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| 8. |
- Abrahamsson, Niclas, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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The robustness of aptitude effects in near-native second language acquisition
- 2008
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Ingår i: Studies in Second Language Acquisition. - 0272-2631 .- 1470-1545. ; 30:4, s. 481-509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results from a number of recent studies suggest that nativelike adult second language (L2) learners possess a high degree of language learning aptitude, the positive effects of which may have compensated for the negative effects of a critical period in these learners. According to the same studies, child learners seem to attain a nativelike command of the L2 regardless of high or low aptitude, which has led researchers to conclude that this factor plays no role in early acquisition. The present study investigates the L2 proficiency and language aptitude of 42 near-native L2 speakers of Swedish (i.e., individuals whom actual mother-tongue speakers of Swedish believe are native speakers). The results confirm previous research suggesting that a high degree of language aptitude is required if adult learners are to reach a L2 proficiency that is indistinguishable from that of native speakers. However, in contrast to previous studies, the present results also identify small yet significant aptitude effects in child SLA. Our findings lead us to the conclusions that the rare nativelike adult learners sometimes observed would all turn out to be exceptionally talented language learners with an unusual ability to compensate for maturational effects and, consequently, that their nativelikeness per se does not constitute a reason to reject the critical period hypothesis.
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| 11. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, et al.
(författare)
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Age of acquisition effects or effects of bilingualism in second language ultimate attainment?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Sensitive Periods, Language Aptitude, and Ultimate L2 Attainment. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 9789027213112 ; , s. 69-102
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most robust findings in the field of SLA is the different rates of success with which children and adults achieve nativelike proficiency in a L2. Age-related differences have traditionally been explained in terms of the maturational state of the learner. Recently, however, a growing number of accounts hold that age effects in ultimate attainment are due to L1 entrenchment (e.g. Flege 1999; MacWhinney 2005; Ventureyra, Pallier & Yoo 2004). In this view, an increase in L1 proficiency leads to the progressive entrenchment of L1 representations, with the consequence that L2 acquisition becomes more difficult. Inherent in this interpretation is the assumption that the “less L1”, the less it will interfere with the L2. In this paper, we analyse the theoretical underpinnings of the “L1 entrenchment accounts”, and evaluate the existing evidence for and against such claims.
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| 12. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, et al.
(författare)
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Age of acquisition – not bilingualism – is the primary determinant of less than nativelike L2 ultimate attainment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 24:1, s. 18-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has recently been suggested that bilingualism, rather than age of acquisition, is what underlies less than nativelike attainment in childhood L2 acquisition. Currently, however, the empirical evidence in favor of or against this interpretation remains scarce. The present study sets out to fill this gap, implementing a novel factorial design in which the variables age of acquisition and bilingualism have been fully crossed. Eighty speakers of Swedish, who were either L1 monolinguals, L1 simultaneous bilinguals, L2 sequential monolinguals (international adoptees), or L2 sequential bilinguals (childhood immigrants), were tested on phonetic, grammatical, and lexical measures. The results indicate consistent effects of age of acquisition, but only limited effects of bilingualism, on ultimate attainment. These findings thus show that age of acquisition – not bilingualism – is the primary determinant of L2 ultimate attainment.
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| 13. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, et al.
(författare)
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Does first language maintenance hamper nativelikeness in a second language? : a study of ultimate attainment in early bilinguals
- 2012
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Ingår i: Studies in Second Language Acquisition. - 0272-2631 .- 1470-1545. ; 34:2, s. 215-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the field of SLA, the incidence of nativelikeness in second language (L2) speakers has typically been explained as a function of age of acquisition. An alternative interpretation, however, is that L2 learners do not attain nativelike proficiency because of first language (L1) maintenance. This interpretation has nevertheless remained mostly theoretical due to the lack of empirical evidence. This study sets out to address the role of L1 proficiency in L2 ultimate attainment by examining L1 and L2 proficiency in 30 early L1 Spanish-L2 Swedish bilinguals. Language proficiency was assessed through grammaticality judgment tests and cloze tests, and additional data on language aptitude were collected through the Swansea Language Aptitude Test (v. 2.0; Meara, Milton, & Lorenzo-Dus, 2002). The results showed positive correlations between nativelike L1 and L2 behavior. Additionally, it was found that language aptitude was positively correlated with nativelike L1 and L2 performance. In view of these findings, it is suggested that (a) L1 maintenance does not hamper L2 nativelikeness and (b) language aptitude is an important factor for bilingual ultimate attainment.
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| 14. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, et al.
(författare)
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Revisiting the bilingual lexical deficit: The impact of age of acquisition
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 182, s. 45-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whereas the cognitive advantages brought about by bilingualism have recently been called into question, the so-called ‘lexical deficit’ in bilinguals is still largely taken for granted. Here, we argue that, in analogy with cognitive advantages, the lexical deficit does not apply across the board of bilinguals, but varies as a function of acquisition trajectory. To test this, we implement a novel methodological design, where the variables of bilingualism and first/second language status have been fully crossed in four different groups. While the results confirm effects of bilingualism on lexical proficiency and processing, they show more robust effects of age of acquisition. We conclude that the traditional view of the linguistic costs of bilingualism need to give way to a new understanding of lexical development in which age of acquisition is seen as a major determinant.
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| 15. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, et al.
(författare)
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The role of language aptitude in first language attrition : The case of prepubescent attriters
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Linguistics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0142-6001 .- 1477-450X. ; 31:3, s. 443-464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While language aptitude has been investigated actively within second language research, there is a current dearth of research on the effects of aptitude in cases of attrition. The aim of the present investigation was to explore the role of language aptitude for L1 proficiency in speakers who experienced a break with their L1 setting prior to puberty. Twenty-five L1 SpanishL2 Swedish bilinguals residing in Sweden participated in the study, and 15 native speakers of Spanish living in Chile were recruited as controls. The L1 proficiency was measured by means of a grammaticality judgement test (GJT) and language aptitude data were obtained through the Swansea Language Aptitude Test (Meara et al. 2003). Results showed a positive correlation between GJT performance and language aptitude. More specifically, the bilinguals with above-average aptitude were more likely to score within the native range on the GJT than those with below-average aptitude. It was also seen that among the participants with below-average aptitude, GJT scores were related to daily L1 use. In view of these findings, we suggest that language aptitude has a compensatory function in language attrition, helping the attriter to retain a high level of L1 proficiency despite reduced L1 contact.
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| 16. |
- Bylund Spångberg, Emanuel, 1979-
(författare)
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Age differences in first language attrition : A maturational constraints perspective
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates age-related differences in first language (L1) attrition in a second language (L2) setting. The thesis is based on four individual studies. The aim of each of the studies has been to examine aspects of age differences that to date have remained in the background of attrition research: Study I gives an overview of research on age differences in L1 attrition and suggests a reinterpretation of age effects in attrition, using as a point of departure critical period constructs. Study I also formulates hypotheses regarding the contour and timing of attrition susceptibility and its interplay with non-biological factors. Study II investigates L1 residual knowledge and L2 ultimate attainment in international adoptees. The results suggest that a) that L1 remnants may be found if relearning activities have taken place prior to testing; b) L2 learners who have experienced a complete cut-off in L1 contact do not attain higher L2 proficiency levels than learners who have stayed in contact with the L1. The results also indicate that the level of L1 reactivation and L2 ultimate attainment are related to age of adoption. Study III examines age effects on the retention of L1 event construal patterns. The results show that the onset of puberty is a turning point for the degree of conformity with native behaviour, i.e. those who arrived in the L2 setting before puberty were more likely to exhibit non-converging patterns than those who arrived after puberty. This finding suggests that in attrition conceptual proficiency is equally affected by age as are formal language skills. Finally, Study IV explores the role of language aptitude in prepubescent attriters. The results show that nativelike grammatical intuitions are connected to language aptitude, and that speakers with high levels of language aptitude rely less on L1 contact than do speakers with low levels of language aptitude in their retention of nativelike grammatical intuitions in the L1.
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| 17. |
- Bylund Spångberg, Emanuel, 1979-
(författare)
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Conceptualización de eventos en español y en sueco : Estudios sobre hablantes monolingües y bilingües
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis deals with language-specific patterns in the selection and organization of information (i.e., conceptualization) reflected in the expression of events by monolingual and bilingual speakers of Spanish and Swedish. Previous research on language specificity in event conceptualization shows that speakers of languages with grammatical aspect exhibit fine-grained event segmentation and deictic temporal linkage patterns, whereas speakers of non-aspect languages resort to coarse-grained segmentation patterns and anaphoric linkage. This finding has led to the hypothesis that grammatical aspect induces specific event conceptualization patterns. The overall aim of the current thesis is, first, to test this hypothesis on Spanish and Swedish, and second, to extend this line of research to the domain of bilingualism. The thesis is based on four individual studies: Study I examines monolingual speakers of Spanish and Swedish. The results show that event conceptualization in these languages patterns with the dichotomy +/- grammatical aspect; Study II explores the relationship between endpoint encoding patterns and proficiency with aspectual contrasts in the Spanish of Spanish-Swedish bilinguals. The findings show that the less Spanish-like a participant’s endpoint encoding frequencies are, the less sensitive he/she is to aspectual contrasts; Study III explores the degree to which language-specific patterns of segmentation and temporal linking of events are fused/separated in Spanish-Swedish bilinguals. The results show that whereas the bilinguals resort to an event segmentation pattern that is midway between the Spanish fine-grained patterns and the Swedish coarse-grained patterns, they exhibit nativelike temporal linking patterns in both Spanish and Swedish; Study IV contextualizes some of the author’s studies from a general viewpoint, with the intention of illustrating the fruitfulness of extending the research on event conceptualization to the domain of bilingualism.
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| 18. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
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Regeringen bör erkänna älvdalska
- 2021
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Ingår i: Språktidningen. - 1654-5028. ; :2021-04-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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Entangled discourses : South-North orders of visibility
- 2017
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book uniquely explores the shifting structures of power and unexpected points of intersection – entanglements – at the nexus of North and South as a lens through which to examine the impact of global and local circuits of people, practices and ideas on linguistic, cultural and knowledge systems. The volume considers the entanglement of North and South on multiple levels in the contemporary and continuing effects of capitalism, colonialism, and imperialism, in the form of silenced or marginalized populations, such as refugees, immigrants, and other minoritised groups, and in the different orders of visibility that make some types of practices and knowledge more legitimate and therefore more visible. It uses a range of methodological and analytical frames to shed light on less visible histories, practices, identities, repertoires, and literacies, and offer new understandings for research and for language, health care, education, and other policies and practices.
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| 24. |
- Ganuza, Natalia, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Modersmålsundervisningens framväxt och utveckling
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: Modersmål, minoriteter och mångfald. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144133065 ; , s. 37-78
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Kapitlet redogör för modersmålsundervisningens framväxt och utveckling i Sverige i ett historiskt och samtida perspektiv. Dessutom ges en översikt över centrala teman och frågor i aktuell forskning om modersmålsundervisning. I kapitlets avslutande del identifieras några kunskapsområden som behöver utforskas närmare i framtida studier.
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| 25. |
- Haglund, Charlotte, 1974-
(författare)
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Social interaction and identification among adolescents in multilingual suburban Sweden : A study of institutional order and sociocultural change
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is based on an ethnographic fieldwork among a group of adolescents in and out of school in suburban Sweden. The adolescents share the diasporic experience of living outside of the countries or nations of origin, experiencing marginalization in relation to majority society and concurrently being part of global, national and local transformations and changes. Their voices, of the margin and the center, in relation to traditional institutional order and sociocultural change respectively, are described, interpreted and partly explained in the thesis. A number of strategic positionings, allegiances and identifications are identified. The adolescents are positioned and collectively position themselves and each other in everyday social interaction. They manifest allegiances and identifications based on their diverse experiences and beliefs in the benefits of being multilinguals and having experiences in more than one, and across, cultural and national networks. Together the adolescents challenge stigmas and stereotypes related to language, culture and education and struggle to legitimize themselves and escape marginalization. They also exploit their own and each other’s experiences, backgrounds and knowledge for their individual and collective purposes. Besides these dominating counter-discourses, most commonly manifested in peer group interaction and in formal classroom interaction with teachers, the adolescents’ individual accounts give evidence of more submissive attitudes and responses, characterized by ambivalence and compliance. The study is an illustration of how structures of domination and discrimination are contested but also reestablish themselves on the micro-level of speech. It uncovers connections between the micro-level of face-to-face verbal interaction and the macrolevel of institutional order and sociocultural change. It also indicates that social actors are not simply subjected to static relations of power but on the contrary are most active in making transformations and changes come true. Pointing in the direction of a linkage between social order and interactional order and at the role of contestation and opposition in social process, the present work constitutes a contribution to empirical and theoretical developments in sociolinguistics. Further insights are provided both into the established traditional social order and the reformulations of it in the course of late modernity.
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| 27. |
- Hedman, Christina, 1966-
(författare)
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Dyslexi på två språk : En multipel fallstudie av spansk-svensktalande ungdomar med läs- och skrivsvårigheter
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The complicated task of deciding whether reading and writing difficulties in a second language learner stem from dyslexia or from problems associated with second language learning serves as the primary theme of this study. The theoretical framwork of dyslexia-related issues is a phonological cause model (Ramus, 2004). Generally, the study is based on psycholinguistically oriented research of reading in a second language (eg. Kulbrandstad, 1998) and dyslexia in second language learners (Frederickson & Frith, 1998; Geva, 2000; Miller Guron & Lundberg, 2003). The overall aim of the study is to contribute to our knowledge of how reading and writing difficulties in bilingual adolescents could be expressed, characterised and delimited, in order to enhance our understanding of how various prerequisites effect literacy development and to facilitate identification and handling of dyslexia in bilinguals. The study is based on data from ten Spanish-Swedish speaking adolescents with reading and writing difficulties. The multiple case study perspective has made it possible to investigate a number of linguistic and cognitive parameters in both languages. Furthermore, comparisons were made with a bilingual group of ten Spanish-Swedish speaking adocelscents without reading and writing difficulties as well as with a group of ten monolingual Spanish and Swedish speaking adolescents with dyslexia. Dyslexia has been defined and delimited in a bilingual dyslexia profiles continuum. This continuum is one of the significant theoretical-methodological contributions of the thesis. Another important contribution is the research design, that is, the use of a bilingual matched comparison group (without reading and writing difficulties) as the norm. Furthermore, quantitative and qualitative analyses have been summarised as various profiles, such as reading profiles, writing profiles and oral discourse profiles. The results are discussed on both group and individual levels and show that language dominance ha a major impact on the manifestations of the reading and writing difficulties. The differences between the two orthographies are also of importance. Furthermore, advantageous results in both languages co-vary with extensive L1 education in the bilingual participants both with and without dyslexia.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth, et al.
(författare)
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At the nexus of vulnerability : Multilingualism in development
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The majority of the world’s nations are multilingual, although many of the languages spoken have little or no official recognition in the conduct of everyday affairs of State, nor do they figure in any major way in development discourses. For example, although UNESCO and other World and regional organizations frequently underscore the desirability and importance of multilingualism, it is often in the context of education and cultural heritage rather than development more generally. Lack of recognition, however, does not mean that multilingualism does not play an essential role in the public and private lives of citizens. In this short text, we hope to drive home the point that local linguistic resources also directly bear upon democracy, economy, and health. And this is not just by proxy through the known beneficial effects of educating in local languages. We will suggest that more attention be paid to the various ways in which development can benefit from the use of local multilingualisms. Language is important in development precisely because it is at the nexus of vulnerability. Poverty stricken groups in developing contexts are not only the least resourced. They • are also the least visible • lack political and cultural recognition on official arenas • frequently suffer stigma and ambivalence with respect to their cultural heritage • have a paucity of educational capital • experience poor health. One major factor contributing to this cycle of vulnerability – and for which solutions are within easy reach – is that the linguistic and cultural systems these groups have ready access to are not officially recognized. Non-recognition of the languages in which groups organize their everyday life and socialize their children means that they are denied the tools to make their voices heard or to find empowerment through political agency. They also have few opportunities to influence their day-to-day material conditions. The ultimate consequence of this situation is extreme vulnerability to political, economic and ecological (including health) developments. In this document, we shall argue, by way of illustration, that issues of language in general and multilingualism specifically need to be seen as core facets of such diverse areas as democracy, economy, health, and education.
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| 36. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth, 1945-
(författare)
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Barn och vuxna möter nya språk
- 2009
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Ingår i: Samtal i rörelse. - Göteborg : Makadam Förlag. - 9789170610653 ; , s. 43-62
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth, 1945-
(författare)
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Critical period
- 2012
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Ingår i: The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. - Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell. - 9781405198431
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 39. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth, 1945-
(författare)
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Critical periods
- 2010
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Ingår i: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Language Sciences. - : Cambridge University Press.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 40. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth, et al.
(författare)
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Dominant-language replacement. The case of international adoptees
- 2009
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 12:2, s. 121-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article challenges a recent proposal for the theoretical interpretation of L1 and L2 interaction that results from the abrupt change of language environment in internationally adopted children. According to this proposal (Pallier, Dehaene, Poline, LeBihan, Argenti, Depoux and Mehler, 2003; Ventureyra, Pallier and Yoo, 2004), such children experience a total loss of their L1, while, as adults, they exhibit a nativelike ultimate attainment of their L2. These authors suggest that what they see as a total loss of L1 allows a resetting of the neural network that normally subserves L1 retention and hence permits a complete acquisition of the L2. Data from two of our own research projects, one on L1 remnants in Korean adoptees in Sweden (see Park, forthcoming), and the other on age of acquisition and ultimate L2 attainment of Swedish (see Abrahamsson and Hyltenstam, in press), which included data from Latin American adoptees in Sweden among other participants, suggest (i) that L1 remnants are indeed maintained, (ii) that L2 attainment is not enhanced by severe L1 attrition, and (iii) that there is an age dimension to both the degree of L1 attrition and the level of L2 ultimate attainment in international adoptees. We therefore contend that a maturational interpretation of language replacement data is preferable.
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| 46. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth
(författare)
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Forskarna är ju ense!
- 2006
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Ingår i: DN. ; :2006-04-22, s. KULTUR 4-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 47. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Förord
- 2013. - 2. uppl.
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Ingår i: Svenska som andraspråk. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144070650 ; , s. 7-18
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 48. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth
(författare)
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Halvhjärtat åtagande
- 2006
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Ingår i: Invandrare och minoriteter. - 1404-6857. ; :2, s. 10-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 49. |
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