| 2. |
- Igareda, Noelia, et al.
(author)
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Map of the main political parties using hate speech against the “ideology of gender” through the social networks and internet in Europe.
- 2021
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A study of which content and source characteristics influence the acceptance of hate speech, which topics are more likely to be flagged, commented on, shared or liked by social-media-users than others, we conducted a choice-based conjoint analysis. A choice-based conjoint design allows us to analyze how important specific content characteristics are to users when they judge hate speech content and respond to it (cf. Wilhelm, Joeckel & Ziegler, 2020). We were particularly interested in the following aspects: Does it matter if a politician or an ordinary citizen spreads content? Is there a difference between a man and a woman spreading hate speech on social media? Does the type of hate speech affect users’ responses and if so, how do social media users react to agitation, defamation and rumors? And is it relevant whether the post already has many likes, comments and shares to respond to or not?
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| 3. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(author)
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D 4.1 Report on legal and public policies proposals to address anti-gender hate speech
- 2021
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The objective with this report is to present proposals of public policies, legislation, and self-regulation to address anti-gender hate speech directed towards individuals, groups and the principle of equal value and equal rights for all, a fundamental principle of any democratic society. In addition, the report will also point out knowledge gaps and need for more research. The proposals are, to start with, based on the findings in the GENHA project and discussions with various stakeholders at workshops held in the five countries Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain and Sweden during October 2021. They are moreover based on the presumption that hate speech is an act, which is or can be interlinked with other acts of violence exercised against women, groups of women, individual women or groups of people for their gender identity, gender expression or sexual orientation (in the project included in ‘gender’). As such this violence is a violation of the basic values of democracy. Additionally, anti-gender hate speech may silence some voices and hence, restricts freedom of expression. Thus, anti-gender hate speech is a form of violence against women1, and others included in the concept of gender, and therefore, cyberviolence should be labelled in national and European legislations as a form of gender violence and violation of human rights. It also threatens basic democratic values such as freedom of expression and a diversity of voices.
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