| 1. |
- Fredriksson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Running wheel activity restores MPTP-induced functional deficits
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of neural transmission. - Wien : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0300-9564 .- 1435-1463. ; 118:3, s. 407-420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wheel-running and treadmill running physical exercise have been shown to alleviate parkinsonism in both laboratory and clinical studies. MPTP was administered to C57/BL6 mice using two different procedures: (a) administration of a double-dose regime (MPTP 2 × 20 or 2 × 40 mg/kg, separated by a 24-h interval), vehicle (saline 5 ml/kg) or saline (vehicle 2 × 5 ml/kg), and (b) administration of a single-dose weekly regime (MPTP 1 × 40 mg/kg) or saline (vehicle 1 × 5 ml/kg) repeated over 4 consecutive weeks. For each procedure, two different physical exercise regimes were followed: (a) after the double-dose MPTP regime, mice were given daily 30-min periods of wheel-running exercise over 5 consecutive days/week or placed in a cage in close proximity to the running wheels for 3 weeks. (b) Mice were either given wheel-running activity on 4 consecutive days (30-min periods) or placed in a cage nearby for 14 weeks. Behavioral testing was as follows: (a) after 3 weeks of exercise/no exercise, mice were tested for spontaneous motor activity (60 min) and subthreshold l-Dopa (5 mg/kg)-induced activity. (b) Spontaneous motor activity was measured on the fifth day during each of the each of the first 5 weeks (Tests 1–5), about 1 h before injections (first 4 weeks), and continued on the 5th days of the 6th to the 14th weeks (Tests 6–14). Subthreshold l-Dopa (5 mg/kg)-induced activity was tested on the 6th, 8th, 10th, 12th and 14th weeks. (b) Mice from the single-dose MPTP weekly regime were killed during the 15th week and striatal regions taken for dopamine analysis, whereas frontal and parietal cortex and hippocampus were taken for analysis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). It was shown that in both experiments, i.e., the double-dose regime and single-dose weekly regime of MPTP administration, physical activity attenuated markedly the MPTP-induced akinesia/hypokinesia in both the spontaneous motor activity and restored motor activity completely in subthreshold l-Dopa tests. Running wheel activity attenuated markedly the loss of dopamine due to repeated administrations of MPTP. BDNF protein level in the parietal cortex was elevated by the MPTP insult and increased further by physical exercise. Physical running wheel exercise alleviated both the functional and biomarker expressions of MPTP-induced parkinsonism.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Hygge, Staffan, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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Acoustical conditions in the classroom II : Recall of spoken words in English and Swedish heard at different signal-to-noise ratios
- 2013
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Ingår i: 42nd International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2013, INTER-NOISE 2013: Noise Control for Quality of Life. ; , s. 5091-5098
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experiment will be reported which assessed speech intelligibility and free recall of spoken words in Swedish (native tongue) and in English heard under different signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios (+3 and +12 dB), and with/without the spoken words being repeated back orally directly after presentation (shadowing). All participants encountered all experimental conditions. Twelve wordlists with 12 words each were generated in English as well as in Swedish. The words were chosen according to their ranks in category norms for the two languages, and no category was the same for the two languages. Blocks of counter balanced presentation orders, S/N-ratios and shadowing/no shadowing were generated. After each wordlist the participants wrote down the words they could recall. Pre-experimental measures of working memory capacity were taken. The basic hypotheses for the recall of the words were that working memory would be overloaded when the S/N-ratio was low, there was no shadowing and when the language was English. A low score on working memory capacity was expected to further enhance these effects. While writing this abstract data collection is still in progress but results will be presented at the conference.
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| 4. |
- Alexandersson, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Att forska med datorn : om elevers lärande via den nya informationstekniken : delrapport inom projektet ELISA (Elevers Lärande I Sandvikens kommun)
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Föreliggande rapport är en delrapport i ett utvärderingsprojekt ELISA (Elevers Lärande I Sandvikens kommun) som uppmärksammar elevers lärande via den nya informations- och kommunikationstekniken (IKT). Utvärderingsprojektet syftar till att utveckla kunskap om vad en omfattande IKT-satsning medför för skolans verksamhet som helhet mot bakgrund av de mål som formulerats centrala och lokala styrdokument för förskolan och skolan i Sandvikens kommun. Tre nivåer i skolan studeras, den strukturella nivån, villkorsnivån - det stöd skolledare och lärare får för att utveckla sin kompetens i att använda IKT för lärande - och elevnivån. Basen i utvärderingen utgörs av elevernas lärande, intresset riktas primärt mot effekterna av kommunens IKT-satsning i förskola och skola. Fyra kunskapsområden med grund i läroplanerna studeras: Språk och kommunikativ förmåga, Miljö och omvärldskunskap, Estetik och skapande samt Historisk medvetenhet. Det som berörs i rapporten är elevernas så kallade forskning och deras kunskapsskapande, deras samspel och kommunikation vid datorn, deras text- och bildproduktion men också pedagogens hållning gentemot elevernas arbete vid datorn. Avslutningsvis diskuteras elevernas informationskompetens. I de fältstudier som utgör grund för rapporten har kvalitativa metoder använts. Datainsamlingen vid skolbesöken har inspirerats av etnografisk metod. Såväl interjvuer som deltagande observationer har skett. Data har dokumenterats genom fältanteckningar och data har även insamlats i en individuell digital portfölj, delad av utvärderare och elev, där eleverna kunnat lägga sina arbeten. En textanalys av styrdokument har också genomförts. Fem elever från vardera av åtta klasser från olika skolenheter har studerats närmare. Urvalet omfattar förskolan, den obligatoriska skolan och gymnasieskolan med tyngdpunkt i den obligatoriska skolan. De fem eleverna i varje klass som studerats närmare motsvarar ett genomsnitt i klassen/gruppen; både flickor och pojkar ingår. Där etniska minoriteter finns i klassen har också detta återspeglas i urvalet. Att använda datorn vid s.k. forskning var mycket vanligt. Det beskrevs av eleverna som att man sökte fakta i böcker och på Internet som man skrev av eller skrev ut för att därefter sammanställa för hand och sedan skriva ut på datorn. Metoden var integrerad i de flesta skolämnen men är inte oproblematisk. Den kräver kompetens hos eleven i att formulera fruktbara forskningsfrågor, att eleven har en god informationskompetens men också tillräckliga kunskaper för att förstå och bedöma informationen. Dessutom krävs en processkunskap om vad forskning innebär. När eleverna forskat har IKT främst använts som ett medel för att söka faktainformation och för att utforma små rapporter över det som undersökts. Tekniken underlättar ett mekaniskt sätt att arbeta. Elevernas sökningar på Internet verkar inte leda till att kvalificerade källor konsekvent använts. Det är inte ovanligt att eleverna uppfattar sin "forskning" som en skoluppgift som de skall lösa, och deras primära ambition synes vara att hämta information för att sedan sammanställa denna. Vi har också funnit att datorn erbjuder rika utrymmen för samspel mellan eleverna oavsett ålder och skolform. ELISA-elever arbetade ofta tillsammans med kamrater. På ELISA- skolorna var i princip samtliga elever vana vid att arbeta tillsammans och medvetna om betydelsen av samarbete. Den socialitet eleverna utvecklar på detta sätt har en positiv inverkan på elevernas lärande. Just samtalet mellan eleverna är viktigt under informationssökningsprocessen. Det tycks hjälpa eleverna att bli medvetna om sitt problem och att formulera sina tankar. Resultaten stöder att IKT kan innebära en förändrad och utvecklad skrivprocess och vara ett hjälpmedel för elevers skriftspråksutveckling. Datorn ökar yngre elevers möjlighet att träna på språket och innehållet i texter istället för att lägga ned mycket energi på formandet av bokstäver. Det tycks även finnas en potential i de digitala portfolios som vissa klasser arbetar med genom att bidra till att skapa situationer där elever i samverkan med sina pedagoger samtalar, skriver och reflekterar om det som eleverna varit med om. När det gäller stavningshjälpen i ordbehandlingsprogram har vi funnit att en överdriven tillit till denna bland annat bidrar till att till exempel särskrivningar inte upptäcks och att det finns en risk för att pedagogen avskärmas från elevernas texter. I samband med elevernas egen forskning kopierar eleverna ofta texter från Internet med en stark faktainriktning. De skapar då inte egna texter utan sammanfattar, redigerar om och i vissa fall kopierar textavsnitt direkt när de bygger upp sina egna texter. Detta bidrar till ett oreflekterat förhållningssätt till dessa faktaspäckade texter. Här spelar pedagogens inblick i elevernas arbetsprocess en stor roll för att utveckla ett bättre lärande hos eleverna med datorn som informationskälla. Observationer av ELISA-elever tyder på att de inte alltid själva har förmåga att sammankoppla innehållet med den estetiska utformningen. Möjligheten som IKT ger att upptäcka och lära sig hur bild och text tillsammans ger produkten ett meningsinnehåll som går utöver bilden eller texten var för sig tas inte alltid till vara. Att använda ritprogram för att eleven själv skapar bilder tycks avta med stigande ålder. Resultaten visar på att läraren lärarens kunskaps- och inlärningssyn påverkar det hur IKT tillvaratas och används för att främja elevernas kunskapsutveckling. De förefaller viktigt att pedagogen är aktiv när eleverna forskar via en dator så att elevens förståelse av kunskapsinnehållet i det de beforskar förändras. Det handlar bland annat om att stödja eleverna att kunna söka och finna information, bedöma relevansen i olika källor och kritiskt granska information på olika sätt. I synnerhet gäller detta för elever i svårigheter. Vi har sett tendenser i Sandviken att datorn skall kunna fungera som en katalysator för skolans förändringsarbete och därmed påskynda skolutvecklingen men den generella bilden är att IKT i sig inte nödvändigtvis förändrar skolans praxis. IKT som ett arbetsredskap, som lärandets verktyg, kan till och med vara ointressant om det inte handlar om vad redskapet medverkar till ifråga om elevernas lärande. Ett resultat i projekt ELISA som bör observeras är att elever riskerar missa själva kunskapsinnehållet om de söker efter isolerade fakta via egen forskning. De behöver därför utveckla sin informationskompetens och deras pedagoger behöver stödja dem i deras informations- och kunskapsprocess. Först då kan deras egen forskning medföra en djupare förståelse kring det de söker information om.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Appelgren, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Disruption mechanisms in electrified solid copper jets
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of applied mechanics. - : ASME International. - 0021-8936 .- 1528-9036. ; 78:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interaction between a solid copper jet and an electric current pulse is a complex process that has been experimentally studied by letting a jet created by a shaped charge device pass through an electrode configuration consisting of two aluminum plates with a separation distance of 150 mm. When the jet bridged the electrodes, which are connected to a charged pulsed power supply, current pulses with amplitude up to 250 kA were passed through the jet. By using flash X-ray diagnostics, the disruption of the electrified jets could be studied. In this paper, the disruption of the electrified jets is discussed and compared with disruption phenomena observed in electrically exploded metal rods in a static setup. Necks are naturally formed along a stretching jet, and in the experiments with current interaction these necks explode electrically. In the static experiments, the metal rods have small notches distributed along the rod to resemble the necks of the jet. When two neighboring necks or notches explode, the shock of the explosion compresses the intermediate jet or rod segment axially and the material is forced out radially. The disruption phenomena in the jet and rod experiments are similar with rapid expansion of the metal at explosion and at comparable velocities.
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| 10. |
- Appelgren, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Study of Electromagnetic Effects on Solid Copper Jets
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of applied mechanics. - : ASME International. - 0021-8936 .- 1528-9036. ; 77:1, s. 011010-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we present a study of the interaction between all electric current pulse and a solid copper jet. Experiments were performed using a dedicated pulsed power supply delivering a current pulse of such amplitude, rise little, and duration that the jet is efficiently affected. The copper jet was created by using a shaped charge warhead. All electrode configuration consisting of two aluminum plates with a separation distance of 150 mm was used. The discharge current pulse and the voltages at the capacitors and at the electrodes were measured to obtain data oil energy deposition in and the resistance of the jet and electrode contact region. X-ray diagnostics were used to radiograph the jet, and by analyzing the radiograph, the degree of disruption of the electrified jet could be obtained. It was found that a current pulse with an amplitude of 200-250 kA and a rise time of 16 mu s could strongly enhance the natural fragmentation of the jet. In this case, the initial electric energy was 100 kJ and about 90% of the electric energy was deposited in the jet and electrodes. At the exit of the electrode region, the jet fragments formed rings with a radial velocity of up to 200 m/s, depending oil the initial electric energy in the pulsed power supply. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3172251]
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| 11. |
- Appelgren, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction between solid copper jets and powerful electrical current pulses
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of applied mechanics. - : ASME International. - 0021-8936 .- 1528-9036. ; 78:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interaction between a solid copper jet and an electric current pulse is studied. Copper jets that were created by a shaped-charge device were passed through an electrode configuration consisting of two aluminum plates with a separation distance of 150 mm. The electrodes were connected to a pulsed-power supply delivering a current pulse with amplitudes up to 250 kA. The current and voltages were measured, providing data on energy deposition in the jet and electrode contact region, and flash X-ray diagnostics were used to depict the jet during and after electrification. The shape of, and the velocity distributions along, the jet has been used to estimate the correlation between the jet mass flow through the electrodes and the electrical energy deposition. On average, 2.8 kJ/g was deposited in the jet and electrode region, which is sufficient to bring the jet up to the boiling point. A model based on the assumption of a homogenous current flow through the jet between the electrodes underestimates the energy deposition and the jet resistance by a factor 5 compared with the experiments, indicating a more complex current flow through the jet. The experimental results indicate the following mechanism for the enhancement of jet breakup. When electrified, the natural-formed necks in the jet are subjected to a higher current density compared with other parts of the jet. The higher current density results in a stronger heating and a stronger magnetic pinch force. Eventually, the jet material in the neck is evaporated and explodes electrically, resulting in a radial ejection of vaporized jet material.
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| 12. |
- Appelgren, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling of a small helical magnetic flux compression generator
- 2008
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. - 0093-3813 .- 1939-9375. ; 36:5, s. 2662-2672
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to gain experience in explosive pulsed power and to provide experimental data as the basis for computer modeling, a small high-explosive-driven helical magnetic flux-compression generator (FCG) was designed at the Swedish Defence Research Agency. The generator, of which three have been built, has an overall length of 300 mm and a diameter of 70 mm. It could serve as the energy source in a pulse-forming network to generate high-power pulses for various loads. This paper presents a simulation model of this helical FCG. The model, which was implemented in Matlab-Simulink, uses analytical expressions for the generator inductance. The model of resistive losses takes into account the heating of the conductors and the diffusion of the magnetic field into the conductors. The simulation results are compared with experimental data from two experiments with identical generators but with different seed currents, influencing the resistive losses. The model is used to analyze the performance of the generator.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Appelgren, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Small helical magnetic flux compression generators : Experiments and analysis
- 2007
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Ingår i: PPPS-2007 - Pulsed Power Plasma Science 2007. - : IEEE. - 1424409144 - 9781424409143 ; , s. 1151-1154
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents experimental results with helical magnetic flux-compression generators (FCGs). FCGs convert the chemical energy bond in explosives into electric energy. The generator had an initial inductance of 23 μH and was operated into a load of 0.2 μH. The generator is charged with 0.27 kg of high-explosives (PBXN-5). Various types of diagnostics were used to monitor the operation of the generator, including current probes, optical fibres, and piezo gauges. The results are analysed and the expansion of the armature compared with hydrodynamic simulations.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Appelgren, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Small Helical Magnetic Flux-Compression Generators : Experiments and Analysis
- 2008
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. - 0093-3813 .- 1939-9375. ; 36:5, s. 2673-2683
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to gain experience in explosive pulsed power and to provide experimental data for modeling, a small high-explosive-driven helical magnetic flux-compression generator (FCG) was designed at the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI). The generator, of which three have been built, has an overall length of 300 mm and a diameter of 70 mm. It could serve as the energy source in a pulse-forming network to generate high power pulses for various loads. This paper presents the design of, and tests with, this helical FCG. The generator had an initial inductance of 23 mu H and was operated into a load of 0.2 mu H. The generator is charged with 0.27 kg of high explosives (PBXN-5). Various types of diagnostics were used to monitor the operation of the generator, including current probes, optical fibers, and piezo gauges. With seed currents of 5.7 and 11.2 kA, final currents of 269 and 436 kA were obtained, corresponding to current amplification factors of 47 and 39. The peak of the current was reached about 30 mu s after the time of crowbar. The two generators showed only small losses in terms of 2 pi-clocking. Using signals from optical fibers, the deflection angle of the armature could be determined to be 10 degrees in good agreement with hydrodynamic simulations of the detonation process and the detonation velocity to be 8.7 km/s in agreement with tabulated value.
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| 18. |
- Ehn, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Setup for microwave stimulation of a turbulent low-swirl flame
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0022-3727 .- 1361-6463. ; 49:18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experimental setup for microwave stimulation of a turbulent flame is presented. A low-swirl flame is being exposed to continuous microwave irradiation inside an aluminum cavity. The cavity is designed with inlets for laser beams and a viewport for optical access. The aluminum cavity is operated as a resonator where the microwave mode pattern is matched to the position of the flame. Two metal meshes are working as endplates in the resonator, one at the bottom and the other at the top. The lower mesh is located right above the burner nozzle so that the low-swirl flame is able to freely propagate inside the cylinder cavity geometry whereas the upper metal mesh can be tuned to achieve good overlap between the microwave mode pattern and the flame volume. The flow is characterized for operating conditions without microwave irradiation using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV). Microwave absorption is simultaneously monitored with experimental investigations of the flame in terms of exhaust gas temperature, flame chemiluminescence (CL) analysis as well as simultaneous planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements of formaldehyde (CH2O) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). Results are presented for experiments conducted in two different regimes of microwave power. In the high-energy regime the microwave field is strong enough to cause a breakdown in the flame. The breakdown spark develops into a swirl-stabilized plasma due to the continuous microwave stimulation. In the low-energy regime, which is below plasma formation, the flame becomes larger and more stable and it moves upstream closer to the burner nozzle when microwaves are absorbed by the flame. As a result of a larger flame the exhaust gas temperature, flame CL and OH PLIF signals are increased as microwave energy is absorbed by the flame.
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| 19. |
- Elfsberg, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Studies of Anode and Cathode Materials in a Repetitive Driven Axial Vircator
- 2008
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. - 0093-3813 .- 1939-9375. ; 36, s. 688-693
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Repetitive use of a high-power microwave (HPM) radiation source implies strong erosion on cathode and anode materials. Electrode material endurance has been studied in a series of experiments with an axial vircator powered by a compact Marx generator. The Marx generator operated in a 10 Hz repetitive mode with a burst of ten pulses. Velvet and graphite was used as electron-emitting materials, and they showed markedly different pulse characteristics. Three different anode materials were used; stainless steel mesh, stainless steel wires and molybdenum wires, which all had different influence on the pulse characteristics.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Hurtig, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Children's recall of words spoken in their first and second language : Effects of Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Reverberation Time
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 6:JAN
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Speech perception runs smoothly and automatically when there is silence in the background, but when the speech signal is degraded by background noise or by reverberation, effortful cognitive processing is needed to compensate for the signal distortion. Previous research has typically investigated the effects of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and reverberation time in isolation, whilst few have looked at their interaction. In this study, we probed how reverberation time and SNR influence recall of words presented in participants' first- (L1) and second-language (L2). A total of 72 children (10 years old) participated in this study. The to-be-recalled wordlists were played back with two different reverberation times (0.3 and 1.2 s) crossed with two different SNRs (+3 dBA and +12 dBA). Children recalled fewer words when the spoken words were presented in L2 in comparison with recall of spoken words presented in L1. Words that were presented with a high SNR (+12 dBA) improved recall compared to a low SNR (+3 dBA). Reverberation time interacted with SNR to the effect that at +12 dB the shorter reverberation time improved recall, but at +3 dB it impaired recall. The effects of the physical sound variables (SNR and reverberation time) did not interact with language. © 2016 Hurtig, Keus van de Poll, Pekkola, Hygge, Ljung and Sörqvist.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Hurtig, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Recall of spoken words in English and Swedish heard at different signal-to-noise ratios and different reverberation times : Children aged 10-11 years
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Noise impairs speech perception which in turn makes memory and learning more difficult. School children are expected to be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of noise. In this study we varied reverberation time (RT) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to see how they affected recall of words in Swedish (native tongue) and English. Participants were 72 children in the fourth grade who listened to wordlists presented in Swedish and English with broadband noise in the background. We compared two reverberation time (RT) conditions: a short RT (0.3 sec.) and a long RT (1.2 sec.), and two signal-to-noise (SNR) conditions: a low SNR (+3 dB) and a high SNR (+12 dB). Each wordlist had 8 words to be recalled. Main effects of language and SNR were found. Children could recall fewer words if they were presented in English or had a low SNR. Interactions were found between Language, RT, SNR and whether the words were at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the wordlists. Recall performance was best with a short RT and a high SNR. Fourth graders recalled more words in their native language compared to English. Children might have difficulties with semantic association and understanding the meaning of words in English. Recall performance was markedly improved with good listening conditions, which indicates that there is something to be gained by improving the acoustical conditions in a classroom to improve memory and learning.
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| 24. |
- Hurtig, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Student's second-language grade may depend on classroom listening position
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this experiment was to explore whether listening positions (close or distant location from the sound source) in the classroom, and classroom reverberation, influence students’ score on a test for second-language (L2) listening comprehension (i.e., comprehension of English in Swedish speaking participants). The listening comprehension test administered was part of a standardized national test of English used in the Swedish school system. A total of 125 high school pupils, 15 years old, participated. Listening position was manipulated within subjects, classroom reverberation between subjects. The results showed that L2 listening comprehension decreased as distance from the sound source increased. The effect of reverberation was qualified by the participants’ baseline L2 proficiency. A shorter reverberation was beneficial to participants with high L2 proficiency, while the opposite pattern was found among the participants with low L2 proficiency. The results indicate that listening comprehension scores—and hence students’ grade in English—may depend on students’ classroom listening position.
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| 25. |
- Hurtig, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Student’s second-language grade may depend on classroom listening position
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This experiment explored whether position, close to or at a distance from the sound source, in the classroom, and the reverberation time in the classroom, influenced Swedish speaking participants’ score on a test for second-language (English) listening comprehension. The listening comprehension test administered was part of a standardized national test of English used in the Swedish school system. A total of 133 upper school pupils, 15 years old, participated. Listening position was manipulated within subjects and classroom reverberation time was varied between subjects. The results showed that English listening comprehension decreased with the distance from the sound source. Participants with higher proficiency scores for English were less susceptible to this effect. Classroom reverberation time had no significant main effect and it did not interact with listening position. The results indicate that listening comprehension scores – and hence students’ grade in English – may depend on their classroom listening position.
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| 26. |
- Hygge, Staffan, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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Recall of spoken word lists in English and native Swedish presented at different signal-to-noise ratios and different reverberation times : A comparison between children aged 10-11 years and college students
- 2014
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Ingår i: 11th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem (ICBEN), Nara, Japan, 1-5 June, 2014.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments will be presented which assessed free recall of spoken words in Swedish (native tongue) and in English heard under different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR: +3 and +12 dB), and different reverberation times (RT: 0.3 and 1.2 s). All participants encountered these eight experimental conditions (Language*SNR*RT). The first experiment was run with college student (N=48), who were run individually. In the second experiment children in grade 4 (10-11 years, N=72) took part and they were run as a group in their regular classrooms.Twelve wordlists in English and twelve wordlists in Swedish were generated. The words were chosen according to their ranks in category norms for the two languages. The number of words in each list was 12 for the college group and 8 for children in Grade 4. The 2 x 12 wordlists were presented in counter balanced presentation orders in three blocks (Blocks). To compare primacy and recency effects the word lists were divided into three parts (p3rd). After each wordlist the participants typed in or wrote down the words they could recall.The basic hypotheses for the recall of the words were that working memory would be overloaded when the SNR was low and the RT was long, and that SNR and RT would interact with each other, with Language and with Study (Grade4/College). The analyses suggest that for both groups there were expected effects of language and of SNR, but the effect of RT was smaller and only showed up in interactions.
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| 27. |
- Hygge, Staffan, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
-
Recall of spoken words in English and Swedish heard at different signal-to-noise ratios and different reverberation times : Children aged 10-11 years and college students
- 2014
-
Ingår i: 28th International Congress of Applied Psychology (ICAP 2014), Paris, France, 8-13 July, 2014.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments will be presented which assessed free recall of spoken words in Swedish (native tongue) and in English heard under different signal-to-noise (SN) ratios (+3 and +12 dB), and different reverberation time (RT, .3 and 1.2 sec). All participants encountered all eight experimental conditions (Language*SN*RT). The first experiment was run with college student (N=48) and they were run individually. In the second experiment children in grade 4 (10-11 years, N=72) took part and they were run in the regular classrooms.Twelve wordlists in Swedish and twelve wordlists in English generated. The words were chosen according to their ranks in category norms for the two languages, and no category was the same for the two languages. The number of words in each list was 12 for the college group and 8 for grade four. The 2 x 12 wordlists were presented in counter balanced presentation orders in three blocks. Within each block order of S/N and RT was also counterbalanced. After each wordlist the participants wrote down the words they could recall. Pre-experimental measures of working memory capacity were also taken.The basic hypotheses for the recall of the words were that working memory would be overloaded when the SN-ratio was low and the RT was long, and that SN and RT would interact with each other, with Language and with Age-group.To compare primacy and recency effects the word lists were divided into three parts (p3rd). After each wordlist the participants typed in or wrote down the words they could recall.The basic hypotheses for the recall of the words were that working memory would be overloaded when the SNR was low and the RT was long, and that SNR and RT would interact with each other, with Language and with Study (Grade4/College). The analyses suggest that for both groups there were expected effects of language and of SNR, but the effect of RT was smaller and only showed up in interactions.
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| 28. |
- Jonsson, Marcus, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
In-Hospital Physiotherapy and Physical Recovery 3 Months After Lung Cancer Surgery : A Randomized Controlled Trial
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Integrative Cancer Therapies. - : Sage Publications. - 1534-7354 .- 1552-695X. ; 18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths. Surgery is the primary approach for curative treatment. Postoperative complications are common, and physiotherapy is often routinely provided for their prevention and treatment, even though the evidence is limited. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of in-hospital physiotherapy on postoperative physical capacity, physical activity, and lung function among patients undergoing lung cancer surgery.Methods: A total of 107 patients undergoing elective thoracic surgery were included in a single-blinded randomized controlled trial, and randomized to a study group, receiving in-hospital physiotherapy treatment, or a control group, not receiving in-hospital physiotherapy treatment. The patients were assessed preoperatively and 3 months after surgery. The in-hospital physiotherapy treatment consisted of early mobilization, ambulation, breathing exercises, and thoracic range of motion exercises. Physical capacity was assessed with the 6-minute walk test. Level of physical activity was objectively assessed with an accelerometer and subjectively assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Modified for the Elderly.Results: Physical capacity for the whole sample was significantly decreased 3 months postoperatively compared with preoperative values (P = .047). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding physical capacity, physical activity, spirometric values, or dyspnea. However, patients in the study group increased their level of self-reported physical activity from preoperatively to 3 months postoperatively, while the patients in the control group did not.Conclusions: No difference in physical capacity, physical activity, or lung function was found 3 months postoperatively in lung cancer surgery patients receiving in-hospital physiotherapy compared with control patients.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Jonsson, Marcus, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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In-hospital physiotherapy improves physical activity level after lung cancer surgery : a randomized controlled trial
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Physiotherapy. - : Elsevier. - 0031-9406 .- 1873-1465. ; 105:4, s. 434-441
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Patients undergoing lung cancer surgery are routinely offered physiotherapy. Despite its routine use, effects on postoperative physical recovery have yet not been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether physiotherapy could improve postoperative in-hospital physical activity level and physical capacity.DESIGN: Single-blind randomized controlled trial.SETTING: Thoracic surgery department at a University Hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Patients undergoing elective thoracic surgery (n=94) for confirmed or suspected lung cancer were assessed during hospital stay.INTERVENTION: Daily physiotherapy, consisting of mobilization, ambulation, shoulder exercises and breathing exercises. The control group received no physiotherapy treatment.OUTCOMES: In-hospital physical activity assessed with the Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer, six-minute walk test, spirometry and dyspnea scores.RESULTS: The treatment group reached significantly more accelerometer counts (2010 (1508) vs 1629 (1146), mean difference 495 [95% CI 44 to 1109]), and steps per hour (49 (47) vs 37 (34), mean difference 14 [95% CI 3 to 30]), compared to the control group, during the first three postoperative days. No significant differences in six-minute walk test (percent of preoperative 71% vs 79%, P=0.13), spirometry (FEV1 percent of preoperative 69% vs 69%, P=0.83) or dyspnoea (M-MRC 2 vs 2, P=0.74) between the groups were found.CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving in-hospital physiotherapy showed increased level of physical activity during the first days after lung cancer surgery, compared to an untreated control group. However, no effects on the six-minute walk test or spirometric values were found. The clinical importance of an increased physical activity level during the early postoperative period needs to be further evaluated.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01961700.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Jonsson, Marcus, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Physical activity level during the first three days after lung cancer surgery improves with physiotherapy : a randomized controlled trial
- 2018
-
Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal. - : European Respiratory Society. - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 52:Suppl. 62
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objectives: Physical inactivity is common after lung cancer surgery. Patients undergoing lung cancer surgery are routinely offered physiotherapy. Despite its routine use, any effect on postoperative physical activity has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether physiotherapy could improve physical activity during the first days after surgery.Methods: A total of 94 patients undergoing elective surgery for confirmed or suspected lung cancer were consecutevily included and randomized to treatment group (n=50) or control group (n=44). The treatment group received daily physiotherapy, consisting of mobilization and ambulation, shoulder exercises and breathing exercises. The control group received no physiotherapy. Physical activity was assessed with the Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer.Results: The patients in the treatment group reached significantly more counts (1692 vs 1197, p=0.029) and steps per hour (39 vs 25, p=0.013), during the first three days, compared to the control group.Conclusions: Physical activity during the first three days is increased by physiotherapy treament. The long term effect of in-hospital physiotherapy needs to be further evaluated.
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| 33. |
- Jonsson, Marcus, 1977-
(författare)
-
Physiotherapy and physical activity in patients undergoing cardiac or lung cancer surgery
- 2019
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac surgery is performed to improve prognosis, relieve symptoms and increase functional capacity in patients with cardiac disease. Postoperative pulmonary complications are common after cardiac surgery and a reduced lung function can persist a long time after surgery. A positive association between level of physical activity and lung function has been proposed in both healthy individuals and people with different disabilities. It is not clear if there is an association between level of physical activity and recovery of lung function after cardiac surgery. Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed forms of cancer worldwide, and a leading cause of cancer deaths. Surgical resection is the primary approach for curative treatment. Despite the fact that physical activity has many positive effects on health, patients undergoing lung cancer surgery often report a low level of physical activity. Measuring physical activity is not easy, self-reported physical activity remains the most clinically applicable type of measurement, and a simple and valid questionnaire for screening patients would be valuable. Patients undergoing lung cancer surgery are often routinely treated by physiotherapists, but this kind of treatment has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the effect of physiotherapy and physical activity in patients undergoing cardiac or lung cancer surgery. This thesis include one cohort study of physical activity and recovery of lung function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, one validation study of two self-reported physical activity instruments in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery, and two randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of physiotherapy for patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. In study I, patients who remained active or increased their level of physical activity had better recovery of lung function, compared to patients who remained sedentary or reported a lower level of physical activity postoperatively. In study II, two self-reported physical activity instruments were validated against accelerometer data in patients three and twelve months after lung cancer surgery. Both instruments were found able to identify patients not meeting recommendations on physical activity. In study III, patients treated by physiotherapists were significantly more active during the first three days after lung cancer surgery, compared to an untreated control group. In study IV, no between-group differences three months after surgery were found between patients receiving in-hospital physiotherapy compared to an untreated control group. However, the patients in the treatment group reported an increase of physical activity three months after surgery compared to preoperatively, while the patients in the control group did not.
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| 34. |
- Jonsson, Marcus, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Validation of two self-reported physical activity instruments against accelerometer data in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0959-3985 .- 1532-5040. ; 38:13, s. 3119-3125
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Finding ways of identifying patients with low levels of physical activity after lung cancer surgery would be beneficial when planning and providing interventions aimed at increasing physical activity.PURPOSE: To validate two self-reported physical activity instruments against accelerometer data.METHODS: Self-reported physical activity was assessed with the four category One Month Physical Activity Question (OMPAQ) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire modified for the elderly (IPAQ-E). Objective measurement of physical activity was performed with the Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer. All measurements were performed three months after lung cancer surgery.RESULTS: Three months after surgery, 83 patients provided complete physical activity measurements. There were statistically significant correlations between both of the self-reported physical activity assessed by OMPAQ (r = 0.54, p < .01) as well as IPAQ-E (r = 0.50, p < .01) and objectively measured physical activity (steps/day). The correlations were consistently stronger for the higher intensities of physical activity. Both instruments could identify patients not reaching the recommended levels of physical activity.CONCLUSION: Both OMPAQ and IPAQ-E give valid information on physical activity after lung cancer surgery, and might be used for screening patients in clinical settings. The OMPAQ provided stronger correlation and specificity than the IPAQ-E, and might be the preferred clinical choice.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Karlsson, Mattias, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Biomimetic nanoscale reactors and networks
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-426X .- 1545-1593. ; 55, s. 613-49
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Methods based on self-assembly, self-organization, and forced shape transformations to form synthetic or semisynthetic enclosed lipid bilayer structures with several properties similar to biological nanocompartments are reviewed. The procedures offer unconventional micro- and nanofabrication routes to yield complex soft-matter devices for a variety of applications for example, in physical chemistry and nanotechnology. In particular, we describe novel micromanipulation methods for producing fluid-state lipid bilayer networks of nanotubes and surface-immobilized vesicles with controlled geometry, topology, membrane composition, and interior contents. Mass transport in nanotubes and materials exchange, for example, between conjugated containers, can be controlled by creating a surface tension gradient that gives rise to a moving boundary or by induced shape transformations. The network devices can operate with extremely small volume elements and low mass, to the limit of single molecules and particles at a length scale where a continuum mechanics approximation may break down. Thus, we also describe some concepts of anomalous fluctuation-dominated kinetics and anomalous diffusive behaviours, including hindered transport, as they might become important in studying chemistry and transport phenomena in these confined systems. The networks are suitable for initiating and controlling chemical reactions in confined biomimetic compartments for rationalizing, for example, enzyme behaviors, as well as for applications in nanofluidics, bioanalytical devices, and to construct computational and complex sensor systems with operations building on chemical kinetics, coupled reactions and controlled mass transport.
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| 37. |
- Lindblom, A., et al.
(författare)
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First Trials with a 45 GW Cable-Based Pulsed-Power Generator
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Acta Physica Polonica. A. - 0587-4246 .- 1898-794X. ; 115:6, s. 976-977
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The output from narrow-band high-power microwave (HPM) sources, such as the virtual cathode oscillator (vircator) and the magnetically insulated line oscillator (MILO), is strongly dependent on the voltage pulse feed. A rectangular, flat-top voltage pulse can be achieved by the use of a transmission line as a pulse-forming unit. The development in high-voltage cable technology has made them useful as parts of high-voltage and high-power generator systems. The generator is designed to deliver a 200 ns voltage pulse of 500 kV into a 10 Omega unmatched load with an electric power of 25 GW. The generator has an impedance of 2 Q. The primary energy storage of the generator consists of a 50 kV, 20 U capacitor bank. The 50 kV is discharged into a transformer that charges a pulse-forming line to 550 kV. When charged, the pulse-forming line is discharged into the load via a spark gap. This paper presents results from initial testing of the generator.
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| 38. |
- Lindblom, Adam, et al.
(författare)
-
High-voltage pulsed-power cable generator
- 2009
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. - USA : IEEE. - 0093-3813 .- 1939-9375. ; 37:1, s. 236-242
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A cable-based 25-GW pulsed-power generator with output impedance of 2 is presented. It is designed to deliver a 200-ns-long 500-kV pulse into a 10 load. The primary energy storage of the generator consists of a 50-kV 20-kJ capacitor bank. The 50-kV capacitor bank is discharged into a 1 : 12 transformer. The transformer is designed to charge a pulse-forming line (PFL) to 600 kV. When charged, the PFL is discharged into a load via a spark gap. The spark gap is located in a coaxial system containing deionized water together with the cable endings of the PFL and transformer. The electric field at the cable endings is refractively graded by the high permittivity of the surrounding water. The primary and secondary windings consist of high-voltage cables that are interleaved and wound together. The PFL consists of eight 40-m-long 110-kV coaxial cables with both ends connected to the load. Each cable screen is grounded in the middle and connected in parallel. The cables have a characteristic impedance of 30 . The parallel cable setup gives the PFL an impedance of 2 . The total length, height, and width of the pulse generator are 4, 2, and 1.2 m, respectively.
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| 39. |
- MacCutcheon, Douglas, et al.
(författare)
-
Second language vocabulary level is related to benefits for second language listening comprehension under lower reverberation time conditions
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X. ; 31:2, s. 175-185
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The acoustic qualities of a room can have a deleterious effect on the quality of speech signals. The acoustic measurement of reverberation time (RT) has shown to impact second language (L2) speech comprehension positively when lower due to release from spectral and temporal masking effects as well as top-down processing factors. This auralization experiment investigated the benefits of better L2 vocabulary and executive function (updating) skills during L2 listening comprehension tests under shorter versus longer RT conditions (0.3 and 0.9 s). 57 bilingual university students undertook L2 vocabulary, number updating and L2 listening comprehension tests. After splitting groups into high/low vocabulary and updating groups, a mixed ANOVA was conducted. The high number updating group showed no significant differences or interactions in L2 listening comprehension than the lower number updating group across RT conditions. The high vocabulary group had 22% better L2 listening comprehension than the low vocabulary group in long RT, and 9% better in short RT. A significant benefit in L2 listening comprehension due to release from reverberation was only evident in the high vocabulary group. Results indicate that the benefit of good room acoustics for listening comprehension is greatest for those with better language (vocabulary) ability.
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| 40. |
- Mahdavi, Jafar, et al.
(författare)
-
Helicobacter pylori SabA adhesin in persistent infection and chronic inflammation
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science. - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 297:5581, s. 573-578
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Helicobacter pylori adherence in the human gastric mucosa involves specific bacterial adhesins and cognate host receptors. Here, we identify sialyl-dimeric-Lewis x glycosphingolipid as a receptor for H. pylori and show that H. pylori infection induced formation of sialyl-Lewis x antigens in gastric epithelium in humans and in a Rhesus monkey. The corresponding sialic acid-binding adhesin (SabA) was isolated with the "retagging" method, and the underlying sabA gene (JHP662/HP0725) was identified. The ability of many H. pylori strains to adhere to sialylated glycoconjugates expressed during chronic inflammation might thus contribute to virulence and the extraordinary chronicity of H. pylori infection.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Möller, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical Simulation of the TE11 Mode in a Coaxial Vircator
- 2007
-
Ingår i: IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials. - 0385-4205. ; 127:11, s. 687-689
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies of the concept of direct excitation of the TE11 mode in a coaxial vircator using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations is presented. The excitation of the TE11 mode is made possible by sectioning the emitting surface of the cathode, thus creating two interacting virtual cathodes. It is shown that the two virtual cathodes formed oscillate in push-pull mode as previously has been described for a planar geometry.
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| 43. |
- Möller, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Proof of Principle Experiments on Direct Generation of the TE11 Mode in a Coaxial Vircator
- 2010
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. - 0093-3813 .- 1939-9375. ; 38:1, s. 26-31
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments on a coaxial vircator with a sectioned emitter are reported. The emitting area is sectioned to form two opposing emitters in order to favor growth of the TE11 mode and inhibit growth of the TM01 mode that is usually excited in a coaxial vircator. Experiments are performed using a compact 320-J 400-kV Marx generator and a compact coaxial vircator built in a standard 8 '' vacuum tube. The radiated magnetic-field strength is measured by means of four free-field (B-dot) probes, and experiments show that sectioning the emitter does, in fact, lead to generation of the TE11 mode.
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| 44. |
- Novac, Bucur M., et al.
(författare)
-
A 10-GW pulsed power supply for HPM sources
- 2006
-
Ingår i: IEEE TRANS PLASMA SCI. ; , s. 1814-1821
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A research activity involving the detailed consideration of novel high-voltage transformers for pulsed-power applications has recently begun at Loughborough University. Although the main goal is the demonstration of a compact and lightweight unit employing magnetic insulation under vacuum conditions, the initial stage of the work is directed toward the development of a conventional air-cored transformer as a main component in a compact power supply for high power microwave sources. In cooperation with the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), the power supply has been tested with a microwave source of the vircator type. The power generator for the system uses a 70-kJ/25-kV capacitor bank and an exploding wire array to generate a 150-kV voltage pulse in the primary circuit of a transformer. A pressurized SF6 spark gap in the secondary circuit sharpens the high-voltage output so that pulses approaching 500 kV and with a rise time well below 100 ns are generated on a 20-Omega high-power resistors With the peak power in excess of 10 GW. Experimental results are presented from final testing of the system, where a reflex triode vircator replaces the 20-Omega resistor. Measurements of the microwave emission using free-field sensors are presented, and comments are made with the microwave emission from the same vircator when powered by a Marx generator at FOI.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Pettersson-Pablo, Paul, 1986-
(författare)
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Biomarkers of vascular function and structure in young healthy adults
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting the blood vessels in the body. Its pathophysiologic mechanisms involve infiltration of the vessel walls by fatty matter and immune cells. This process is slow, starting in childhood but typically not manifesting as symptomatic disease until late adulthood (after 60 years of age). The identification of younger individuals with a high risk for early intervention has a higher potential of preventing morbidity and mortality.In this thesis, part of the Lifestyle, Biomarkers and Atherosclerosis study (LBA), the earliest stages of vascular dysfunction have been examined in a population of young, healthy, non-smoking subjects. Vascularfunction and structure measurements predict a future risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The measurements were analyzed in relation to clinical chemistry analyses of various biomarkers in serum and plasma that have been associated with inflammation or cardiovascular risk. A secondary aim was to examine estrogen containing contraceptive use and its relation to the CVD biomarkers.In Paper I and Paper II of the thesis, the association between inflammatory biomarkers, body fat percentage and vascular function and structure measurements was examined in multivariable linear regression models. A higher body fat percentage predicted an increased serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) and orosomucoid. In Paper II, a higher body fat percentage and a higher CRP were associated with a more unfavorable vascular function and structure.In Paper III and Paper IV, we employed two multiplex proteomics panels to analyze inflammatory proteins and proteins previously implicated in CVD. In multivariable linear regression models, proteins implicated in hemostasis, inflammatory signaling and chemoattraction correlated with different vascular function and structure measurements. InPaper IV, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) and IGFBP2 were independently predictive of an increased vascular stiffness.In conclusion, even in young, healthy individuals, altered concentrations of serum biomarkers can be detected in subjects with increased body fat and unfavorable vascular function and structure.
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| 48. |
- Sörqvist, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
-
High second-language proficiency protects against the effects of reverberation on listening comprehension
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 55:2, s. 91-96
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether classroom reverberation influences second-language (L2) listening comprehension. Moreover, we investigated whether individual differences in baseline L2 proficiency and in working memory capacity (WMC) modulate the effect of reverberation time on L2 listening comprehension. The results showed that L2 listening comprehension decreased as reverberation time increased. Participants with higher baseline L2 proficiency were less susceptible to this effect. WMC was also related to the effect of reverberation (although just barely significant), but the effect of WMC was eliminated when baseline L2 proficiency was statistically controlled. Taken together, the results suggest that top-down cognitive capabilities support listening in adverse conditions. Potential implications for the Swedish national tests in English are discussed.
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| 49. |
- Wallén Warner, Henriette, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Cykelförmåga under alkoholpåverkan : Testbanestudie
- 2024
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Trots att alkoholpåverkan i samband med cykling ökar risken att skadas och förolyckas har vi begränsad kunskap om hur alkohol påverkar cyklisten. Syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka effekten av stigande alkoholhalt på olika förmågor som krävs för att kunna framföra en cykel på ett betryggande sätt på en testbana. Tjugoåtta deltagare, varav 19 ingick i en experimentgrupp och nio i en kontrollgrupp, fick cykla en testbana uppbyggd på en avlyst parkeringsplats. Deltagarnas uppgift var att i) cykla slalom runt nio plastkoner, ii) cykla så rakt som möjligt på ett uppritat streck i mitten av en konformad strut och ibland plinga med ringklockan, iii) cykla så långsamt som möjligt och på varje stoppstreck stanna och sätta ner ena foten samt iv) stanna med båda fötterna och hela cykeln inom varje stoppruta. Deltagarna i experimentgruppen försågs vid upprepade tillfällen med alkohol (målet var att de skulle uppnå 1,0 promille) medan deltagarna i kontrollgruppen var nyktra under hela försöket. Under försöket mätte vi hur alkoholintaget påverkade alkoholhalt, upplevda alkoholpåverkan, cykelprestation, självskattad cykelförmåga, kognition och perception. Vidare mätte vi spänningssökande samt attityd, norm, kontroll, avsikt samt tidigare och uppföljande beteende att cykla alkoholpåverkade i verklig trafik. Resultaten tyder på att flertalet förmågor som är nödvändiga för att kunna cykla säkert försämrades av alkoholpåverkan. Från en genomsnittlig alkoholhalt på 0,7 promille var denna försämring statistiskt säkerställd men redan från en genomsnittlig alkoholhalt på 0,2 promille kunde man se en tendens till försämring. Samtidigt visar resultaten att cykling under alkoholpåverkan var relativt vanligt förekommande bland deltagarna.
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| 50. |
- Wallén Warner, Henriette, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Cykelförmåga under alkoholpåverkan : testbanestudie
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Sammanställning av referat från Transportforum 2024. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 507-508
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I sin handbok för ökad trafiksäkerhet för cyklister slog WHO fast att alkoholpåverkan ökar risken att skadas och förolyckas. Samtidigt baseras dagens kunskap om cykelförmåga under alkoholpåverkan på studier med självrapporterat data, genomförda i laboratoriemiljö inomhus och/eller med fokus på en enda förmåga. I denna studie har vi närmat oss verkliga trafikförhållanden genom att studera flera olika förmågor på en testbana uppbyggd på en avlyst parkeringsplats utomhus. Syftet var att undersöka effekten av stigande alkoholhalt på flera olika förmågor som krävs för att kunna framföra en cykel på ett betryggande sätt på en testbana. Vi undersökte därför hur stigande alkoholhalt påverkar cyklisters upplevda alkoholpåverkan, cykelprestation, självskattade cykelförmåga samt kognitiva och perceptuella förmågor. Vi undersökte även spänningssökande och attityd, norm, kontroll, avsikt och beteende att cykla alkoholpåverkade i verklig trafik. Förhoppningen är att kunskapen ska bidra till att antalet alkoholrelaterade cykelolyckor reduceras. Efter godkänd etikansökan rekryterade vi 28 deltagare mellan 21 och 35 år. Samtliga deltagare hade god cykelvana, god hälsa och ingen hade något miss- eller skadligt bruk av alkohol. Av dessa ingick 19 deltagare i experimentgruppen (som försågs med alkohol) medan nio deltagare ingick i kontrollgruppen (som var nyktra under hela försöket). Försöket bestod av fem identiska block. Varje block började med ett cykelpass där deltagarna cyklade 10 varv på testbanan med en instrumenterad cykel. Deltagarnas uppgift var att cykla slalom, rakt, långsamt, stanna cykeln inom en uppritad ruta/på uppritade sträck samt plinga i ringklockan. Varje cykelpass följdes av munsköljning och ett utandningsprov varefter deltagarnas upplevda alkoholpåverkan, självskattade cykelförmåga samt kognitiva och perceptuella förmågor undersöktes. Därefter försågs deltagarna i experimentgruppen med alkohol medan deltagarna i kontrollgruppen fick alkoholfri dryck. Efter det sista blocket fick samtliga deltagarna fylla i en efterenkät och fem månader senare fick de även besvara några uppföljande frågor. Deltagarna i kontrollgruppen fick lämna platsen direkt efter försöket medan deltagarna i experimentgruppen försågs med alkoholfri dryck och tilltugg. När deras alkoholhalt börjat sjunka hämtades deav en anhörig som i förväg garanterat att ta hand om dem tills de var nyktra.
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