| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Admassie, Shimelis, et al.
(author)
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Electrochemical and optical studies of the band gaps of alternating polyfluorene copolymers
- 2006
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In: Synthetic metals. - : Elsevier BV. - 0379-6779 .- 1879-3290. ; 156:7-8, s. 614-623
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The electrochemical and optical properties of a series of alternating polyfluorene copolymers with low band gaps were determined. These polymers incorporated fluorene units alternating with groups including electron-withdrawing (A) and electron-donating (D) groups in donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) sequence to achieve the lowering of band gaps. The polymers were solvent-casted on platinum disk electrode and the band gaps were estimated from cyclic voltammetry (CV). These values were compared with values obtained from optical absorption measurements. Although the electrochemically determined band gaps were found to be slightly higher than the optical band gap in most cases, values are well correlated. The values of the band gaps determined range from 2.1 to 1.3 eV. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Ajjan, Fátima, 1986-, et al.
(author)
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Doped Conjugated Polymer Enclosing a Redox Polymer : Wiring Polyquinones with Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene)
- 2020
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In: Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2699-9412. ; 1:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mass implementation of renewable energies is limited by the absence of efficient and affordable technology to store electrical energy. Thus, the development of new materials is needed to improve the performance of actual devices such as batteries or supercapacitors. Herein, the facile consecutive chemically oxidative polymerization of poly(1-amino-5-chloroanthraquinone) (PACA) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) resulting in a water dispersible material PACA-PEDOT is shown. The water-based slurry made of PACA-PEDOT nanoparticles can be processed as film coated in ambient atmosphere, a critical feature for scaling up the electrode manufacturing. The novel redox polymer electrode is a nanocomposite that withstands rapid charging (16 A g−1) and delivers high power (5000 W kg−1). At lower current density its storage capacity is high (198 mAh g−1) and displays improved cycling stability (60% after 5000 cycles). Its great electrochemical performance results from the combination of the redox reversibility of the quinone groups in PACA that allows a high amount of charge storage via Faradaic reactions and the high electronic conductivity of PEDOT to access to the redox-active sites. These promising results demonstrate the potential of PACA-PEDOT to make easily organic electrodes from a water-coating process, without toxic metals, and operating in non-flammable aqueous electrolyte for large scale pseudocapacitors.
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| 8. |
- Bian, Qingzhen, 1988-
(author)
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Excitonic and charge carrier transport in organic materials and device applications
- 2020
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- With the potential for future commercial use, organic electronics have been intensively studied for the last few decades. To exploit the next generation of high-performance devices, detailed study of the underlying physics is essential. Excitonic and charge carrier transport plays a critical role in device performance and related studies have attracted a lot of attention in recent decades. This thesis particularly focused on excitonic and charge carrier transport in organic materials and related device applications.In natural light harvesting systems, such as the reaction centers of purple bacteria, quantum coherence has been proposed to be present as a contributor to the related charge and energy transport processes, and almost 100% charge conversion is present in these efficient biological systems. This high energy conversion efficiency inspires the idea that if a similar strategy was used in artificial energy conversion devices such as organic photovoltaics, etc., this could significantly enhance the device’s performance. In the first study, the charge separation process in some donor/acceptor blends was investigated. The contribution of quantum coherence to device performance was studied in detail using several steady state and ultrafast transient techniques. In one efficient donor/acceptor blend, a pronounced coherence of charge separation was identified, which contributed to the enhancement of the photocurrent generation, which finally resulted in efficient device performance.For the light emitting diodes, triplet excitons harvesting plays a critical role in device performance. In the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, due to an efficient reverse intersystem process from triplet excitons to singlet excitons, the losses due to triplet excitons were suppressed. As a result, a desired high quantum yield has been achieved. To enhance device efficiency, the detailed study of the upconversion physics between triplet and singlet is needed. Previous studies have proposed some physical models to explain this efficient upconversion process, while the nature of this physical process is still under debate and unclear. In my second work, we studied the exciton kinetics in two different TADF materials. These TADF materials were inserted in a protein fibril host, and the resulting protein scaffold was able to modify the geometric configuration of the related TADF molecule. As a result, an enhancement of the photoluminescence quantum yield was achieved.To achieve efficient device performance in organic electronics, the physical processes at the metal/material interface and charge carrier injection/extraction, also play a critical role. Efficient charge injection can be achieved by Ohmic contact, and charge injection/extraction of metal/organic materials has been intensively studied in the last few decades. In my third study, an efficient hole transport material based on the biopolymer DNA was introduced. A hole doping process was found in the hybrid materials and contributes to the Ohmic contacts. The hybrid material can be used in different organic electronics devices, such as field effect transistors, light emitting diodes and solar cells, and thus demonstrates a general application capability.In organic photovoltaics, the loss from the open circuit photovoltages has been an Achilles’ heel for further enhancement of device performance. The voltage loss includes the radiative and non-radiative value, and intensive studies have focused on how to suppress losses from the non-radiative channel. In my fourth study, the non-radiative voltage loss was studied in a series of terpolymer blends and ternary blends. Compared to the ternary blends, a decreased nonradiative loss was found in the terpolymer blends.
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| 9. |
- Bian, Qingzhen, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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Vibronic coherence contributes to photocurrent generation in organic semiconductor heterojunction diodes
- 2020
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In: Nature Communications. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2041-1723. ; 11:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Charge separation dynamics after the absorption of a photon is a fundamental process relevant both for photosynthetic reaction centers and artificial solar conversion devices. It has been proposed that quantum coherence plays a role in the formation of charge carriers in organic photovoltaics, but experimental proofs have been lacking. Here we report experimental evidence of coherence in the charge separation process in organic donor/acceptor heterojunctions, in the form of low frequency oscillatory signature in the kinetics of the transient absorption and nonlinear two-dimensional photocurrent spectroscopy. The coherence plays a decisive role in the initial 200 femtoseconds as we observe distinct experimental signatures of coherent photocurrent generation. This coherent process breaks the energy barrier limitation for charge formation, thus competing with excitation energy transfer. The physics may inspire the design of new photovoltaic materials with high device performance, which explore the quantum effects in the next-generation optoelectronic applications.
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| 10. |
- Campoy-Quiles, M., et al.
(author)
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On the determination of anistropy in polymer thin films : A comparative study of optical techniques
- 2008
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In: Physica Status Solidi. C: Current Topics in Solid State Physics. - Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1862-6351. ; 5:5, s. 1270-1273
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have used seven different techniques to measure the anisotropic refractive index of poly(vinylcarbazole) films. These techniques are: two types of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) with multiple sample analysis, Interference enhanced VASE, Transmittance combined with VASE, Polarised Reflectance, beta-scan VASE, and prism coupling. We have found the average ordinary and extraordinary indices at 633 nm to be no = nTE = 1.675 ± 0.008, and ne = nTM = 1.722 ± 0.018, respectively, consistent amongst methods and conclusive on the magnitude of Δn in polymer films.
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| 11. |
- Chen, Miaoxiang, 1962-, et al.
(author)
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High carrier mobility in low band gap polymer-based field-effect transistors
- 2005
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In: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 87:25, s. 252105-1-252105-3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A conjugated polymer with a low band gap of 1.21 eV, i.e., absorbing infrared light, is demonstrated as active material in field-effect transistors (FETs). The material consists of alternating fluorene units and low band gap segments with electron donor-acceptor-donor units composed of two electron-donating thiophene rings attached on both sides of a thiadiazolo-quinoxaline electron-acceptor group. The polymer is solution-processable and air-stable; the resulting FETs exhibit typical p-channel characteristics and field-effect mobility of 0.03 cm2 V−1 s−1.
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| 12. |
- De, Swati, et al.
(author)
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Exciton Dynamics in Alternating Polyfluorene/Fullerene Blends
- 2008
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In: Journal of Chemical Physics. - College Park, MD, United States : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 350:1-3, s. 14-22
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Exciton dynamics in alternating copolymer/fullerene solar cell blends have been investigated using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The acceptor concentrations have been varied over a wide range. Experimental data, kinetic modeling and simulations, all indicate that the efficiency of exciton conversion to charges is 100% even at acceptor concentrations as low as 20 wt%. The reported dependence of solar cell efficiency on fullerene concentration may thus arise from other factors. However, there exists an acceptor concentration threshold (5 wt%) below which a substantial fraction of the excitations remain unquenched. The results, we believe are very relevant to optimization of performance efficiency by clever manipulation of morphology. We have also observed exciton–exciton energy transfer in these blends at low acceptor concentrations.
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| 13. |
- De, Swati, et al.
(author)
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Geminate charge recombination in alternating polyfluorene copolymer/fullerene blends
- 2007
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In: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 129:27, s. 8466-8472
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- By measuring excited state and charge dynamics in blends of an alternating polyfluorene copolymer and fullerene derivative over nine orders in time and two orders in light intensity, we have monitored the light-induced processes from ultrafast charge photogeneration to much slower decay of charges by recombination. We find that at low light intensities relevant to solar cell operation relatively fast (∼30 ns) geminate recombination is the dominating charge decay process, while nongeminate recombination has a negligible contribution. The conclusion of our work is that under solar illumination conditions geminate recombination of charges may be directly competing with efficient charge collection in polymer/fullerene solar cells. © 2007 American Chemical Society.
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| 14. |
- Elfwing, Anders, 1975-
(author)
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On decoration of biomolecular scaffolds with a conjugated polyelectrolyte
- 2017
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Biotemplating is the art of using a biological structure as a scaffold which is decorated with a functional material. In this fashion the structures will gain new functionalities and biotemplating offers a simple route of mass-producing mesoscopic material with new interesting properties. Biological structures are abundant and come in a great variety of elaborate and due to their natural origin they could be more suitable for interaction with biological systems than wholly synthetic materials. Conducting polymers are a novel class of material which was developed just 40 years ago and are well suited for interaction with biological material due to their organic composition. Furthermore the electronic properties of the conducting polymers can be tuned giving rise to dynamic control of the behavior of the material. Self-assembly processes are interesting since they do not require complicated or energy demanding processing conditions. This is particularly important as most biological materials are unstable at elevated temperatures or harsh environments. The main aim of this thesis is to show the possibility of using self-assembly to decorate a conducting polymer onto various biotemplates. Due to the intrinsic variety in charge, size and structure between the available natural scaffolds it is difficult, if not impossible, to find a universal method.In this thesis we show how biotemplating can be used to create new hybrid materials by self-assembling a conducting polymer with biological structures based on DNA, protein, lipids and cellulose, and in this fashion create material with novel optical and electronic properties.
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| 15. |
- Felekidis, Nikolaos, 1985-
(author)
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Effects of Energetic Disorder on the Optoelectronic Properties of Organic Solar Cells
- 2018
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is a promising low-cost and environmental-friendly technology currently achieving 12-14% power conversion efficiency. Despite the extensive focus of the research community over the last years, critical mechanisms defining the performance of OPVs are still topics of debate. While energetic disorder is known to be characteristic of organic semiconductors in general, its potential role in OPV has received surprisingly little attention. In this thesis we investigate some aspects of the relation between energetic disorder and several optoelectronic properties of OPV.Charge carrier mobility is a key parameter in characterizing the performance of organic semiconductors. Analyzing the temperature dependence of the mobility is also an oftenused method to obtain (estimates for) the energetic disorder in the HOMO and LUMO levels of an organic semiconductor material. Different formalisms to extract and analyze mobilities from space charge limited conductivity (SCLC) experiments are reviewed. Surprisingly, the Murgatroyd-Gill analytical model in combination with the Gaussian disorder model in the Boltzmann limit yields similar mobilities and energetic disorders as a more elaborate drift-diffusion model with parametrized mobility functionals. Common analysis and measurement errors are discussed. All the models are incorporated in an automated analysis freeware tool.The open circuit voltage (Voc) has attracted considerable interest as the large difference between Voc and the bandgap is the main loss mechanism in bulk heterojunction OPVs. Surprisingly, in ternary devices composed of two donors and one acceptor, the Voc is not pinned to the shallowest HOMO but demonstrates a continuous tunability between the binary extremities. We show that this phenomenon can be explained with an equilibrium model where Voc is defined as the splitting of the quasi-Fermi levels of the photo-created holes and electrons in a common density of states accounting for the stoichiometry, i.e. the ratio of the donor materials and the broadening by Gaussian disorder. Evaluating the PCE, it is found that ternary devices do not offer advantages over binary unless the fill factor (FF) is increased at intermediate compositions, as a result of improved transport/recombination upon material blending.Stressing the importance of material intermixing to improve the performance, we found that the presence of an acceptor may drastically alter the mobility and energetic disorder of the donor and vice versa. The effect of different acceptors was studied in a ternary onedonor- two-acceptors system, where the unpredictable variability with composition of the energetic disorder in the HOMO and the LUMO explained the almost linear tunability of Voc. Designing binary OPVs based on the design rule that the energetic disorder can be reduced upon material blending, as we observed, can yield a relative PCE improvement of at least 20%.CT states currently play a key role in evaluating the performance of OPVs and CTelectroluminescence (CT-EL) is assumed to stem from the recombination of thermalized electron-hole pairs. The varying width of the CT-EL peak for different material combinations is intuitively expected to reflect the energetic disorder of the effective HOMO and LUMO. We employ kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) CT-EL simulations, using independently measured disorder parameters as input, to calculate the ground-to-ground state (0-0) transition spectrum. Including the vibronic broadening according to the Franck Condon principle, we reproduce the width and current dependence of the measured CT-EL peak for a large number of donor-acceptor combinations. The fitted dominant phonon modes compare well with the values measured using the spectral line narrowing technique. Importantly, the calculations show that CT-EL originates from a narrow, non-thermalized subset of all available CT states, which can be understood by considering the kinetic microscopic process with which electron-hole pairs meet and recombine.Despite electron-hole pairs being strongly bound in organic materials, the charge separation process following photo-excitation is found to be extremely efficient and independent of the excitation energy. However, at low photon energies where the charges are excited deep in the tail of the DOS, it is intuitively expected for the extraction yield to be quenched. Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) experiments for different material systems show both inefficient and efficient charge dissociation for excitation close to the CT energy. This finding is explained by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations accounting for a varying degree of e-h delocalization, where strongly bound localized CT pairs (< 2nm distance) are doomed to recombine at low excitation energies while extended delocalization over 3-5nm yields an increased and energy-independent IQE. Using a single material parameter set, the experimental CT electroluminescence and absorption spectra are reproduced by the same kMC model by accounting for the vibronic progression of the calculated 0-0 transition. In contrast to CT-EL, CT-absorption probes the complete CT manifold.Charge transport in organic solar cells is currently modelled as either an equilibrium or a non-equilibrium process. The former is described by drift-diffusion (DD) equations, which can be calculated quickly but assume local thermal equilibrium of the charge carriers with the lattice. The latter is described by kMC models, that are time-consuming but treat the charge carriers individually and can probe all relevant time and energy scales. A hybrid model that makes use of the multiple trap and release (MTR) concept in combination with the DD equations is shown to describe both steady-state space charge limited conductivity experiments and non-equilibrium time-resolved transport experiments using a single parameter set. For the investigated simulations, the DD-MTR model is in good agreement with kMC and ~10 times faster.Steady-state mobilities from DD equations have been argued to be exclusively relevant for operating OPVs while charge carrier thermalization and non-equilibrium time-dependent mobilities (although acknowledged) can be disregarded. This conclusion, based on transient photocurrent experiments with μs time resolution, is not complete. We show that non-equilibrium kMC simulations can describe the extraction of charge carriers from subps to 100 μs timescales with a single parameter set. The majority of the fast charge carriers, mostly non-thermalized electrons, are extracted at time scales below the resolution of the experiment. In other words, the experiment resolves only the slower fraction of the charges, predominantly holes.
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| 16. |
- Fernandez-Benito, Amparo, et al.
(author)
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Green and Scalable Biopolymer-Based Aqueous Polyelectrolyte Complexes for Zinc-Ion Charge Storage Devices
- 2023
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In: ChemElectroChem. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 2196-0216. ; 10:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Green and scalable materials are essential to fulfill the need of electrification for transitioning into a fossil-fuels free society, and sustainability is a requirement for all new technologies. Rechargeable batteries are one of the most important elements for electrification, enabling the transition to mobile electronics, electrical vehicles and grid storage. We here report synthesis and characterization of polyelectrolyte complexes of alginate and chitosan, both biopolymers deriving from the sea, for transport of zinc ions in hydrogel electrolytes. We have used vibrational spectroscopy, thermal measurements and microscopy, as well as transport measurements with ohmic or blocking contacts. The transference number for zinc ions is close to 1, the conductivity is approximate to 10 mS/cm, with stability at Zn interfaces seen through 7000 cycles in symmetric zinc//zinc cell. A zinc ion aqueous electrolyte was prepared from blends of chitosan and alginate, by using a simple and scalable route. These green zinc ion electrolytes exhibit a stability window up to 2 V, a zinc ion transference number close to 1, and electrochemical cyclability over 7000 cycles at interfaces to zinc. This biologically derived polyelectrolyte complex offers many possibilities for optimizing transport and stability at electrode interfaces.image
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Frantz, S.E.A., et al.
(author)
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Quantum efficiency and two-photon absorption cross-section of conjugated polyelectrolytes used for protein conformation measurements with applications on amyloid structures
- 2007
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In: Chemical Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-0104 .- 1873-4421. ; 336:2-3, s. 121-126
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's and spongiform encephalopathies evolve from aggregation of proteins due to misfolding of the protein structure. Early disease handling require sophisticated but yet simple techniques to follow the complex properties of the aggregation process. Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have shown promising capabilities acting as optical biological sensors, since they can specifically bind to polypeptides both in solution and in solid phase. The structural changes in biomolecules can be monitored by changes of the optical spectra of the CPEs, both in absorption and emission modes. Notably, the studied CPEs possess multi-photon excitation capability, making them potential for in vivo imaging using laser scanning microscopy. Aggregation of proteins depends on concentration, temperature and pH. The optical effect on the molecular probe in various environments must also be investigated if applied in these environments. Here we present the results of quantum efficiency and two-photon absorption cross-section of three CPEs: POMT, POWT and PTAA in three different pH buffer systems. The extinction coefficient and quantum efficiency were measured. POMT was found to have the highest quantum efficiency being approximately 0.10 at pH 2.0. The two-photon absorption cross-section was measured for POMT and POWT and was found to be more than 18-25 times and 7-11 times that of Fluorescein, respectively. We also show how POMT fluorescence can be used to distinguish conformational differences between amyloid fibrils formed from reduced and non-reduced insulin in spectrally resolved images recorded with a laser scanning microscope using both one- and two-photon excitation. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 19. |
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| 21. |
- Harillo-Baños, Albert, et al.
(author)
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High-Throughput Screening of Blade-Coated Polymer:Polymer Solar Cells: Solvent Determines Achievable Performance
- 2022
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In: ChemSusChem. - : Wiley. - 1864-5631 .- 1864-564X. ; 15:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Optimization of a new system for organic solar cells is a multiparametric analysis problem that requires substantial efforts in terms of time and resources. The strong microstructure-dependent performance of polymer:polymer cells makes them particularly difficult to optimize, or to translate previous knowledge from spin coating into more scalable techniques. In this work, the photovoltaic performance of blade-coated devices was studied based on the promising polymer:polymer system PBDB-T and PF5-Y5 as donor and acceptor, respectively. Using the recently developed high-throughput methodology, the system was optimized for multiple variables, including solvent system, active layer composition, ratio, and thickness, among others, by fabricating more than 500 devices with less than 24 mg of each component. As a result, the power conversion efficiency of the blade-coated devices varied from 0.08 to 6.43 % in the best device. The performed statistical analysis of the large experimental data obtained showed that solvent selection had the major impact on the final device performance due to its influence on the active layer microstructure. As a conclusion, the use of the plot of the device efficiency in the Hansen space was proposed as a powerful tool to guide solvent selection in organic photovoltaics.
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| 22. |
- Herland, Anna, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Conjugated polymers as optical probes for protein interactions and protein conformations
- 2007
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In: Macromolecular rapid communications. - : Wiley. - 1022-1336 .- 1521-3927. ; 28:17, s. 1703-1713
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a need for highly sensitive, multi-parallel protein sensors within diagnostics and proteomic research. Conjugated polymers (CPs) have been demonstrated as highly sensitive optical probes for protein biosensing. Compared to small molecules, the polymeric probe has the possibility of multiple interactions and a collective response, which enhances the sensor signal. The optical output is colorimetric or, more sensitive, fluorescence based, including Förster energy transfer and changes in the emission wavelengths and/or intensity. Using CPs, many interesting protein detection events have been demonstrated, e.g., protein interactions, enzymatic activity, amyloid fibril formation, and detection by aptamers. CPs have also been successfully used to stain bacterial, cellular, and tissue samples. © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
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| 23. |
- Hou, Jianhui, et al.
(author)
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Organic solar cells based on non-fullerene acceptors
- 2018
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In: Nature Materials. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1476-1122 .- 1476-4660. ; 17:2, s. 119-128
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Organic solar cells (OSCs) have been dominated by donor: acceptor blends based on fullerene acceptors for over two decades. This situation has changed recently, with non-fullerene (NF) OSCs developing very quickly. The power conversion efficiencies of NF OSCs have now reached a value of over 13%, which is higher than the best fullerene-based OSCs. NF acceptors show great tunability in absorption spectra and electron energy levels, providing a wide range of new opportunities. The coexistence of low voltage losses and high current generation indicates that new regimes of device physics and photophysics are reached in these systems. This Review highlights these opportunities made possible by NF acceptors, and also discuss the challenges facing the development of NF OSCs for practical applications.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Inganäs, Olle, 1951-, et al.
(author)
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Alternating fluorene copolymer/fullerene blend solar cells
- 2005. - 1
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In: Organic Photovoltaics. - Boca Raton, FL, USA : CRC Press. - 082475963X - 9780824759636 ; , s. 387-402
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Recently developed organic photovoltaics (OPVs) show distinct advantages over their inorganic counterparts due to their lighter weight, flexible shape, versatile materials synthesis and device fabrication schemes, and low cost in large-scale industrial production. Although many books currently exist on general concepts of PV and inorganic PV materials and devices, few are available that offer a comprehensive overview of recently fast developing organic and polymeric PV materials and devices.Organic Photovoltaics: Mechanisms, Materials, and Devicesfills this gap. The book provides an international perspective on the latest research in this rapidly expanding field with contributions from top experts around the world. It presents a unified approach comprising three sections: General Overviews; Mechanisms and Modeling; and Materials and Devices. Discussions include sunlight capture, exciton diffusion and dissociation, interface properties, charge recombination and migration, and a variety of currently developing OPV materials/devices. The book also includes two forewords: one by Nobel Laureate Dr. Alan J. Heeger, and the other by Drs. Aloysius Hepp and Sheila Bailey of NASA Glenn Research Center.Organic Photovoltaics equips students, researchers, and engineers with knowledge of the mechanisms, materials, devices, and applications of OPVs necessary to develop cheaper, lighter, and cleaner renewable energy throughout the coming decades.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Inganäs, Olle, 1951-, et al.
(author)
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New polymers for plastic solar cells
- 2007
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In: Proceedings of SPIE. - : SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng. - 0361-0748.
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 49. |
- Jespersen, Kim, et al.
(author)
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Charge formation and transport in bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on alternating polyfluorene copolymers blended with fullerenes
- 2006
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In: Organic Electronics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1566-1199 .- 1878-5530. ; 7:4, s. 235-242
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigate charge formation in bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on conjugated polymers in the form of alternating polyfluorene copolymers and the methanofullerene PCBM. Using transient absorption spectroscopy we show that optimal charge formation is obtained with 20-50 wt% PCBM. This is in contrast to the maximum short circuit current density obtained at similar to 80 wt% PCBM as determined by steady state current density-voltage characterization. Hence, we show explicitly that the solar cell performance of these interpenetrating polymer networks containing PCBM is limited by charge transport rather than by formation of charges. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 50. |
- Karlsson, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
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Interactions between a zwitterionic polythiophene derivative and oligonucleotides as resolved by fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- 2005
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In: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0897-4756 .- 1520-5002. ; 17:16, s. 4204-4211
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The interactions between a zwitterionic polythiophene derivative, POWT, and DNA oligonucleotides in solution have been studied by FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer). When POWT and ssDNA are bound alone in a complex, the distance between them is at its smallest. The distance increases when adding complementary DNA, but POWT is still mainly bound to the first DNA strand. We find that two POWT chains bind to one DNA strand, and the two POWT chains seem held together in pairs, unable to separate, as they can only bind to and quench half their own amount of labeled DNA. This POWT−POWT complex appears to dissociate at lower concentrations. ssDNA attached to POWT in a complex can also be substituted by other ssDNA in solution; this occurs to 50% when the free DNA is present in 10-fold concentration compared to the ssDNA bound to POWT. Titration studies at different concentrations show positive cooperativity in the binding of POWT and ssDNA into a complex. The hybridization of complementary DNA to the same complex involves no cooperativity. These observations indicate interesting possibilities for the use of POWT as a DNA sensor.
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