| 1. |
- Hyll, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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A method for measurement of the directional emittance of paper in the infrared wavelength range
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 27:5, s. 958-967
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method for measuring the directional emittance of paper and board samples was developed. The available literature showed that the influence of temperature and observation angle on the emittance of dry and moist paper had not been investigated in detail. Methods adapted for such investigations were not available. In the developed method, the emittance of a sample is determined by comparing its infrared radiation with the radiation emitted from a reference surface with known emittance. In order to investigate the influence of the wavelength range, two cameras, operating in the mid-wavelength and long-wavelength infrared range, respectively, were used. The method allows for the adjustment of the directional emission angle in a range from 0° down to 80°, and variation of the sample temperature between 30°C and 100°C. A study was performed to evaluate the method. Here, the directional emittance of handsheets made from thermo-mechanical pulp was measured at different wavelength ranges, sample temperatures and emission angles. The obtained emittance values and trends were in agreement with previous experimental work and theoretical predictions. The emittance of the samples was also measured using Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Given the methodological differences between the two measurement approaches, the results were in good agreement.
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| 2. |
- Hyll, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of the plastic and elastic energy during the deformation and rupture of a paper sample using thermography
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 27:2, s. 329-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermography has been used to quantitatively analyze the plastic and elastic energy during deformation of paper. Sack paper samples were subjected to uniaxial tensile testing until rupture occurred. The temperature of the sample was simultaneously recorded with an infrared camera. The mechanical energy invested in the deformation was determined based on the force and deformation data. The thermal energy that accumulated in the sample during testing was estimated using the temperature measurements. Here, special attention was put on using the correct emittance values for the sack paper by measuring it with a new method. When comparing exerted mechanical energy with released thermal energy up to the time of sample rupture, about 40% to 60% of the mechanical energy could be detected as thermal energy. The lacking share of heat was most likely lost due to cooling of the sample during the experiments, as a lower share of detected mechanical energy was obtained for longer experiments. When comparing the increase in thermal energy during rupture to the elastic energy stored in the sample, an agreement of better than 90% was found.
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| 3. |
- Olin, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a Semicontinuous Spray Process for the Production of Superhydrophobic Coatings from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solutions
- 2015
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Ingår i: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 54:3, s. 1059-1067
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Superhydrophobic surfaces have been fabricated in a continuous spray process, where an alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) wax is dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) and sprayed onto the substrate. The mass of extracted AKD from scCO2 has been investigated as well as the pressure, temperature, and flow of CO2 at the steady-state spray conditions. Several different substrates such as glass, aluminum, paper, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) have been successfully coated, and the superhydrophobic properties have been evaluated by measurement of water contact angle, water drop friction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface topography. The most efficient spray process, considering surface properties and mass of extracted AKD, is obtained at the lowest temperature investigated, 67 degrees C, and the highest pressure evaluated in this study, 25 MPa. We also show that the influence of preexpansion conditions (p, T) on the surface temperature at the selected spray distance (3 cm) is negligible by measurement with an infrared camera during spraying.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hyll, Kari, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of optical instruments for fines and filler characterisation
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : AB SVENSK PAPPERSTIDNING. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 32:1, s. 97-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A laser diffractometer and three image-based instruments with spatial resolutions between 0.33 and 10 mu m/pixel were compared through measurements on calibration spheres and fine fractions comprising pulp fines of various types, neat PCC filler, and a mixture of fines and fillers. The laser diffractometer was highly sensitive to the keyed in refractive index of the samples, which was calculated based on volume-based mixing rules. A high-resolution flow cytometer and a high-resolution fibre analyser were found to be complimentary for measurements on neat fines and fines/filler mixtures, and superior to the laser diffractometer. When measuring on fillers, the laser diffractometer performed as well as the high-resolution flow cytometer, which was capable of resolving single filler particles. The sizes of the calibration spheres were overestimated by the image-based instruments, and the measurement uncertainty was high. The uncertainty was mainly attributed to the unrestricted particle motion, and the low accuracy to the dissimilar optical properties of the calibration material, compared to fines. Thus, calibration materials with shape and optical properties more similar to fines should be developed.
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| 6. |
- Hyll, Kari, et al.
(författare)
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CT-skanning som verktyg för detektering av törskateangrepp på tall
- 2022
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scots pine blister rust fungi (Cronartium pini) is expected to become an increasing problem for both forest owners and sawmills in the Nordic region, and there is great uncertainty about the economic consequences. There is also a lack of knowledge about the biology of Scots pine blister rust, as well as the tree's response and defence against ongoing infection. The tree is known to defend itself by enriching resin at the infected area, creating a damaged area of resin-wood. There is currently no reliable way to detect and assess the degree of damage in sawn timber, which leads to waste, as entire sawlogs are usually downgraded when parts or most of the timber could possibly be used. The objectives of this preliminary study were to: (1) investigate whether X-ray computed tomography (CT scanning) can detect blister rust damage in pine timber, in order to optimise sawing and save the value of the sawn timber; (2) to compare the 3-dimensional CT image description of the fungal attack with how the damage looks on the outside, to enable recommendations for external assessment of the damage attack, for example during felling; and (3) to assess the possibilities for describing the course of the damage and the tree's defence against the fungal attack.Eight rust-infested and two non-infested trees (Scots pine) were collected from a thinning stand and a mature stand outside Bjurselet, Norsjö municipality in Västerbotten. The trees were felled in January 2022. After felling, the stems were visually inspected, and infected parts were marked with paint on the mantle surface. The stems were cut into logs of suitable length for transport and scanning. Cuts through fungal-infested regions were avoided. The wood was transported to LTU’s Wood Science and Engineering facility in Skellefteå for CT scanning.The CT scan of the sample trees showed that damage due to pine blister rust can be detected in a way that enables further development of an industrial detection method and optimisation of the wood decomposition. However, one difficulty discovered was that fungal-infested sapwood areas have similar image intensity as non-infested heartwood. It could also be established that the distribution of damage inside the volume of the stem is greater than can be detected visually on the mantle, especially in the longitudinal direction. In this study the temporal development of the infection from the time of infestation to the time of CT scanning could not be analysed. However, annual rings could be distinguished in both damaged and undamaged wood, making it possible to monitor the evolution of the damage from year to year. DNA analysis detected the presence of blister rust fungus in the wood, both in and outside resin-rich areas. The highest amount of fungus-specific DNA was measured outside the resin-rich area in the outer parts of the sapwood.
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| 7. |
- Hyll, Kari, et al.
(författare)
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Flow imaging characterisation of morphological changes of chemical pulp due to refining
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : SPCI. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 31:3, s. 411-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of the refining process on the morphological changes of a chemical softwood pulp was investigated. The Voith LR40 industrial-like laboratory low consistency refiner was used, where the pulp was refined with five refining segments with differences in bar widths, groove widths, and cutting angles. The refined pulp was characterized with a fibre analyser with a spatial resolution of approximately 4 μm/pixel and a wide size range. The fines fraction of the refined pulp was also characterized with an imaging flow cytometer with a spatial resolution of 0.33 μm/pixel and a narrower size range. The fibre analyser measurements showed that the mean length, width, and aspect ratio of the fines decreased monotonically with accumulated refining energy. The imaging flow cytometer with its higher spatial resolution showed little change in fines morphology with accumulated refining energy. The morphology of the fines was more dependent on the applied specific refining energy than the design of the refining segment. However, a segment with much finer grooves and bars, initially designed for hardwood, gave significantly less fibre shortening, fines generation, external fibrillation, kink, and fines that were more fibrillar, compared to the other segments.Grant: The authors of this work would like to thank Prof. Lars Mattsson, Thomas Grahn, and Eva Ålander for fruitful discussions. The discussions with Lorentzen & Wettre were of great assistance. The financial support of the Swedish Energy Agency and the Önnesjöstiftelsen to the PhD project, and of the Fibre and Stock Design research programme to this evaluation study is gratefully acknowledged.
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| 8. |
- Hyll, Kari, 1984-
(författare)
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Image-based quantitative infrared analysis and microparticle characterisation for pulp and paper applications
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Measurements of process variations and particle morphology are widely employed in the pulp and paper industry. Two techniques with high potential, infrared thermography and microparticle characterisation, are mainly used qualitatively. Quantitative thermography requires knowledge of the emittance, a material property which has not been measured under many process-relevant conditions. Quantitative characterisation of microparticles, e.g. pulp fines and mineral fillers, requires the analysis of a large number of particles, which can be accomplished using flow microscopes. Flow microscopes for pulp analysis have had insufficient spatial resolution to resolve fines and fillers. Additionally, there has been a lack of methods which can differentiate between fines and fillers in a mixed suspension.State-of-the-art instruments for particle image analysis were evaluated and compared to laser diffractometry, a measurement method based on scattering by diffraction. Laser diffractometry was found to be highly sensitive to the complex refractive index of the particles, and especially to its change due to moisture absorption. A high-resolution imaging flow cytometer and a high-resolution fibre analyser were found to be complementary for characterisation of pure fines and fines/filler mixtures, and superior to laser diffractometry. A method for differentiating between fines and fillers in a suspension based on their autofluorescence and side-scattering was proposed and qualitatively evaluated.Furthermore, a method for measuring the directional and integrated emittance of paper was developed and its accuracy was determined. Measurements on a wide range of samples showed that the emittance of fibre-based materials vary significantly with wavelength, pulp type, observation angle, and moisture content. By applying measured quantitative values of the emittance, the thermal energy emitted by sack paper samples during mechanical deformation could be quantitatively calculated. The increase in thermal energy at the time of rupture was found to correlate well with the elastic share of the mechanical energy that was stored in the sample during its elongation.In summary, the results of this work have facilitated the use of quantitative microparticle analysis and infrared thermography for pulp and paper applications.
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| 9. |
- Hyll, Kari
(författare)
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Size and shape characterization of fines and fillers : A review
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 30:3, s. 466-487
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many properties of fines and fillers are dependent on their size and shape. This review is on the literature on size and shape characterization of fines and fillers. It takes into account measurement techniques of particle width, length, equivalent diameter, area, and shape/morphology. The advantages and limitations of different methods are discussed. Measurement of other particles properties, e.g., optical, chemical or rheological, were not included in the review. Size and shape characterization methods can be roughly divided into gravimetric and non-gravimetric methods. Gravimetric measurements methods account for all particles in the sample, but give only indicative size and shape information. Non-gravimetric methods usually give more direct size and shape information, but only account for particles larger than the resolution of the instrument. Additionally, measuring both larger and smaller particles simultaneously is rarely possible. An implication is that current analysers fail to measure a larger share of the sample, for example fibrils, which have a high impact on product properties. Of the reviewed measurement techniques, flow microscopy had the highest potential. Based on instruments found in other application areas, possible developments for flow microscopes include multiwavelength illumination and sensors, fluorescent staining, and hydrodynamic focusing.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Kari, Hyll, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of morphological changes of chemical pulp fibres and fines due to refining
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The influence of the refining process on the morphological changes of a chemical softwood pulp was investigated. An industrial-like laboratory refiner was used, where the pulp was refined with five refining segments with differences in bar widths, groove widths, and cutting angles. The refined pulp was characterized with a fibre analyser with a spatial resolution of approximately 4 µm/pixel and a wide size range. The fines fraction of the refined pulp was also characterized with an imaging flow cytometer with a spatial resolution of 0.33 µm/pixel and a narrower size range.The fibre analyser measurements showed that the mean length, width, and aspect ratio of the fines decreased monotonically with accumulated refining energy. The imaging flow cytometer with its higher spatial resolution showed little change in fines morphology with accumulated refining energy.The morphology of the fines was more dependent on the applied specific refining energy than the design of the refining segment. However, a segment with much finer grooves and bars, initially designed for hardwood, gave significantly less fibre shortening, fines generation, external fibrillation, kink, and fines that were more fibrillar, compared to the other segments.
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| 13. |
- Kari, Hyll, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Optical methods for fines and filler size characterization : Evaluation and comparison
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The pulp fines and mineral fillers in the fine fraction of a papermaking stock influence process conditions and sheet properties. The influence is largely dependent on the size and shape of the particles. Quantitative characterization of the size and shape of fines and fillers would aid in process control and prediction of product properties. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate and compare optical instruments which can be used to quantitatively characterize the fine fraction of a papermaking stock. The compared instruments were the Mastersizer2000 from Malvern, based on diffraction scattering of a laser beam, the ImageStream from Amnis, and the Fiber Tester and Fiber Tester Plus from ABB Lorentzen & Wettre. The last three instruments are all based on imaging of the particles and have spatial resolutions ranging from 0.33 µm to about 10 µm per pixel.All instruments overestimated the size of calibration spheres with known sizes. In several cases, calibration particles that were smaller than the spatial resolution of the instrument were detected. In these cases, the relative measurement error was large, likely due to positioning and quantization errors. It is also suggested that the oversizing was partly due to dissimilar optical properties of the calibration particles, compared to the typical sample, and that better calibration materials for fines need to be developed.For the image-based instruments, the relative share of fines and filler particles increased with as the size of the measured particles decreased. Thus, with higher spatial resolution, more particles were detected. However, the shape of the particle size distribution depended on the resolution and the field-of-view. The ImageStream resolved single PCC particles, which has not previously been done using flow microscopy. Due to its limited field-of-view, the ImageStream could not measure the largest fines, which were detected by the Fiber Tester and Fiber Tester Plus. While the Fiber Tester Plus did not resolve single PCC particles, it detected, due to its higher resolution, a higher share of smaller particles than the Fiber Tester. Overall, the ImageStream and the Fiber Tester Plus were found to be complementary.The diffraction-based method struggled to measure small fines. It is proposed that small fines diffracted light insufficiently to be detected by the instrument. The obtained result was also highly sensitive to the choice of refractive index; a fact that some of the previous users apparently were not aware of.In summary, image-based methods were found to perform better than the diffraction-based method when measuring on fines and mixtures of fines and fillers, while the highest resolution image-based instrument and the diffraction-based method were best when measuring on pure fillers.
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