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Sökning: WFRF:(Huttula M.)

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1.
  • Pilla, Rachel M., et al. (författare)
  • Global data set of long-term summertime vertical temperature profiles in 153 lakes
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Springer Nature. - 2052-4463. ; 8:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Climate change and other anthropogenic stressors have led to long-term changes in the thermal structure, including surface temperatures, deepwater temperatures, and vertical thermal gradients, in many lakes around the world. Though many studies highlight warming of surface water temperatures in lakes worldwide, less is known about long-term trends in full vertical thermal structure and deepwater temperatures, which have been changing less consistently in both direction and magnitude. Here, we present a globally-expansive data set of summertime in-situ vertical temperature profiles from 153 lakes, with one time series beginning as early as 1894. We also compiled lake geographic, morphometric, and water quality variables that can influence vertical thermal structure through a variety of potential mechanisms in these lakes. These long-term time series of vertical temperature profiles and corresponding lake characteristics serve as valuable data to help understand changes and drivers of lake thermal structure in a time of rapid global and ecological change.
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2.
  • Mailhiot, M., et al. (författare)
  • Multielectron coincidence spectroscopy of the Ar2+(2p-2) double-core-hole decay
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A. - 2469-9926. ; 107:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The dominant decay pathways of argon 2p-2 double-core-hole states have been investigated using synchrotron radiation and a magnetic-bottle-type spectrometer coupled with an ion time-of-flight spectrometer. This experiment allows for efficient multi-electron-ion coincidence measurements, and thus for following the Auger cascade step by step in detail. Dominant decay pathways leading to Ar4+ final states via Ar3+ intermediate states have been assigned with the help of theoretical ab initio calculations. The weak correlated decay of the two core holes by emission of a single Auger electron, leading to Ar3+ final states, has been observed at 458.5-eV kinetic energy. Compared to the total decay of the 2p-2 double core vacancies, this two-electron-one-electron process was measured to have a branching ratio of 1.9 x 10-3 & PLUSMN; 1.0 x 10-3. Furthermore, the remaining decay paths of the Ar1+ (1s-1) core hole to higher charge states and their respective contributions to the total yield have been analyzed and show very good agreement with theoretical results.
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3.
  • Pilla, Rachel M., et al. (författare)
  • Deeper waters are changing less consistently than surface waters in a global analysis of 102 lakes
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Globally, lake surface water temperatures have warmed rapidly relative to air temperatures, but changes in deepwater temperatures and vertical thermal structure are still largely unknown. We have compiled the most comprehensive data set to date of long-term (1970–2009) summertime vertical temperature profiles in lakes across the world to examine trends and drivers of whole-lake vertical thermal structure. We found significant increases in surface water temperatures across lakes at an average rate of + 0.37 °C decade−1, comparable to changes reported previously for other lakes, and similarly consistent trends of increasing water column stability (+ 0.08 kg m−3 decade−1). In contrast, however, deepwater temperature trends showed little change on average (+ 0.06 °C decade−1), but had high variability across lakes, with trends in individual lakes ranging from − 0.68 °C decade−1 to + 0.65 °C decade−1. The variability in deepwater temperature trends was not explained by trends in either surface water temperatures or thermal stability within lakes, and only 8.4% was explained by lake thermal region or local lake characteristics in a random forest analysis. These findings suggest that external drivers beyond our tested lake characteristics are important in explaining long-term trends in thermal structure, such as local to regional climate patterns or additional external anthropogenic influences.
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4.
  • Pärna, R., et al. (författare)
  • FinEstBeaMS – A wide-range Finnish-Estonian Beamline for Materials Science at the 1.5 GeV storage ring at the MAX IV Laboratory
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002. ; 859, s. 83-89
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The FinEstBeaMS beamline is under construction at the 1.5 GeV storage ring of the MAX IV Laboratory at Lund, Sweden. It has been designed to cover an unusually wide energy range from ultraviolet (4.3 eV) to soft X-rays (1000 eV) but experiments will also be possible at the Mg and Al Kα energies. Instead of having two different insertion devices and optical schemes for low and high photon energy regions, we have based our design on a single long-period, elliptically polarizing undulator and a plane grating monochromator. This solution will provide very good conditions for planned experiments in the whole photon energy region. The beamline will have two branches: one will mainly be used to investigate free atoms, molecules and clusters with photoelectron/photoion coincidence spectroscopy as well as solids with photoluminescence spectroscopy whereas the other one will be dedicated to ultra-high vacuum studies of surfaces and interfaces, utilizing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. This paper focuses on the optical design of the beamline and general design concepts of the gas phase and solid state end stations.
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5.
  • Wang, W., et al. (författare)
  • A new user-friendly materials science end station at the FinEstBeAMS beamline of MAX IV
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 2380
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • FinEstBeAMS is an atmospheric and materials science beamline located at the 1.5 GeV storage ring of the MAX IV Laboratory in Lund, Sweden. It offers a very wide photon energy range 4.5-1300 eV and radiation with different polarization characteristics. The beamline has three end stations installed at two branch lines. The new solid state end station (SSES) is described in this paper. It is a high-throughput apparatus with flexible sample preparation options for X-ray photoemission, angle-resolved photoemission, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Three examples of experiments at room temperature demonstrate the capabilities of the SSES in the research field of surface science and condensed matter physics.
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6.
  • Andersson, T., et al. (författare)
  • Electronic structure transformation in small bare Au clusters as seen by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics B. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-4075 .- 1361-6455. ; 50:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Free bare gold clusters in the size range from few tens to few hundred atoms (<= 1 nm dimensions) have been produced in a beam, and the size-dependent development of their full valence band including the 5d and 6s parts has been mapped 'on the fly' by synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy. The Au 4f core level has been also probed, and the cluster-specific Au 4f ionization energies have been used to estimate the cluster size. The recorded in the present work valence spectra of the small clusters are compared with the spectra of the large clusters (N similar to 10(3)) created by us using a magnetron-based gas aggregation source. The comparison shows a substantially narrower 5d valence band and the decrease in its splitting for gold clusters in the size range of few hundred atoms and below. Our DFT calculations involving the pseudopotential method show that the 5d band width of the ground state increases with the cluster size and by the size N = 20 becomes comparable with the experimental width of the valence photoelectron spectrum. Similar to the earlier observations on supported clusters we interpret our experimental and theoretical results as due to the undercoordination of a large fraction of atoms in the clusters with N similar to 10(2) and below. The consequences of such electronic structure of small gold clusters are discussed in connection with their specific physical and chemical properties related to nanoplasmonics and nanocatalysis.
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7.
  • Andersson, Tomas, et al. (författare)
  • Photon energy influence on valence photoelectron spectra of silver clusters
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 388:15, s. 152028-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Silver clusters in the size range of ∼102 constituent atoms have been studied using photoelectron spec-troscopy. The 5s and 4d valence bands have been probed with 40 and 60.5 eV photon energies. Differences in the valence band spectral features have been observed and are discussed in view of earlier results on copper clusters and in terms of differences in mean free path for electrons of different energies.
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8.
  • Boudjemia, N., et al. (författare)
  • Deep-core photoionization of krypton atoms below and above the 1s ionization threshold
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A: covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 2469-9926 .- 2469-9934. ; 101:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Electronic relaxation of atomic Kr below and above the 1s ionization threshold is investigated experimentally using hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental results are interpreted with the aid of relativistic Dirac-Fock calculations. The 1s orbital core-hole lifetime is extracted and the satellite's structures accompanying the photoelectron main line are assigned. Auger spectra recorded below and above the K edge are also investigated. In particular, the Auger cascade originating from vacancies of different origin in the L shell is analyzed in great detail. Competition between radiative KL versus nonradiative KLL Auger emission is emphasized.
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9.
  • Boudjemia, N., et al. (författare)
  • Electron spectroscopy and dynamics of HBr around the Br 1s(-1) threshold
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 22:46, s. 26806-26818
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A comprehensive electron spectroscopic study combined with partial electron yield measurements around the Br 1s ionization threshold of HBr at approximately equal to 13.482 keV is reported. In detail, the Br 1s(-1) X-ray absorption spectrum, the 1s(-1) photoelectron spectrum as well as the normal and resonant KLL Auger spectra are presented. Moreover, the L-shell Auger spectra measured with photon energies below and above the Br 1s(-1) ionization energy as well as on top of the Br 1s(-1)sigma* resonance are shown. The latter two Auger spectra represent the second step of the decay cascade subsequent to producing a Br 1s(-1) core hole. The measurements provide information on the electron and nuclear dynamics of deep core-excited states of HBr on the femtosecond timescale. From the different spectra the lifetime broadening of the Br 1s(-1) single core-hole state as well as of the Br(2s(-2),2s(-1)2p(-1),2p(-2)) double core-hole states are extracted and discussed. The slope of the strongly dissociative HBr 2p(-2)sigma* potential energy curve is found to be about -13.60 eV angstrom(-1). The interpretation of the experimental data, and in particular the assignment of the spectral features in the KLL and L-shell Auger spectra, is supported by relativistic calculations for HBr molecule and atomic Br.
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10.
  • Boudjemia, N., et al. (författare)
  • Experimental and theoretical study of the Kr L-shell Auger decay
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A: covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-9926 .- 2469-9934. ; 104:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The LMM Auger spectra of krypton are measured using the photon energies hv = 1709 eV, 1792 eV, 1950 eV, and 13 keV. This approach allows separating the contributions from the various core holes L-1 , L-2., and L-3. Previously unobserved transitions are presented. Complementary theoretical work is performed allowing the assignment of the spectral features. The L2,3Y -MMY (Y = M-4,M-5, N-1,N-2,N-3) Auger transitions of Kr2+ formed via Coster-Kronig Auger decay of the core holes L-1 and L-2. are also investigated. These spectra comprise about 4000 and 13 000 transitions, respectively, so that only general statements on the assignment, such as the configurations involved in the transitions, can be given.
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11.
  • Hautala, Lauri, et al. (författare)
  • Experimental observation of structural phase transition in CsBr clusters
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Physical Review B. - 1098-0121. ; 95:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Formation and growth of CsBr clusters embedded in unsupported Ar clusters was studied using synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy. The development of the core-level electronic structure for cluster sizes between a few and a few hundred atoms contained information about the local coordination of the constituent particles. The experimental results indicate that a gradual structural phase transition from NaCl structure to CsCl structure for CsBr clusters takes place at around 160 atoms per cluster.
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12.
  • Iablonskyi, D., et al. (författare)
  • High resolution study of the inner-shell 3p-3d and 3p-5s resonance regions in calcium atoms
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier BV. - 0368-2048. ; 186, s. 8-13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The 3p(5)4s(2)3d P-1(1) and 3p(5)(P-2(3/2))4s(2)5s (2)[3/2](1) resonance regions of Ca atoms have been studied experimentally with the aid of synchrotron radiation excited electron spectroscopy. The strong configuration interaction of the 3p(5)4s(2)3d, 3p(5)4s(2)5s and several other nearly degenerate configurations leads to complex structures observed in the photoelectron yield spectrum. Multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) calculations have been performed for these 3p-excited resonances of neutral calcium and compared to experimental results. The excitation and subsequent autoionization of these resonances lead to the final ionic 3p(6)nl states from which new high-lying members of the Rydberg p-series have been resolved experimentally. These new levels agree reasonably well with calculations as well as with the extrapolation of the Rydberg formula. The post collision interaction (PCI) effect has been observed in the transition Ca+ 3p(5)3d4s P-2(1/2,3/2)-> Ca2+ 3p(6) S-1(0) + e(Auger)(-) and explained by means of the rather long core-hole lifetime, while the decay of Ca+ 3p(5)3d4s P-4(1/2),(3/2,5/2) states is not affected by PCI. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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13.
  • Jankala, K., et al. (författare)
  • Analysis of 3d photoionization and subsequent Auger decay of atomic germanium
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics). - 1050-2947. ; 84:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Experimental and theoretical study of the 3d photoionization and subsequent Auger decay of initially neutral atomic germanium is presented. The features of the high-resolution photoelectron and Auger electron spectra are interpreted with the aid of multiconfiguration calculations. The binding energies and relative cross sections of the 3d ionized fine-structure states of Ge are given. The complete M4,5NN Auger electron spectrum to doubly ionized final states of the Ge ion is interpreted and discussed.
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14.
  • Mailhiot, M., et al. (författare)
  • Search for the interatomic Auger effect in Nitrous Oxide
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - 0368-2048. ; 265
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The interatomic Auger effect following O 1s ionization in N2O has been experimentally investigated using multi-electron coincidence spectroscopy. The expected transition energies have been established by comparison to the measured N 1s−1v−1 core-valence double ionization energies. We describe a procedure to eliminate the background of two competing processes contributing spectroscopic signatures to the same energy range, namely double Auger decay of the O 1s vacancy and direct single-photon double ionization into the N 1s−1v−1 states. While the interatomic Auger transitions could not be successfully isolated, we provide an upper boundary of the transition probability of 0.07% with respect to the dominant single Auger decay after O 1s ionization.
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15.
  • Piancastelli, Maria Novella, et al. (författare)
  • X-ray versus Auger emission following Xe 1s photoionization
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. - 1050-2947 .- 1094-1622. ; 95:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Xe 1s photoelectron spectra were measured at SPring-8, Japan. The core-hole lifetime broadening was found to be 9.6 eV, yielding a lifetime of similar to 68 as. The amount of radiative versus nonradiative decay was assessed by recording Auger LMM spectra below and above the K edge. Below the K edge, L vacancies are produced only by direct photoionization, while above the K edge some of these vacancies are mainly produced by KL emission following 1s photoionization. Due to the dipole selection rule for x-ray emission, the dominant role of the KL relaxation process is rather directly observed.
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16.
  • Shi, X., et al. (författare)
  • Quantitative assessment of structural and compositional colors induced by femtosecond laser : A case study on 301LN stainless steel surface
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 484, s. 655-662
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The topic of durable coloration and passivation of metal surfaces using state-of-the-art techniques has gained enormous attention and devotion with unremitting efforts of researchers worldwide. Although femtosecond laser marking has been performed on many metals, the related coloration mechanisms are mainly referred to structural colors produced by the interaction of visible light with periodic surface structures. Yet, general quantitative determination of the resulting colors and their origins remain elusive. In this work, we realized quantitative separations of structural colors and compositional pigmentary colors on 301LN austenitic stainless steel surfaces that were treated by femtosecond laser machining. The overall color information was extracted from surface reflectance, with structural color given by numerical simulations, and oxide compositions by chemical state analysis. It was shown that the laser-induced apparent colors of 301LN steel surfaces were combinations of structural and compositional colorations, with the former dominating the angular response and the latter setting up the brownish bases. In addition to the quantification of colors, the analysis method in this work may be useful for the generation and specification of tailored color palettes for practical coloration on metal surfaces by femtosecond laser marking.
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17.
  • Aksela, H, et al. (författare)
  • The character of the Xe 4p -> nl resonances studied with the aid of their Auger decay
  • 1998
  • Ingår i: JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 0953-4075. ; 31:24, s. 5337-5346
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Theoretical predictions for the Xe 4p --> nl photoexcitation are shown to depend strongly on the gauge and wavefunctions used in calculations. In order to test the theory, the resonant Auger decay of the Xe 4p(-1)nl states has been measured with high phot
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18.
  • Ceolin, D., et al. (författare)
  • Auger resonant-Raman study at the Ar K edge as probe of electronic-state-lifetime interferences
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. - 1050-2947 .- 1094-1622. ; 91:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The resonant-Auger decay in argon following Ar 1s - np excitations was studied under resonant-Raman conditions, i.e., with a total instrumental bandwidth much narrower than the natural linewidth of the absorption features. These state-of-the-art experiments are combined with a radiationless resonant-Raman scattering theory. The main results include identification of the energy position of some high-lying Rydberg states previously masked by insufficient resolution and clear evidence of electronic-state-lifetime interference phenomena.
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19.
  • Jankala, K., et al. (författare)
  • Photon Energy Dependent Valence Band Response of Metallic Nanoparticles
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114 .- 0031-9007. ; 107:18
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We show that the valence band response to photon impact in metallic nanoparticles is highly energy dependent. This is seen as drastic variations of cross sections in valence photoionization of free and initially charge-neutral nanosized metal clusters. The effect is demonstrated in a combined experimental and theoretical study of Rb clusters. The experimental findings are interpreted theoretically using a jellium model and superatom description. The variations are attributed to the changing overlap with the photon energy between the wave functions of diffuse delocalized valence electrons and continuum electrons producing a series of minima in the cross section.
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20.
  • Kettunen, J. A., et al. (författare)
  • Electron-ion coincidence study of photofragmentation of the CdCl2 molecule
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Journal of Mass Spectrometry. - : Wiley. - 1076-5174. ; 46:9, s. 901-907
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this work, the photofragmentation subsequent to valence and Cd4d photoionization of cadmium dichloride (CdCl2) were studied using He I and synchrotron excitation. The measurements were performed with a photoelectron-photoion coincidence (PEPICO) setup, and the connection between the singly ionized electronic states and cationic fragments was investigated. The valence-ionized states were found to lead to CdCl2+, Cd+ and CdCl+. The Cd4d(-1) states were found to lead only to Cl+ ions. The observed charge transfer effect between Cd and Cl was concluded to take place due to internal conversion or fluorescence decay to dissociating valence states either directly or through consecutive fragmentation. The fragmentation energetics were investigated with molecular ab initio calculations, and the calculated energies were found to agree with the detected fragment appearances. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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21.
  • Kokkonen, E., et al. (författare)
  • Formation of stable HCl+ following resonant Auger decay in CH3Cl
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: PHYSICAL REVIEW A. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-9926. ; 94:3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Photoinduced reformation of chemical bonds is investigated in the CH3Cl molecule experimentally and computationally. The observation of stable HCl+ fragment formation after resonant Cl 2p photoexcitation is confirmed by an electron-ion coincidence experiment, and its possible creation mechanism is reported. We attribute the formation of HCl+ to specific final states populated by the resonant Auger decay. Quantum chemical computations support this attribution and suggest that in at least one of those states the system is placed on a potential energy surface which favors creation of HCl+ by moving one hydrogen atom to a closer proximity of the chlorine atom. This work demonstrates the effect of targeted core-shell excitation on the chemical bond breaking and reformation process, often called photoinduced chemistry.
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22.
  • Kukk, E., et al. (författare)
  • Dissociation of deuteromethane following carbon 1s core ionization
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. - 1050-2947 .- 1094-1622. ; 66:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Energy-resolved electron-ion coincidence spectra of the deuteromethane molecule were measured following ionization by narrow-band synchrotron radiation. The ion mass spectra were recorded in coincidence with the outer and inner valence photoelectrons and with the normal Auger electrons from the decay of the carbon 1s core hole. Complementary noncoincidence ion mass spectra were measured below and above the C 1s threshold. The fragmentation patterns of the singly and doubly ionized deuteromethane under different ionization conditions are examined. Carbon core ionization is shown to open new photodissociation pathways not available in the valence ionization photon energy regime. With the aid of ab initio quantum chemistry calculations, a two-step model of the dissociation following core ionization is proposed, showing a good agreement with the experimental findings.
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23.
  • Mikkela, M-H, et al. (författare)
  • Photoelectron spectroscopy of unsupported bismuth clusters: Size related effects of metallic properties
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Applied Physics Reviews. - : AIP Publishing. - 1931-9401. ; 112:8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Evolution of metallic properties of free and initially neutral nanoscale Bi clusters has been studied using synchrotron radiation excited photoelectron spectroscopy. The 4f and 5d core as well as the valence levels have been probed. The cross-level analysis indicates metallic properties in Bi clusters in the observed size range from 0.5 nm to 1.4 nm. The behavior of the core-level and valence binding energies as a function of cluster size has been observed to be smooth and relatively consistent. Valence responses for the largest clusters have their shape and width similar to those of the polycrystalline solid Bi. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4759324]
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24.
  • Mikkela, M. -H., et al. (författare)
  • Size-dependent study of Rb and K clusters using core and valence level photoelectron spectroscopy
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: European Physical Journal D. Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6060 .- 1434-6079. ; 64:2-3, s. 347-352
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Electronic structure of free and neutral Rb and K clusters containing from few tens to few hundred atoms has been studied using synchrotron radiation. Core-level photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to probe the metallic nature of Rb and K clusters. We show that the metallicity exists down to the dimensions of few nanometers. Simultaneously the emergence and evolution of the valence band structure has been monitored by the valence-level photoelectron spectroscopy.
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25.
  • Osmekhin, S., et al. (författare)
  • Size-dependent transformation of energy structure in free tin clusters studied by photoelectron spectroscopy
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. - 1050-2947 .- 1094-1622. ; 81:2, s. 023203-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Free nanoscale tin clusters in the average size range of a few tens up to similar to 500 atoms are studied by means of valence and core-level photoelectron spectroscopy. A self-consistent picture arises from comparison of the work functions derived from the 4d core-level spectra, the experimental ionization energies extracted from the 5p valence spectra, and the expectations from the metallic sphere model for the clusters. The present studies demonstrate that the 4d core-level energy changes are a sensitive probe of the metal-to-semiconductor transition in the size range under investigation.
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26.
  • Patanen, M., et al. (författare)
  • High-resolution study of K 3p photoabsorption and resonant Auger decay in KF
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics). - 1050-2947. ; 80:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • High-resolution (K3p sigma and pi)->sigma absorption spectrum of KF in the photon energy range of 18.2-19.4 eV was measured at the new FINEST beamline branch on the I3 beamline on MAX III. The experimental spectrum is presented and interpreted using nonrelativistic ab initio molecular calculations corrected with perturbation theory treatment to account for spin-orbit interaction. Resonant Auger decay recorded at the strongest resonances is also presented and reproduced by theoretical calculations. Also a brief introduction to the FINEST beamline branch is presented.
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27.
  • Patanen, M., et al. (författare)
  • Strong molecular field effects in Auger decay of the potassium 2p core-hole state in molecular KCl, KBr and KI
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-4075 .- 1361-6455. ; 41:21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The K 2p photoionization and subsequent LMM Auger decay have been studied for molecular gas-phase KCl, KBr and KI. The detected manifold spectral structure of the Auger electron spectrum of KCl has been interpreted to originate from strong molecular field effects. This indicates that Auger decay on potassium side of originally very ionic molecules creates inner-shell hole states with a strong molecular character.
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28.
  • Patanen, M., et al. (författare)
  • Valence photoionization and photoelectron-photoion coincidence (PEPICO) study of molecular LiCl and Li2Cl2
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier BV. - 0368-2048. ; 185:8-9, s. 285-293
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Molecular LiCl and Li2Cl2 have been studied in the vapor phase with valence photoelectron and photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopies. These two techniques determine the binding energies in fundamentally different ways. Binding energies obtained from photoelectron spectra are usually taken as the vertical ionization energies of the corresponding electronic states. In cases with several overlapping bands, corresponding to different electronic states, the coincidence measurement can separate the bands if the respective final states fragment differently. This applies well to the monomer case. To facilitate the determination of state-specific ionization energies in the dimeric molecule, a theoretical Franck-Condon analysis has been carried out. Moreover, ab initio coupled-cluster and density-functional-theory calculations have been used to analyze the fragmentation pattern based on asymptotic dissociation energies. The fragmentation pattern is largely common to all the accessible valence-ionized states of the chiller, consistent with rapid conversion to the ionic ground state before fragmentation. However, the highest-lying state of Li2Cl2+, (2)A(g). shows enhanced propensity for Li+ as dissociation product. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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29.
  • Schulz, J., et al. (författare)
  • 5p photoemission from laser excited cesium atoms
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. - 1050-2947 .- 1094-1622. ; 73:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fine-structure resolved 5p photoemission spectra of Cs in the ground state and after laser excitation into the [Xe]6p P-2(1/2) and 6p(2)P(3/2) states have been studied. The 5p(5)6p final states have been reached by the 5p(6)6s -> 5p(5)6p conjugate shakeup process from ground-state atoms as well as by direct photoemission from laser-excited atoms. The laser-excited spectra can be well described with calculations based on the jK-coupling model. Calculations based on a multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock approach have been performed to investigate the deviations created by intermediate coupling from the pure jK-coupling scheme.
  •  
30.
  • Tchaplyguine, Maxim, et al. (författare)
  • Size-dependent evolution of electronic structure in neutral Pb clusters-As seen by synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier BV. - 0368-2048 .- 1873-2526. ; 195, s. 55-61
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Neutral Pb clusters in the size range from a few tens of atoms up to similar to 100 atoms are studied using synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy. The electronic structure is seen to differ increasingly from that of the solid when the cluster size decreases. The valence band narrows gradually - down to about one fifth of the solid-state band width at the smallest size of few tens of atoms. Simultaneously the Fermi-edge energy shifts further away from the solid value by more than 2 eV. The Pb 5d core level binding energy also increases and the spectral features broaden and change in shape. The changes observed for the valence and for the 5d response energies and shapes are discussed in the context of the metal-to-insulator transition observed earlier in Pb clusters below the critical size of 20-30 atoms/cluster. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  •  
31.
  • Tchaplyguine, Maxim, et al. (författare)
  • What one can learn about clusters using the unique tools of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 388:15, s. 152025-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This presentation is intended to illustrate various types of collisional processes relevant for free clusters probed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using our own examples ranging from free-electron-metal clusters, through half-metal and semiconductor clusters to dielectrics, the latter from van-der-Waals to ionic clusters.
  •  
32.
  • Urpelainen, Samuli, et al. (författare)
  • Size evolution of electronic properties in free antimony nanoclusters
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 87:3, s. 035411-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The evolution of electronic properties in free antimony (Sb) nanoclusters as a function of the cluster size has been studied experimentally using synchrotron radiation. Antimony 4d core-level and valence-band regions have been probed, and the 4d binding energies and valence ionization potentials of clusters of various mean sizes have been determined. The binding-energy shifts with respect to polycrystalline solid have been used for deriving the electronic properties of the clusters. The observed results suggest that even large Sb clusters are not metallic.
  •  
33.
  • Fritzsche, S., et al. (författare)
  • Photoelectron satellite structure from the 3d and 4d inner-shell ionization of rubidium and cesium: Role of atomic relaxation
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics). - 1050-2947. ; 78:3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The photoelectron satellite structure of rubidium and cesium has been investigated following the photoionization of an nd (n= 3,4) inner-shell electron. The intensity ratios of the nd(-1) ms monopole and nd(-1) m'p conjugated satellite lines have been measured at MAX-lab by using high-resolution electron spectroscopy. For rubidium, moreover, the energy dependence of the 3d(j)6s/3d(j)5s and 3d(j)5p/3d(j)5s intensity ratios with j=3/2 and 5/2 is measured and compared with multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations. A good or at least reasonable agreement is found for both the monopole and conjugated shake-up probabilities if the relaxation of the bound-state electron density is taken into account in the computation of the photoionization cross sections. It is shown that, for the inner-shell ionization of medium and heavy atoms, the orbital relaxation accounts for a significant part of the satellite structure in the photoelectron spectra.
  •  
34.
  • Heinasmaki, S., et al. (författare)
  • Distorted angular distribution of the 2p photoelectrons in argon
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Physica Scripta. - : IOP Publishing. - 0031-8949 .- 1402-4896. ; 87:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Two consecutive hemispherical electron energy analyzers have been used to measure the argon angular distribution of 2p photoelectron lines over two quadrants of the dipole plane. A significant anomaly in the intensity of the photolines is observed at several electron emission angles, suggesting asymmetry with respect to the electric field vector of synchrotron light. As a possible cause for the observed behavior, we consider an external field affecting the photoelectrons, and show that it is capable of breaking the left-right asymmetry of the angular distribution, giving rise qualitatively to the observed behavior.
  •  
35.
  • Huotari, J., et al. (författare)
  • Separation of valence states in thin films with mixed V2O5 and V7O16 phases
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier BV. - 0368-2048 .- 1873-2526. ; 211, s. 47-54
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Among the other applications, vanadium oxide thin films are considered to be excellent candidates for gas sensing. To understand the origins of the sensing capability, we carried out X-ray photoelectron and X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements to determinate the surface valence states of thin films with mixed V7O16 and V2O5 compounds. Thin films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition, and the crystal structure and symmetry of the deposited films was studied using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. These results together with X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectra showed that the thin-film crystal structures varied between orthorhombic V2O5 phase and another phase of triclinic V7O16. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to quantitatively confirm the high amount of V4+ ions on surfaces of the films, especially of films with V7O16 phase present. This result was confirmed in the quantitative analysis of the V2p near-edge X-ray absorption spectra. Through the observed electronic structures, it was found that in addition to unique crystal structure and morphology, the enhanced gas sensitivity of these layers is attributed to the increase in the amount of surface oxygen vacancies.
  •  
36.
  • Iablonskyi, D., et al. (författare)
  • 3d photoionization and subsequent decay of atomic gallium
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-4075 .- 1361-6455. ; 46:17
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present an experimental and theoretical study of 3d photoionization and subsequent Auger decay of atomic gallium. The synchrotron radiation-induced electron spectra have been compared and analysed using multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations. It has been shown that the theoretically predicted photoelectron spectrum is in rather good agreement with the experiment allowing us to identify the main spectral features. However, prediction of the Auger decay intensities fails due to calculational difficulties for the continuum wavefunctions of very low kinetic energy Auger electrons.
  •  
37.
  • Jankala, K., et al. (författare)
  • Inner-shell 2p photoionization and Auger decay of atomic silicon
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics). - 1050-2947. ; 77:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A detailed experiment on 2p photoionization and subsequent Auger decay of atomic silicon is presented. Fine-structure-resolved photoelectron and Auger electron spectra are interpreted with the aid of large-scale multiconfiguration calculations. Energy separation and the relative cross sections of the 2p ionized fine-structure states of Si+ are given. The complete 2p Auger electron spectrum of Si is interpreted, and the intensity distribution to individual doubly ionized final states is studied.
  •  
38.
  •  
39.
  • Karpenko, A., et al. (författare)
  • Breakdown of ionic character of molecular alkali bromides in inner-valence photoionization
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 140:20
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The inner-valence region of alkali bromide XBr (X=Li, Na, K, Rb) vapours has been studied experimentally by means of synchrotron radiation excited photoelectron spectroscopy. Experimental spectra were analyzed by comparing them with available theoretical results and previous experiments. Ionic character of alkali bromides is seen to change in the inner-valence region with increasing atomic number of the alkali atom. A mechanism involving mixing between Br 4s and Rb 4p orbitals has been suggested to account for the fine structure observed in inner-valence ionization region of RbBr. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
  •  
40.
  • Kettunen, J. A., et al. (författare)
  • Dissociation of As-4 clusters following valence photoionization and 3d core excitation
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics). - 1050-2947. ; 86:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The VUV-induced photofragmentation of As-4 clusters was studied using photoelectron-photoion-coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy. The fragmentation pathways subsequent to outer and inner valence photoionization and resonant photoexcitation were studied by examining the cationic production as a function of electron energy. In addition, regular photoelectron spectroscopy and partial ion yield absorption spectroscopy were employed. In order to enhance the weak signal from the inner valence states, resonant core 3d excitation was used in the PEPICO experiment. The fragmentation pathways were inspected with the aid of ab initio and thermochemical calculations. The many-electron effects were found to play a major role in the observed inner valence structure and resulting photofragmentation.
  •  
41.
  • Kettunen, J. A., et al. (författare)
  • Valence electronic structure and photofragmentation of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CF3-CH2F)
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics). - 1050-2947. ; 85:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The electronic structure and fragmentation of the hydrofluorocarbon compound 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CF3-CH2F) were studied using spectroscopical methods and quantum chemical calculations. Valence photoelectron spectra and the ionic fragmentation products were recorded with synchrotron radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region. The geometric and electronic structures of the CF3-CH2F molecule were calculated using the complete active space perturbation theory of second order. The calculated vertical ionization energies were used to interpret the experimental photoelectron spectrum. VUV photodissociation of the sample molecule was studied with photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Coincident ion yields are shown for several cations as a function of electron binding energy. The experimental data are discussed in comparison with theory and previous work.
  •  
42.
  • Kokkonen, E., et al. (författare)
  • Fragmentation of mercury compounds under ultraviolet light irradiation
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 143:7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ultraviolet light induced photofragmentation of mercury compounds is studied experimentally with electron energy resolved photoelectron-photoion coincidence techniques and theoretically with computational quantum chemical methods. A high resolution photoelectron spectrum using synchrotron radiation is presented. Fragmentation of the molecule is studied subsequent to ionization to the atomic-mercury-like d orbitals. State dependent fragmentation behaviour is presented and specific reactions for dissociation pathways are given. The fragmentation is found to differ distinctly in similar orbitals of different mercury compounds.
  •  
43.
  • Kokkonen, E., et al. (författare)
  • Spin-orbit interaction mediated molecular dissociation
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 140:18, s. 184304-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The effect of the spin-orbit interaction to photofragmentation is investigated in the mercury(II) bromide (HgBr2) molecule. Changes in the fragmentation between the two spin-orbit components of Hg 5d photoionization, as well as within the molecular-field-splitted levels of these components are observed. Dissociation subsequent to photoionization is studied with synchrotron radiation and photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy. The experimental results are accompanied by relativistic ab initio analysis of the photoelectron spectrum.
  •  
44.
  • Partanen, L., et al. (författare)
  • 2s photoionization and subsequent Auger cascade in atomic Si
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics). - 1050-2947. ; 81:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The 2s photoionization and subsequent Auger transition cascade in atomic Si were studied by means of synchrotron-radiation-induced electron spectroscopy. After the 2s photoionization, the core hole states decay predominantly by a two-step Auger transition cascade into the triply ionized [Ne]nl states. The ionization channels of the 2s core-ionized Si+ atoms to Si3+ ions were observed by measuring the conventional Auger electron spectra of the L-1-L2,3M Coster-Kronig transitions and the L2,3M-MMM Auger transitions. The observed L-1-L2,3M and L2,3M-MMM Auger spectra were analyzed by means of extensive multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock computations. We found that the electron correlation plays a prominent role in the Auger cascade, especially for the final-step Auger L2,3M-MMM spectrum. Additionally, it was seen that the L2,3M-MMM Auger spectrum of Si includes more Auger groups than the isoelectronic L-2,L-3-MMAuger spectrum of Al. Thus, more information on the intermediate ionic states is obtained if they are produced by Auger cascade rather than by direct photoionization.
  •  
45.
  • Rius, J., et al. (författare)
  • Selective fragmentation of valence- and core-electron-excited CD4 and SF6 molecules
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Surface review and letters. - 0218-625X. ; 9:1, s. 117-123
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Electron-ion coincidence measurements with energy-resolved electrons are a powerful tool in studies of molecular fragmentation processes, since fragmentation from a specific doorway state can be monitored while the remaining reactions are discriminated. Presently, we have applied this technique in measurements of coincidence spectra of the CD4 and SF6 molecules after valence and core electron excitation. The newly constructed energy-resolved electron-ion coincidence station developed for this project has been used. Our results on CD4 are the first demonstration of a correlation between vibrations and molecular dissociation observed in this molecule. The SF6 spectra reveal strong selectivity in dissociation following distinct electronic states of the molecule. This selectivity reflects the bonding properties of the potential surfaces involved in the studied processes. The obtained results exemplify the potential of the new multicoincidence station used in this work.
  •  
46.
  • Schulz, J., et al. (författare)
  • A method to characterize electronic states of 4s ionized Rb by combined laser and synchrotron spectroscopy
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Europhysics letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 0295-5075 .- 1286-4854. ; 83:5, s. 53001-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Photoelectron studies of laser-excited atomic states can reveal more information about the final ionic states than ground-state photoemission. The possibility to tune the laser to distinct fine-structure sub-states of the excited states allows to select specific angular-momentum couplings of the valence electron that are conserved during photoemission. In the 4s photoemission of laser-excited rubidium we use this method to determine the final-state energies and widths of doubly excited ionic states and characterize the angular-momentum couplings.
  •  
47.
  • Singh, Harishchandra, et al. (författare)
  • Unveiling interactions of non-metallic inclusions within advanced ultra-high-strength steel : A spectro-microscopic determination and first-principles elucidation
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Scripta Materialia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-6462. ; 197
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Determining non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) are essential to engineer ultra-high-strength steel as they play decisive role on performance and critical to probe via conventional techniques. Herein, advanced Synchrotron X-ray absorption coupled with photoemission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations are employed to provide the structure, local bonding structure and electronic properties of several NMI model systems and their interaction mechanism within and the steel matrix. B K-, N K-, Ca L2,3- and Ti L2,3-edge spectra show that the additional B prefers to result in h-BN exhibiting strong interaction with Ca2+. Such Ca2+-based phases also stabilize through TiN, revealing the irregular coordination of Ca2+. Observed intriguing no interaction between TiN and BN is further supported with the first-principles calculations, wherein unfavorable combination of TiN and h-BN and stabilization of bigger sized Ca2+-based inclusions have been found. These observations can help to optimize the interaction mechanism among various inclusions as well as steel matrix.
  •  
48.
  • Singh, Harishchandra, et al. (författare)
  • Unveiling nano-scaled chemical inhomogeneity impacts on corrosion of Ce-modified 2507 super-duplex stainless steels
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: npj Materials Degradation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2397-2106. ; 6:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The widely used stainless steels and their deformed variants are anticorrosive in ambient conditions due to passivation layers composed of chromium oxides. Conventionally, corrosion and erosion of the steels are attributed to the breakdown of such layers but seldomly to the origin that depends on surface heterogeneity at the microscopic level. In this work, the nanometer-scaled chemical heterogeneity at the surface unveiled via spectro-microscopy and chemometric analysis unexpectedly dominates the breakdown and corrosion behavior of the cold-rolled Ce-modified 2507 super-duplex stainless steels (SDSS) over its hot-deformed counterpart. Though relatively uniformly covered by a native Cr2O3 layer revealed by X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, the cold-rolled SDSS behaved poorly in passivity because of locally distributed Fe3+ rich nano-islands over the Fe/Cr oxide layer. This atomic-level knowledge provides a deep understanding of corrosion of stainless steel and is expected to benefit corrosion controls of similar high-alloyed metals.
  •  
49.
  • Tanja, S, et al. (författare)
  • Air temperature triggers the recovery of evergreen boreal forest photosynthesis in spring
  • 2003
  • Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013. ; 9:10, s. 1410-1426
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The timing of the commencement of photosynthesis (P-*) in spring is an important determinant of growing-season length and thus of the productivity of boreal forests. Although controlled experiments have shed light on environmental mechanisms triggering release from photoinhibition after winter, quantitative research for trees growing naturally in the field is scarce. In this study, we investigated the environmental cues initiating the spring recovery of boreal coniferous forest ecosystems under field conditions. We used meteorological data and above-canopy eddy covariance measurements of the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) from five field stations located in northern and southern Finland, northern and southern Sweden, and central Siberia. The within- and intersite variability for P-* was large, 30-60 days. Of the different climate variables examined, air temperature emerged as the best predictor for P-* in spring. We also found that 'soil thaw', defined as the time when near-surface soil temperature rapidly increases above 0degreesC, is not a useful criterion for P-*. In one case, photosynthesis commenced 1.5 months before soil temperatures increased significantly above 0degreesC. At most sites, we were able to determine a threshold for air-temperature-related variables, the exceeding of which was required for P-*. A 5-day running-average temperature (T-5) produced the best predictions, but a developmental-stage model (S) utilizing a modified temperature sum concept also worked well. But for both T-5 and S, the threshold values varied from site to site, perhaps reflecting genetic differences among the stands or climate-induced differences in the physiological state of trees in late winter/early spring. Only at the warmest site, in southern Sweden, could we obtain no threshold values for T-5 or S that could predict P-* reliably. This suggests that although air temperature appears to be a good predictor for P-* at high latitudes, there may be no unifying ecophysiological relationship applicable across the entire boreal zone.
  •  
50.
  • Thiagarajan, Balasubramanian, et al. (författare)
  • The Normal Incidence Monochromator Beamline I3 on MAX III
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: AIP Conference Proceedings. - : AIP. - 1551-7616 .- 0094-243X. ; 1234, s. 661-664
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • On the 700 MeV MAX III ring at MAX-lab, a 6.65 m off-axis eagle type monochromator beamline has recently been commissioned. The beamline is sourced by an apple type variable polarization undulator. The energy range of the beamline is 4.6-50 eV and the resolving power achieved is more than 100,000. There are two branch lines, one for angle and spin resolved photoemission studies from solids and the other for gas phase and luminescence experiments. We present the design and performance of the beamline.
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