistor can be fabricated.
17.	Forsberg, Viviane, 1981-, et al. (författare) Towards stable 2D materials inkjet inks : a study of stabilizers and MoS2 grades 2017 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
18.	Hummelgård, Magnus, 1978- (författare) In-situ TEM Probing of Nanomaterials 2009 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Nanomaterials because of their small size, may have special properties unlikely to be seen in ordinary types of materials. Nanomaterials like nanotubes,nanowires and nanoparticles are best studied at the nanoscale, vital but also problematic. In this thesis we use a transmission electron microscope (TEM)combined with a scanning tunneling microscope probe. This system allows TEM images to be captured and recorded into a movie together with recordedelectrical data for real time analysis. Using this method we found that the electrical conductivity of molybdenumbased nanowires Mo6S3I6 can be improved by current induced transformation. This might be a general method of improving nanowires which is of high valueif the wires are to be used in electrical circuits or ﬁeld emission devices. The bending modulus for these nanowires were also determined, by an electromechanical resonance method, to 4.9 GPa. The sintering phase of silver nanoparticles, used in electrical conductive ink for printing electrical circuits, were studied by the in-situ TEM probing method. We observed that percolation path ways are formed and that the dispersive agent of the particles can be pyrolysed into a net of carbon with characteristics similar to graphite. We also developed a method for decorating nanowires and nanotubes with gold nanoparticles. Nanowire particle composites are often used in assembling more complex devices (electronic circuits) or for linking to organic molecules (biosensor applications) and existing particle decoration methods are either difficult or with low yield. By in situ TEM probing we found that carbon nanocages can be grown onto these gold nanoparticles. The size of the gold nanoparticles is controllable an thus the size of the nanocages. These nanocages may be used in medicine- or hydrogen storage-applications.
19.	Niskanen, Ilpo, et al. (författare) Determination of nanoparticle size using Rayleigh approximation and Mie theory 2019 Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Science. - : Elsevier. - 0009-2509 .- 1873-4405. ; 201, s. 222-229 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Accurate determination of the size of nanoparticles has an important role in many different scientific and industrial purposes, such as in material, medical and environment sciences, colloidal chemistry and astrophysics. We describe an effective optical method to determine the size of nanoparticles by analysis of transmission and scattering of visible spectral range data from a designed UV-Vis multi-spectrophotometer. The size of the nanoparticles was calculated from the extinction cross section of the particles using Rayleigh approximation and Mie theory. We validated the method using polystyrene nanospheres, cellulose nanofibrils, and cellulose nanocrystals. A good agreement was achieved through graphical analysis between measured extinction cross section values and theoretical Rayleigh approximation and Mie theory predictions for the sizes of polystyrene nanospheres at wavelength range 450-750 nm. Provided that Rayleigh approximation's forward scattering (FS)/back scattering (BS) ratio was smaller than 1.3 and Mie theory's FS/BS ratio was smaller than 1.8. A good fit for the hydrodynamic diameter of nanocellulose was achieved using the Mie theory and Rayleigh approximation. However, due to the high aspect ratio of nanocellulose, the obtained results do not directly reflect the actual cross-sectional diameters of the nanocellulose. Overall, the method is a fast, relatively easy, and simple technique to determine the size of a particle by a spectrophotometer. Consequently, the method can be utilized for example in production and quality control purposes as well as for research and development applications.
20.	Patil, Rohan, 1983-, et al. (författare) Highly Stable Cycling of Silicon-Nanographite Aerogel-Based Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries 2021 Ingår i: ACS Omega. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2470-1343. ; 6:10, s. 6600-6606 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Silicon anodes are considered as promising electrode materials for next-generation high-capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the capacity fading due to the large volume changes (∼300%) of silicon particles during the charge−discharge cycles is still a bottleneck. The volume changes of silicon lead to a fracture of the silicon particles, resulting in the recurrent formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, leading to poor capacity retention and short cycle life. Nanometer-scaled silicon particles are the favorable anode material to reduce some of the problems related to the volume changes, but problems related to SEI layer formation still need to be addressed. Herein, we address these issues by developing a composite anode material comprising silicon nanoparticles and nano graphite. The method developed is simple, cost-efficient, and based on an aerogel process. The electrodes produced by this aerogel fabrication route formed a stable SEI layer and showed high specific capacity and improved cyclability even at high current rates. The capacity retentions were 92 and 72% of the initial specific capacity at the 171st and the 500th cycle, respectively.
21.	Phadatare, Manisha R., et al. (författare) Silicon-Nanographite Aerogel-Based Anodes for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries 2019 Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract To increase the energy storage density of lithium-ion batteries, silicon anodes have been explored due to their high capacity. One of the main challenges for silicon anodes are large volume variations during the lithiation processes. Recently, several high-performance schemes have been demonstrated with increased life cycles utilizing nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and thin films. However, a method that allows the large-scale production of silicon anodes remains to be demonstrated. Herein, we address this question by suggesting new scalable nanomaterial-based anodes. Si nanoparticles were grown on nanographite flakes by aerogel fabrication route from Si powder and nanographite mixture using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This silicon-nanographite aerogel electrode has stable specific capacity even at high current rates and exhibit good cyclic stability. The specific capacity is 455 mAh g−1 for 200th cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 97% at a current density 100 mA g−1.
22.	Rastabi, Shahrzad Arshadi, et al. (författare) Treatment of NiMoO4/nanographite nanocomposite electrodes using flexible graphite substrate for aqueous hybrid supercapacitors 2021 Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 16:7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The cycling performance of supercapacitors sometimes becomes limited when electrode materials slough off during frequent charge-discharge cycles, due to weak bonding between the active material and the current collector. In this work, a flexible graphite foil substrate was successfully used as the current collector for supercapacitor electrodes. Graphite foil substrates were treated in different ways with different acid concentrations and temperatures before being coated with an active material (NiMoO4/nanographite). The electrode treated with HNO3 (65%) and H2SO4 (95%) in a 1:1 ratio at 24 degrees C gave better electrochemical performance than did electrodes treated in other ways. This electrode had capacitances of 441 and 184 Fg(-1) at current densities of 0.5 and 10 Ag-1, respectively, with a good rate capability over the current densities of the other treated electrodes. SEM observation of the electrodes revealed that NiMoO4 with a morphology of nanorods 100-120 nm long was properly accommodated on the graphite surface during the charge-discharge process. It also showed that treatment with high-concentration acid created an appropriately porous and rough surface on the graphite, enhancing the adhesion of NiMoO4/nanographite and boosting the electrochemical performance.
23.	Razaz, Ghadir, et al. (författare) Aluminum Alloy Anode with Various Iron Content Influencing the Performance of Aluminum-Ion Batteries 2023 Ingår i: Materials. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1944. ; 16:3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Considerable research has been devoted to the development of cathode materials for Al-ion batteries, but challenges remain regarding the behavior of aluminum anodes. Inert oxide (Al2O3) film on Al surfaces presents a barrier to electrochemical activity. The structure of the oxide film needs to be weakened to facilitate ion transfer during electrochemical activity. This study addresses oxide film challenges by studying Al alloy anodes with different iron content. The results reveal that using an anode of 99% Al 1% Fe in a cell increases the cycling lifetime by 48%, compared to a 99.99% Al anode. The improvement observed with the 99% Al 1% Fe anode is attributed to its fractional surface area corrosion being about 12% larger than that of a 99.99% Al anode. This is coupled to precipitation of a higher number of Al3Fe particles, which are evenly scattered in the Al matrix of 99% Al 1% Fe. These Al3Fe particles constitute weak spots in the oxide film for the electrolyte to attack, and access to fresh Al. The addition of iron to an Al anode thus offers a cheap and easy route for targeting the oxide passivating film challenge in Al-ion batteries.
24.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) A review of the advances in composites/nanocomposites for triboelectric nanogenerators 2022 Ingår i: Nanotechnology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0957-4484 .- 1361-6528. ; 33:21 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Material development is essential when studying triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This importance is because the performance of TENGs is highly dependent on the properties of the utilized triboelectric materials. To obtain more specific properties, composites have been developed that combine the features of their components. According to Google Scholar, 55% of published papers related to triboelectric nanogenerators have utilized or mentioned composites. This number is 34.5% if one searches with the keyword nanocomposites instead of composites. The importance of composites is because they can exhibit new dielectric properties, better mechanical strength, enhanced charge affinities, etc. Therefore, the development of new composites has great importance in TENG studies. In this paper, we review the production of nanocomposites, the types of nanocomposites, and their application in TENG studies. This review gives an overview of how nanocomposites boost the performance of TENGs and provides guidance for future studies.
25.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) All-inorganic triboelectric nanogenerators based on Mo6S3I6 and indium tin oxide 2021 Ingår i: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 89 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Triboelectrification can occur between any two materials with different charge affinities. This phenomenon represents the fundamental physics of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Organic materials such as polymers have been widely used in TENGs because of their dielectric properties. Inorganic materials are, however, not widely studied despite the increasing attention paid to perovskite materials. In this paper, a new type of TENG has been fabricated based only on inorganic materials such as Mo6S3I6 and indium tin oxide (ITO). The output power density of the TENG operating in contact-separation mode reaches 18 W m−2. Mechanisms of the high output involve the unique semiconducting property of Mo6S3I6 and the unique chemical composition of ITO. The findings in this study indicate that inorganic materials can be used for fabricating high-output TENGs for energy harvesting.
26.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Escherichia coli Bacteria Develop Adaptive Resistance to Antibacterial ZnO Nanoparticles 2018 Ingår i: Advanced Biosystem. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2366-7478. ; 2:5 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Antibacterial agents based on nanoparticles (NPs) have many important applications, e.g., for the textile industry, surface disinfection, wound dressing, water treatment, and food preservation. Because of their prevalent use it is important to understand whether bacteria could develop resistance to such antibacterial NPs similarly to the resistance that bacteria are known to develop to antibiotics. Here, it is reported that Escherichia coli(E. coli) develops adaptive resistance to antibacterial ZnO NPs after several days' exposure to the NPs. But, in contrast to antibiotics‐resistance, the observed resistance to ZnO NPs is not stable—after several days without exposure to the NPs, the bacteria regain their sensitivity to the NPs' antibacterial properties. Based on the analyses it is suggested that the observed resistance is caused by changes in the shape of the bacteria and the expressions of membrane proteins. The findings provide insights into the response of bacteria to antibacterial NPs, which is important to elucidate for designing and evaluating the risk of applications based on antibacterial NPs.
27.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Gold and Zno-Based Metal-Semiconductor Network for Highly Sensitive Room-Temperature Gas Sensing 2019 Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 19:18 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Metal-semiconductor junctions and interfaces have been studied for many years due to their importance in applications such as semiconductor electronics and solar cells. However, semiconductor-metal networks are less studied because there is a lack of effective methods to fabricate such structures. Here, we report a novel Au-ZnO-based metal-semiconductor (M-S)n network in which ZnO nanowires were grown horizontally on gold particles and extended to reach the neighboring particles, forming an (M-S)n network. The (M-S)n network was further used as a gas sensor for sensing ethanol and acetone gases. The results show that the (M-S)n network is sensitive to ethanol (28.1 ppm) and acetone (22.3 ppm) gases and has the capacity to recognize the two gases based on differences in the saturation time. This study provides a method for producing a new type of metal-semiconductor network structure and demonstrates its application in gas sensing.
28.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Harvesting triboelectricity from the human body using non-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators 2018 Ingår i: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 45, s. 298-303 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Triboelectrification has been known and discussed since antiquity. Triboelectrification occurs in the human body due to friction between human skin and other materials such as clothing. However, charges on the body have not been harvested to power small electronics. Here, we report for the first time that the electricity generated on the human body due to triboelectrification can be measured and harvested using human body-based non-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators (H-TENGs). The H-TENGs can have an output of up to 3.3 W/m(2) and can spontaneously harvest energy from several people. The functions of the human body in the H-TENGs are analyzed and experimentally proven to be those of a triboelectric material, conductor and capacitor. Our results demonstrate that the triboelectricity generated on a human body can be harvested using H-TENGs and provide scientific insights into body functions that will promote further studies of TENGs.
29.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) High performance single material-based triboelectric nanogenerators made of hetero-triboelectric half-cell plant skins 2022 Ingår i: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 94 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Engineering polymers with quantified charge affinities are commonly used materials in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). A polymer can have only one specific charge affinity due to its uniform chemical composition, leading to the need for two different materials to make an effective TENG. However, unlike engineering polymers, half-cell plant skins can have different charge affinities on their outer and inner surfaces. Here, we report a study on the hetero-triboelectric effects (HTEs) of half-cell allium plant skins such as leek, scallion and onion. Single-material TENGs (SM-TENGs) have been fabricated based on the two surfaces of these plant skins, taking advantage of their HTEs. The highest output power density of up to 35 W m−2 has been achieved with an output stability of over 5400 cycles. Multiple applications of SM-TENGs have been discovered, including energy harvesting, gas sensing, and humidity sensing, which are unique from other TENGs. Additionally, these SM-TENGs have an advantage due to the natural biological and chemical structures of the skins.
30.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Human body constituted triboelectric nanogenerators as energy harvesters, code transmitters and motion sensors 2018 Ingår i: ACS Applied Energy Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2574-0962. ; 1:6, s. 2955-2960 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Human skin is a dielectric material that can be used as a triboelectric material for harvesting energy from body motions. The output power of such a human skin-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is relatively low. Here, we assembled high-output human body constituted TENGs (H-TENGs) by taking advantage of the unique electrical properties of the human body, such as high skin impedance, low tissue resistance, body capacitance, and conductivity. The output of a H-TENG can reach 30 W/m2, which is enough to drive small electronic devices, such as a timer or a calculator. The unique feature of the H-TENG is that it can perform the four fundamental modes of TENGs, which has not been reported elsewhere. Such a feature allows the H-TENG to act as a code transmitter to send light and electrical signals, such as Morse code. H-TENGs also benefit the development of high-performance, self-powered body motion sensors. Our findings suggest new strategies for harvesting energy from human body motions, as well as new types of motion sensors and signal senders.
31.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Interaction of the human body with triboelectric nanogenerators 2019 Ingår i: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 57, s. 279-292 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The use of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is a new technique for energy harvesting at both small and large scales. Almost all types of mechanical energy can be harvested with TENGs by using four modes of operation that cover almost all mechanical motions. The interactions of the human body with TENGs range from energy harvesting, motion sensing, and biomedical applications to human-computer communications. Different types of TENGs have been developed to directly or indirectly involve the human body. This review will summarize the recent advances in the interaction of the human body with TENGs.
32.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) The application of papers in energy harvesting and storage 2019 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
33.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) The triboelectricity of the human body 2021 Ingår i: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 86 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Triboelectrification (contact electrification) as a physical phenomenon appeared for the first time in a dialogue by Plato around 400 B.C. The phenomenon described in the dialogue is about amber that people wear attracting dry hair. The description also indicated that triboelectrification was first discovered on the human body. However, the studies that have been carried out on triboelectrification were mostly based on other materials, such as polymers, rather than on the human body. The invention of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has recently opened a door for both fundamental and applied research and brought triboelectrification into real applications. The human body's triboelectricity, as a vital part of studies, has also attracted much interest in the past ten years. Research and review articles were published during this period. However, few articles included the biological fundamentals of the triboelectrification of the human body. Moreover, most of the review articles missed two important parts: the electrostatic discharge (ESD) of the human body, which has been widely studied in electronics, and the cosmetics that reduce the triboelectrification of hair. A systematic review including the fundamentals and the applications could help readers understand the human body's triboelectricity. Given this, we proposed this review article on the human body's triboelectricity. The paper will cover a brief history and a brief mechanism summary of triboelectrification; the epidermis structure of the human hair and skin, including how the chemicals on the epidermal layer contribute to the skin's triboelectricity; fundamental studies of the human body's triboelectricity; and applications that utilize the human body's triboelectricity. Perspectives for future studies and conclusions will be given at the end of the review.
34.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Towards large area energy harvesting using triboelectric nangenerators fabricated with green materials 2019 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
35.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Triboelectric biometric signature 2022 Ingår i: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 100 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Biometric signatures based on either the physiological or behavioural features of a person have been widely used for identification and authentication. However, few strategies have been developed that combine the two types of features in one signature. Here, we report a type of biometric signature based on the triboelectricity of the human body (TEHB) that combines these two types of features. This triboelectric biometric signature (TEBS) can be accomplished by anyone regardless of the physical condition, as it can be performed by many parts of the body. Different TEBS can be identified using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model with a test accuracy of up to 1.0. The TEBS has been further used for text encryption and decryption with a high sensitivity to changes. Moreover, a dual signed digital signature for enhanced security has been proposed. Our findings provide a new type of TEBS that can be generally used and demonstrated in applications.
36.	Zhang, Renyun, et al. (författare) Utilising the triboelectricity of the human body for human-computer interactions 2022 Ingår i: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 100 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Human-computer interaction (HCI) strategies communicate the human mind and machine intelligence based on different devices and technologies. The majority of HCI strategies assume normal physical conditions that limit accessibility for users with disabilities. Certain products, such as Braille keyboards, work fine for people with specific disabilities. However, a more general HCI strategy that can neglect users’ physical conditions would enhance the accessibility of these tools for disabled persons. Here, we report an HCI strategy that utilises triboelectricity of the human body (TEHB) for HCI. The TEHB can be generated by many parts of the human body, eliminating the obstacles imposed by physical function disabilities. Such an HCI approach has been used for text inputs, graphical inputs, and mimicked mouse functions. With the assistance of deep learning, an accuracy of approximately 98.4 % is achieved for text inputs obtained directly from handwriting. Our findings provide a new approach for HCI and demonstrate the feasibility of multiple interaction modes.
37.	Öhlund, Thomas, 1973-, et al. (författare) Sintering Inhibition of Silver Nanoparticle Films via AgCl Nanocrystal Formation 2017 Ingår i: Nanomaterials. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-4991. ; 7:8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Electrically conductive films are key components in most printed and flexible electronics applications. For the solution processing of conductive films, inks containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) remain important because of their relatively easy processing and generally low resistivity after a sintering procedure. Because the commonly used, moderate sintering temperatures of 150-300 °C are still too high for most low-cost flexible substrates, expanding the knowledge of surface-ink interactions that affect the sintering temperature is desirable. It is known that chloride ions can assist the sintering of AgNP films by displacing capping agents on the surfaces of AgNPs. However, very little is known about other possible Cl-AgNP interactions that affect the resistivity and no interaction having the opposite effect (sintering inhibition) has been identified before. Here we identify such a Cl-AgNP interaction giving sintering inhibition and find that the mechanism involves the formation of AgCl nanocrystals within the AgNP film. The AgCl formation was observed after inkjet-printing of AgNP inks with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the capping agent onto papers with quick-absorbing coatings containing 0.3 wt % KCl. Our findings show that chloride can have opposite roles during sintering, either assisting or inhibiting the sintering depending on the prevalence of AgCl formation. The prevalence of AgCl formation depends on the absorption properties and the capping agent.

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