| 1. |
- Brahma, Arindam, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Circular products: the balance between sustainability and excessive margins in design
- 2024
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design Society. - 2732-527X. ; 4, s. 1199-1208
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the world deals with climate change, it is crucial that new products are designed to be more sustainable. Product design strategies which conform to the Circular Economy principles have recently gained attention, which promote sustainability and resource efficiency. However, such strategies require careful consideration of uncertainties and the ways to mitigate them, e.g. by using margins. The pursuit of circularity can inadvertently lead to overdesign as designers strive to mitigate elevated risks, thereby making a product less sustainable. In this paper, we explore this balance.
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| 2. |
- Isaksson Hallstedt, Sophie, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable product development in aeroengine manufacturing: challenges, opportunities and experiences from GKN Aerospace Engine System
- 2023
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Ingår i: Design Science. - : Cambridge University Press. - 2053-4701. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A radical shift in technology is necessary to enable future air transport solutions. Sustainability targets for aeroengine manufacturing mean more than reducing CO2 and NOX. The future will open up possibilities and bring new challenges when introducing hybrid- and electrical propulsion technologies using new materials, technology solutions and new business models. This article reports on findings from a longitudinal study and many years of collaboration between researchers and industry experts, where a first-tier aeroengine manufacturer transforms their product development capabilities to enable sustainable product development. The article highlights some activities undertaken and identifies critical challenges and opportunities remaining for a manufacturer of next-generation aeroengine solutions. It is argued that the challenge for aeroengine manufacturers to develop new-generation propulsive technologies will require a systemic change in the undertaking of design and development. The opportunities of sustainable technologies are evident yet require: (1) means to tighter integrate business and technology development, (2) the ability to quantify and assess sustainability impacts of different concept solutions, and (3) means to utilise natural resources, alloys and materials for a circular and life-cycle optimised solution.
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| 3. |
- Léonard, Pauline L.Y., et al.
(författare)
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An Introductory Study of the Sustainability Transition for the Aerospace Manufacturing Industry
- 2024
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Ingår i: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. - 2352-751X .- 2352-7528. ; 52, s. 577-588
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the needs and clarify the sustainability challenges in relation to complex lifecycles within the aerospace field. It is an introductory study to understand how to improve the sustainability performance of aerospace solutions and aim to propose a comprehensive sustainability transition roadmap for the Aerospace industry in further research work. Society is increasingly demanding that the aviation industry adopt more sustainable practices, resulting in the formulation of new regulations and policies to limit the sustainability risks of this strategic industry. Existing regulations, such as the EU's Green Deal and the EU's critical raw materials act, are already impacting the Swedish aerospace manufacturing industry. Furthermore, circular economy is gaining significant attention in the manufacturing industry in general and is increasingly considered in aerospace. This exploratory and descriptive research is conducted with support of Swedish Aerospace manufacturers and aim to cover real industrial projects with products at different stages of development. The interviewed companies operate within both civil and governmental aerospace sectors, encompassing the entire spectrum of product development, from radically innovative technology introductions to enhancements made to existing systems and components. This paper highlights current challenges and several focus areas on which the aerospace manufacturers have started to work on and will have in focus for the next 5-10 years ahead. Differences in approach have been identified between early product development phases with radical innovations and more advanced and mature product development. The stakes and priorities are different and it is reflected on how the companies are working with sustainability today. There is a need to balance efforts between developing the right future products, and also improving current ones, to lead the sustainability transformation in the aerospace industry.
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| 4. |
- Eckert, Claudia, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Industry Trends to 2040
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED19). - : Cambridge University Press. ; 2019-August, s. 2121-2128
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The engineering design community needs to development tools and methods now to support emergingtechnological and societal trends. While many forecasts exist for technological and societal changes,this paper reports on the findings of a workshop, which addressed trends in engineering design to 2040.The paper summarises the key findings from the six themes of the workshop: societal trends, ways ofworking, lifelong learning, technology, modelling and simulation and digitisation; and points to thechallenge of understanding how these trends affect each other.
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| 5. |
- Hallstedt, Sophie, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Forming Digital Sustainable Product Development Support
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign 2022. - : The Design Society. - 9781912254170
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainability has shifted from strategically important to business critical for several manufacturing industries. This paper introduces an implementation framework to increase the capabilities in companies to design, develop and offer sustainable product- and production solutions in line with new regulatory strategies and plans. Based on a questionnaire survey, conducted in ten different product development companies representing different industrial sectors, the status and needs of sustainable product development were captured. Further on, a better understanding of the capabilities for a forthcoming digital sustainable product development support, were identified in an action research-based approach with three industrial companies. This paper presents the rational of a digital sustainable product development support, in relation to global sustainability goals and societal dimensions of sustainability transitions. The main results from the questionnaire presents the challenges and needs of capabilities for product developers and design engineers to develop more sustainable solutions in a resource efficient way. The action-based research with the three industrial manufacturing partners resulted in a set of common key activities and detailed requirements for a digital sustainable product development support. Finally, the paper describes a first prototype of a digital platform, i.e. Digital Sustainability Implementation Package-DSIP, and discusses future work. © Proceedings of NordDesign 2022: How Product and Manufacturing Design Enable Sustainable Companies and Societies.
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| 6. |
- Hallstedt, S.I. 1969, et al.
(författare)
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MATERIAL CRITICALITY METHOD-PRODUCT VULNERABILITY FROM A SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE
- 2016
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Ingår i: DS 84: Proceedings of the DESIGN 2016 14th International Design Conference. - 1847-9073. ; , s. 221-230
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel method is presented, including a material criticality list and sustainability compliance index. The method aims to support an estimation of the vulnerability of a product concept due to material criticality and strategically guide early design decisions. A jet engine component design team evaluated the method. It was understood that the method increased communication and clarification regarding material criticality. Further, it became apparent that the method provided a collaboration link between the design team and the business development team.
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| 7. |
- Hallstedt, Sophie, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Material criticality assessment in early phases of sustainable product development
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 161, s. 40-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improving structural performance of products is often realized by introducing increasingly advanced and complex materials as well as material combinations. What material to use in products is decided in the early product development phases and has a decisive impact for manufacturing, maintenance and end-of-life. A particular challenge is that the decisions need to be made upfront, where information of the forthcoming product is limited. This paper presents an early product development method to assess the criticality of alloy materials from a resource availability- and sustainability perspective. The method distinguishes itself from previous studies that focus on element criticality on a country level. The method is used to characterize and analyze the criticality of alloys in a three-step process that aims to support product design teams selecting what material alloy to use in early phases of design. It provides a proactive and systematic approach related to critical materials to avoid potential future problems on a long-term basis. The method presented has been developed in an action research-based approach in an aerospace company where a product design team validated and evaluated the material criticality method. The generic nature of the method is likely to be applicable not only to aerospace companies but also to other industries using advanced alloys. An important finding from applying the method in the company case was the clear link between long term business impact and sustainability performance. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
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| 8. |
- Hallstedt, Sophie, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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The need for new product development capabilities from digitalization, sustainability, and servitization trends
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:23, s. 1-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Apparent from the latest pandemic, the dynamics and rate of change in society accelerate on a global scale. Ongoing mega-trends in society, such as digitalization, sustainability, and servitization, fundamentally changes the conditions for manufacturers when developing and providing new products. This study clarifies the combined impact and consequences on product development capabilities in manufacturing firms of the three mega-trends: (i) digitalization, (ii) sustainability, and (iii) servitization. The research is based on a pre-study, complemented with a semi-structured interview study at small, medium-sized, and large Swedish-based manufacturing companies, and a systematic literature review. The research makes evident that the main challenge is to empower engineers and development teams to model, present, evaluate, and develop expected and smart digitalized solutions in a time-limited environment and prioritize the most resource efficient and sustainable solution. Therefore, four complementary support resources are suggested: (i) a knowledge management platform, (ii) a data management platform, (iii) a set of criteria and metrics measuring progression, and (iv) support methods and tools to define, model, and evaluate solutions. When integrated into a digital platform, developers can simultaneously access and process the necessary information needed for sustainable, digitalized, and servitized solutions. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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| 9. |
- Handawi, Khalil Al, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating additive manufacturing and repair strategies of aeroengine components in the computational multidisciplinary engineering design process
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign: Design in the Era of Digitalization, NordDesign 2018.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a methodology for integrating failure and lifecycle analysis related to additive manufacturing in a computational multidisciplinary engineering design framework. The specific goal of this framework is to quantify the impact of component design decisions on system-level performance in order to assess alternative manufacturing, re-manufacturing and repair strategies from both technical and business perspectives. The ultimate objective of this research is to enable such considerations in the early product design phases, where sufficient degree of freedom exists to identify component design solutions that can facilitate and accommodate different manufacturing and repair techniques that impact the entire lifecycle. The developed methodology is demonstrated by means of a jet engine component where repair strategies are included as variables in the computational design process. Numerical results confirm that these strategies can be used to trade among design attributes such as lifecycle cost, weight, and performance.
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| 10. |
- Isaksson, Ola, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Digitalisation, sustainability and servitisation : Consequences on product development capabilities in manufacturing firms
- 2018
-
Ingår i: DS 91. - : Linköping University Electronic Press.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the impact of the three mega-trends (1) digitalisation (2) sustainability and (3) servitisation on design and development capabilities in manufacturing companies. First, technological advancements have created both product opportunities, and new aids, captured in e.g. the Industry 4.0 paradigm, and intensively driving digitalisation of businesses, that, besides the technological challenges, cause new challenges and problem areas, such as information ownership and shared long-term responsibilities. Second, the need for sustainable solutions increases the focus on the design of circular, resource efficient and radically new technological solutions to be designed with a total life cycle perspective in mind, through use phase, repair and overhaul, until recycling and end-of-life. Third, and finally, the classical roles for suppliers, integrators and users are being changed as servitisation and Product-Service Systems (PSS) offerings affect both products and businesses, and ultimately entire value networks with new constellations of business partners contributing to the realization of solutions for customers. This paper builds on a conceptual literature review to identify relevant information about the three trends regarding their impact on design and societal development. In addition, a semi-structured interview study was conducted to investigate possibilities and challenges that four different types of manufacturing companies perceive today with respect to the mega-trends, and more specifically how these trends impact the design and development capabilities in the studied companies. Results from this empirical study show that digitalisation is viewed as an opportunity to find new solutions to meet customer needs and be competitive at the future market. Sustainable Product Development (SPD) was instead primarily to fulfil requirements and legislation. However, it was clear that some manufacturers start to see market forces as a driver. PSS can be seen as a means to create new solutions, often with digital tools as facilitator. Altogether, the literature study and the empirical data show that increasingly, designers are expected to design entire solutions, as opposed to merely artefacts. This implies that designers need to consider not only the product performance and cost, but products’ and solutions’ behaviour and impact over complete life cycles, developed and organized by business networks together with several suppliers and other partners with different capabilities. The basis for the designer is a technology mix comprising services, software, electronics and hardware, bundled into offerings in new business models, interlinked with new digital opportunities. Moreover, it is clear that the three trends do not represent stand-alone perspectives but affect one another in an intertwined way. To achieve long-term effects, the sustainability issues need to be integrated with many other subject areas, and implemented simultaneously as digital solutions, e.g. digital twins to physical artefacts are conceived, and value creating networks are being built up. Obviously, these three trends affect the need for change in product design capabilities and escalate the challenges of the integrated product development viewpoint, in a way that is difficult to master for individual engineers. Support for design and development work is needed that takes into account the mega-trends digitalisation, sustainability, and servitisation.
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| 11. |
- Isaksson, Ola, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-domain design assessment for aerospace components including weld accessibility
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design Society. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2732-527X. ; Volume 1 - August 2021, s. 2217-2225
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aeroengine manufacturers need to better include assessment of risk and cost for realising the novel products needed to meet the ambitions sustainability driven targets for air transport. Radical technologies are needed that simultaneously require critical manufacturing processes to be assessed already in conceptual design. In this paper, a multi-domain framework for conceptual design and evaluation is proposed that provide the ability to interactively explore the concepts that simultaneously allow a wider range of architectures can be assessed and still include weldability of the concepts. It has been demonstrated how high level, and function driven conceptual design alternatives can be modelled and evaluated to analyse risk and resilience of architectures. Geometrical concepts generated for the most interesting regimes using design of experiments covering a desired design space. For each CAD-model the welding process can be simulated to assess feasibility and lead time for welding, and return quantified results to be included in an integrated results data set for interactive decision making. The paper is the first report from a research project that improve concurrent design of product and production concepts.
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| 12. |
- Isaksson, Ola, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on innovation: The role of engineering design
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2220-4334 .- 2220-4342. ; 2019-August, s. 1235-1244
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the paper is to foster a discussion in the engineering design community about its understanding of the innovation phenomena and the unique contribution that comes from engineering design. The paper reports on the dialouge originating from a series of workshops with participants from different backgrounds in engineering design, systems engineering, industrial design psychology and business. Definitions of innovation are revisited as used in business, management and engineering design contexts. The role of innovation is then discussed related to product development from (i) the management perspective, (ii) a systems architecture perspective and (iii) in relation to sustainable development as one driver of innovation. It is argued that engineering design has a central role in how to realise the novelty aspect of innovation and often plays a critical role in maturing these into the valuable products, and there is a need to articulate the role of engineering design in innovation to better resonate with the business and management research.
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| 13. |
- Mallalieu, Adam, 1995, et al.
(författare)
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DERIVE AND INTEGRATE SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA IN DESIGN SPACE EXPLORATION OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURED COMPONENTS
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design Society. - : Cambridge University Press. ; 3, s. 1197-1206
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Additive manufacturing has the potential to decrease the climate impact of aviation by providing more light-weight designs. Sustainability is however required to be assessed from a systemic view, including all lifecycle phases, and from a social, ecologic, and economic dimension. This is however challenging in early phase design, where also a large design space need to be explored. A case study is carried out with an aerospace company where two candidate engineering design tools are combined to address this. The integration of these two engineering tools are applied on a Turbine Rear Structure, and shows promising results in enabling a systemic view of sustainability to be integrated and assessed in early phase design space explorations of additive manufactured components. It is recommended that the integration between the two tools is further established and validated. © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press.
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| 14. |
- Mallalieu, Adam, 1995, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainability criteria for introducing new technologies in low-income contexts
- 2024
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design Society. - : Cambridge University Press. ; 4, s. 1359-1368
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introducing new technologies in low-income contexts have potential for positive social impact, and such efforts are made by humanitarian engineering non-govermental organisations (NGOs). The impact can increase if a systemic sustainability perspective is considered in the design process. Sustainability criteria are identified using a literature study combined with an empirical study together with a Swedish NGO. These criteria are synthesized into a simplified Sustainability Fingerprint tool which is evaluated and deemed to be useful when introducing new technologies in low-income contexts. © 2024 Proceedings of the Design Society. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Ström, Mikael, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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A set-based-inspired design process supported by axiomatic design and interactive evolutionary algorithms
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Product Development. - : Inderscience Publishers. - 1477-9056 .- 1741-8178. ; 27:3, s. 186-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an approach towards a set-based design-inspired concept development process for products with a solution space consisting principally of different solution alternatives and parameterised variants of these. The hypothesis is that such a concept development process can be based on traditional synthesis methods, an SBD-inspired elimination strategy, axiomatic design and interactive Evolutionary Algorithms (IEAs) for the synthesis of solution candidates and the successive reduction of the solution space. Axiomatic design and its axioms are used to evaluate and eliminate unfeasible alternatives, whereas IEAs, combined with human judgement, are employed for the evaluation and elimination of variants. Stated criteria specifying a design problem can be of different kinds with different ontologies described by different authors. This study focuses on functional, constraining and qualitative criteria. Results from performed industrial case studies show that the proposed method can reduce the lead time in design work.
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| 16. |
- Al Handawi, Khalil, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Design Space Exploration and Evaluation Using Margin-Based Trade-Offs
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Mechanical Design - Transactions of the ASME. - 1050-0472. ; 146:6, s. 061701-1-061701-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Design space exploration and margin analysis can inform critical decisions early in engineering design, helping to handle the uncertainties of early design while ensuring design performance. In practice, the complexity of many products makes such decision-making challenging. This paper addresses the challenge with a new design framework that relies on the margin value method to evaluate sets of concepts that are combinatorially generated from an enhanced function-means tree. The basis for concept comparison is the margin value in each design alternative. The margin value method is expanded to address a broad class of design problems by using surrogate models and novel metrics for evaluating different conceptual alternatives. Visualization tools are introduced to support the evaluations. The efficacy of the framework is demonstrated using the design of a structural aero-engine component involving simulation models and uncertain load specifications. Overall, this paper shows how design concepts can be compared objectively and distilled to a set of alternatives that would retain their values throughout product development.
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| 17. |
- Al Handawi, Khalil, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal allocation of design margins in additive remanufacturing
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference. ; 3B-2021
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Often, coping with changing requirements results in substantial overdesign, because of the ways in which design margins are allocated at the beginning of the design process. In this paper, we present a design optimization method for minimizing overdesign using additive manufacturing. We use recently defined constituents of design margins (buffer and excess) as metrics in a design optimization problem to minimize overdesign. The method can be used to obtain optimal design decisions for changing requirements. We demonstrate our method by means of a turbine rear structure design problem where changes in the temperature loads are met by depositing different types of stiffeners on the outer casing. The optimal decisions obtained by optimization minimize overdesign but ensure that requirements are met throughout the product's lifecycle.
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| 18. |
- Al Handawi, Khalil, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization of Design Margins Allocation When Making Use of Additive Remanufacturing
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Mechanical Design - Transactions of the ASME. - : ASME International. - 1050-0472. ; 144:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Requirement changes can result in substantial overdesign because of the way design margins are allocated at the beginning of the design process. We present a design optimization method for minimizing overdesign by making use of additive remanufacturing and recently defined constituents of design margins (buffer and excess). The method can be used to obtain a set of design decisions for different changing requirement scenarios. We demonstrate our method by means of a turbine rear structure design problem where changes in the temperature loads are met by depositing different types of stiffeners on the outer casing. The results of the case study are visualized in a tradespace, which allows for comparison between sets of optimal, flexible, and robust designs. Results show that the optimized set of design decisions balances flexibility and robustness in a cost-effective manner.
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| 19. |
- Al Handawi, Khalil, et al.
(författare)
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Scalable set-based design optimization and remanufacturing for meeting changing requirements
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference. ; 11A-2020
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Engineering design problems often have open-ended requirements, especially in the early stages of development. Setbased design is a paradigm for exploring, and keeping under consideration, several alternatives so that commitment to a single design can be delayed until requirements are settled. In addition, requirements may change over the lifetime of a component or a system. Novel manufacturing technologies enable designs to be remanufactured to meet changed requirements. By considering this capability during the set-based design optimization process, solutions can be scaled to meet evolving requirements and customer specifications even after commitment. Such an ability can also support a circular economy paradigm based on the return of used or discarded components and systems to working condition. We propose a set-based design methodology to obtain scalable optimal solutions that can satisfy changing requirements through remanufacturing. We first use design optimization and surrogate modeling to obtain parametric optimal designs. This set of parametric optimal designs is then reduced to scalable optimal designs by observing a set of transition rules for the manufacturing process used (additive or subtractive). The methodology is demonstrated by means of a structural aeroengine component that is remanufactured by direct energy deposition of a stiffener to meet higher loading requirements.
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| 20. |
- Al Handawi, Khalil, et al.
(författare)
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Scalable Set-Based Design Optimization and Remanufacturing for Meeting Changing Requirements
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Mechanical Design - Transactions of the ASME. - : ASME International. - 1050-0472. ; 143:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Design requirements are often uncertain in the early stages of product development. Set-based design is a paradigm for exploring, and keeping under consideration, several alternatives so that commitment to a single design can be delayed until requirements are settled. In addition, requirements may change over the lifetime of a component or a system. Novel manufacturing technologies may enable designs to be remanufactured to meet changed requirements. By considering this capability during the set-based design optimization process, solutions can be scaled to meet evolving requirements and customer specifications even after commitment. Such an ability can also support a circular economy paradigm based on the return of used or discarded components and systems to working condition. We propose a set-based design methodology to obtain scalable optimal solutions that can satisfy changing requirements through remanufacturing. We first use design optimization and surrogate modeling to obtain parametric optimal designs. This set of parametric optimal designs is then reduced to scalable optimal designs by observing a set of transition rules for the manufacturing process used (additive or subtractive). The methodology is demonstrated by means of a structural aeroengine component that is remanufactured by direct energy deposition of a stiffener to meet higher loading requirements.
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| 21. |
- Alonso Fernandez, Iñigo, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Designing Multi-Technological Resilient Objects in Product Platforms
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign 2022: How Product and Manufacturing Design Enable Sustainable Companies and Societies.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Uncertainty about the market, environment, and technological landscape of the future challenges the ways companies utilize the notion of “product platforms” to gain efficiency during development and production. This paper reviews design approaches to cope with uncertainties and highlights the benefit of designing a platform to enable “resilience” to deal with uncertain situation without the need to change the structure or configuration of the product platform. To achieve resilience, the paper proposes to introduce “resilient objects” in regions of the product platform that are likely to be most affected by change. Resilient design objects are already common in practice, such as a spring-damper system in mechanical systems. However, since product platform are multi-technological, this paper proposes a way of representing generic resilient objects (along five different design domains) for multi-technological systems. This proposal is supported by illustrative examples. Future research opportunities are identified around extending the matrix of generic multi-technological resilient objects, and defining a systematic method to design, select and evaluate which resilient objects are more valuable to be inserted in specific regions of the product platform.
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| 22. |
- Alonso Fernandez, Iñigo, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of Technology Integration Challenges at Two Global Automotive OEMs
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2633-7762. ; 1, s. 2245-2254
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Platform design has been firmly established in the automotive industry as a strategy to provide wider product variety while maintaining cost effective production. But this strategy can struggle to keep up with the pace and nature of emerging technologies. This paper reviews the existing approaches to modelling product platforms, and showcases the challenges at OEMs introducing new technological innovations in their platforms. A gap is identified in the methods to assess the ability of existing platforms to integrate new technologies whenever they become available.
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| 23. |
- Alonso Fernandez, Iñigo, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Interactive model-based decision-making tools in early product platform design
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the NordDesign 2020 Conference, NordDesign 2020.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Integrating new technologies in existing product platforms presents challenges not only when the decision of going ahead with the integration is taken, but also in the earlier design of the platform structure to accommodate hypothetical changes in the future. Common heuristics do no guarantee that the optimum solution can be found to these kinds of problems, and biases lead to systematic distortions in decision-making. Additionally with the global zeitgeist around sustainable development, decision makers will increasingly ask for paths to many different versions of success, not just the traditional profit maximization one. A set of common models that accompanies the product platform all through its lifecycle to support decision makers can enable better fulfilment of the expectations of all stakeholders. But it is difficult to unify and objectively gather the views of multiple stakeholder simultaneously. An interactive modelbased decision making support system is proposed as a tool to solve the mentioned challenges. In this paper we describe and experiment with the main technological foundations of such a tool. These include an web-based front end, and a real-Time NoSQL database in the back end. The client web application (webapp) enables user inputs, runs quantitative models, and visualizes results. The database records results and enables the use of common inputs and common visualization of the results. The models that run directly in the client are developed offline and can be continuously deployed with no downtime for concurrent users. The technology stack used demonstrates that rapid prototyping of tools using state-of-The-Art web technologies provides quick results and enables researchers to make quick iterations that can be easily deployed in industrial use cases. The presented method is a new approach to providing digital support to the design process, by enabling better informed decisions during the product development process early phases. In this paper, an introduction and background to the problem and current state of the art is summarized, a method to approaching the topic is described, an experiment performed in front of a life audience is presented, and hints for future developments are considered in the discussion and conclusion sections.
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| 24. |
- Alonso Fernandez, Iñigo, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling Technical Risk Propagation Using Field-Effects in Automotive Technology Infusion Design Studies
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Mechanical Design - Transactions of the ASME. - 1050-0472. ; 146:12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The integration of novel technologies into existing product architectures poses significant challenges, especially in managing the associated technical risks that affect system functionality and reliability. Traditional methods often struggle with the unpredictability and complexity of field effects due to technological integration. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel DSM (Design Structure Matrix)-based method that accurately accounts for and mitigates both first-order and higher-order field effects. By employing the inverse-square law, our method quantifies the attenuation of field effects with distance, thereby enhancing the precision of impact assessments across the system architecture. This approach is substantiated through a case study involving the introduction of a steer-by-wire (SbW) system in automotive design. The case study highlights the method’s effectiveness in identifying and managing potential integration points for new technologies, offering a systematic framework for minimizing risk and enhancing system design in automotive engineering. The success of this method in the case study provides practical insights into the design around the impact of field effects, emphasizing its applicability and value in real-world engineering scenarios.
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| 25. |
- Bertoni, Alessandro, et al.
(författare)
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Value Modelling in Aerospace Sub-System Design: Linking Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED15), Milan, Italy, 27.-30.07.2015. - : The Design Society. - 2220-4334. - 9781904670650 ; Vol 2: Design Theory, s. 421-430
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents a prototype of a value model where engineering design teams can play with cost and value data in a semi-structured way. In particular, the value model serves to facilitate communication of multidimensional information during preliminary design analysis and to visualize such information in a unique environment. The model first automatically generates, from the output of a computer-based simulation, a quantitative assessment of manufacturer costs and customer cost savings of a set on different configurations of the same design concept. Second, it couples to the results a qualitative assessment of concept risks and product and process commonalities. Third, it allows an assessment of the concept impact on the customers' ilities (maintainability, survivability, scalability, flexibility). The model has been developed in collaboration with an aerospace sub-system manufacturer and it ultimately aims to enable the maturation of the knowledge about cost and value aspects among the design team since the preliminary stages of design.
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| 26. |
- Bertoni, Alessandro, et al.
(författare)
-
Virtual Modeling for Lifecycle Performance Assessment in Aerospace Design
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Procedia CIRP. - Elsevier : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8271. ; 47, s. 335-340, s. 335-340
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the paper is to present an approach for the multidisciplinary evaluation of alternative modular concepts in preliminary design with the intent of enhancing engineers’ capability to simulate alternative scenarios with different design configurations, so to derive decisions about the most valuable design concepts to further develop. The research contribution is novel in the way that it expands the Set-Based-Engineering approach by addressing the “servitization” challenge in two ways: firstly by the use of value models and sustainability models as decision making support, making possible a preliminary assessment of the value contribution and of the sustainability performances of a design concept; secondly, by the use of functional modelling modules and configurable systems elements for platform-based design, to manage the complex relationships within and between parts of the platform throughout the lifecycle. The paper presents the main features of the approach and introduces an industrial case concerning the development of a module component for an aircraft engine in which the approach is applied for demonstration. The paper finally elaborates on the benefits and implications of the approach in the design process.
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| 27. |
- Bertoni, Marco, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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A model-based approach for sustainability and value assessment in the aerospace value chain
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Advances in Mechanical Engineering. - : SAGE Publications. - 1687-8132 .- 1687-8140. ; 7:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the aerospace industry, systems engineering practices have been exercised for years, as a way to turn high-level designobjectives into concrete targets on system functionality (e.g. range, noise, and reliability). More difficult is to decomposeand clarify sustainability implications in the same way and to compare them against performance-related capabilitiesalready during preliminary design. This article addresses the problem of bringing the important—yet typically high leveland complex—sustainability aspects into engineering practices. It proposes a novel integrated model-based method thatprovides a consistent way of addressing the well-known lack of generic and integrated ways of clarifying both cost andvalue consequences of sustainability in early phases. It further presents the development and implementation of suchapproach in two separate case studies conducted in collaboration with a major aero-engine sub-system manufacturer.The first case concerns the assessment of alternative business configurations to maintain scarce materials in closed loops, while the second one concerns the production technology of an aero-engine component. Eventually, this article highlights the learning generated by the development and implementation of these approaches and discusses opportunities for further development of model-based support.
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| 28. |
- Bertoni, Marco, et al.
(författare)
-
EVOKE : A Value-Driven Concept Selection Method for Early System Design
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering. - : Springer. - 1004-3756 .- 1861-9576. ; 27:1, s. 46-77
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of new technologically advanced products requires the contribution from a range of skills and disciplines, which are often difficult to find within a single company or organization. Requirements establishment practices in Systems Engineering (SE), while ensuring coordination of activities and tasks across the supply network, fall short when it comes to facilitate knowledge sharing and negotiation during early system design. Empirical observations show that when system-level requirements are not available or not mature enough, engineers dealing with the development of long lead-time sub-systems tend to target local optima, rather than opening up the design space. This phenomenon causes design teams to generate solutions that do not embody the best possible configuration for the overall system. The aim of this paper is to show how methodologies for value-driven design may address this issue, facilitating early stage design iterations and the resolution of early stage design trade-offs. The paper describes how such methodologies may help gathering and dispatching relevant knowledge about the ‘design intent’ of a system to the cross-functional engineering teams, so to facilitate a more concurrent process for requirement elicitation in SE. The paper also describes EVOKE (Early Value Oriented design exploration with KnowledgE maturity), a concept selection method that allows benchmarking design options at sub-system level on the base of value-related information communicated by the system integrators. The use of EVOKE is exemplified in an industrial case study related to the design of an aero-engine component. EVOKE’s ability to raise awareness on the value contribution of early stage design concepts in the SE process has been further verified with industrial practitioners in ad-hoc design episodes.
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| 29. |
- Bohlooly-Yeganeh, Mohammad, 1966, et al.
(författare)
-
Enhanced spontaneous locomotor activity in bovine GH transgenic mice involves peripheral mechanisms
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Endocrinology. ; 142:10, s. 4560-4567
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clinical and experimental studies indicate a role for GH in mechanisms related to anhedonia/hedonia, psychic energy, and reward. Recently we showed that transgenic mice with general overexpression of bovine GH display increased spontaneous locomotor activity. In the present study, we investigated whether this behavioral change is owing to a direct action of GH in the central nervous system or to peripheral GH actions. A transgenic construct, containing the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter directing specific expression of bovine GH to the central nervous system, was designed. The central nervous system-specific expression of bovine GH in the glial fibrillary acidic protein-bovine GH transgenic mice was confirmed, but no effect on spontaneous locomotor activity was observed. Serum bovine GH levels were increased in glial fibrillary acidic protein-bovine GH transgenic mice but clearly lower than in transgenic mice with general overexpression of bovine GH. In contrast to the transgenic mice with general overexpression of bovine GH, glial fibrillary acidic protein-bovine GH mice did not display any difference in serum IGF-I levels. The levels of free T(3) and the conversion of the free T(4) to free T(3) were only increased in transgenic mice with general overexpression of bovine GH, but serum corticosterone levels were similarly increased in both transgenic models. These results suggest that free T(3) and/or IGF-I, affecting dopamine and serotonin systems in the central nervous system, may mediate the enhanced locomotor activity observed in transgenic mice with general overexpression of bovine GH.
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| 30. |
- Bokrantz, Jon, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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On the Interplay between Platform Concept Development and Production Maintenance
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED. - 2220-4334 .- 2220-4342. ; Vol. 3: Product, Services and Systems Design
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To meet a broad customer-base, platforms can be used to achieve commonality and distinctiveness among a family of products. However, producibility of product variants are typically not ensured until late in the platform development phases. This may lead to increased production disturbances. To understand challenges in ensuring producibility of a product family in the early phases of platform development, this paper adopts the concept of lifecycle meetings to describe the interplay between platform concept development and production maintenance. Based on this description, we reason that to make early and credible cross product-production decisions, production system capabilities ought to be regarded as dynamic rather than static. While static implies as designed, dynamic implies change over time. In this paper, maintenance is regarded as one dynamic aspect of production. This reasoning is supported by a theoretical perspective and an illustrating case from the aerospace industry. The contribution of this paper may form the basis for future research on platform development and the effect of product variety on production systems.
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| 31. |
- Bonham, Euan, et al.
(författare)
-
Designing and Integrating a Digital Thread System for Customized Additive Manufacturing in Multi-Partner Kayak Production
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Systems. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-8954. ; 8:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Additive manufacturing (AM) opens the vision of decentralised and individualised manufacturing, as a tailored product can be manufactured in proximity to the customers with minimal physical infrastructure required. Consequently, the digital infrastructure and systems solution becomes substantially more complex. There is always a need to design the entire digital system so that different partners (or stakeholders) access correct and relevant information and even support design iterations despite the heterogenous digital environments involved. This paper describes how the design and integration of a digital thread for AM can be approached. A system supporting a digital thread for AM kayak production has been designed and integrated in collaboration with a kayak manufacturer and a professional collaborative product lifecycle management (PLM) software and service provider. From the demonstrated system functionality, three key lessons learnt are clarified: (1) The need for developing a process model of the physical and digital flow in the early stages, (2) the separation between the data to be shared and the processing of data to perform each parties' task, and (3) the development of an ad-hoc digital application for the involvement of new stakeholders in the AM digital flow, such as final users. The application of the digital thread system was demonstrated through a test of the overall concept by manufacturing a functional and individually customised kayak, printed remotely using AM (composed of a biocomposite containing 20% wood-based fibre).
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| 32. |
- Borgue, Olivia, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Constraint Replacement-Based Design for Additive Manufacturing of Satellite Components: Ensuring Design Manufacturability through Tailored Test Artefacts
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Aerospace. - : MDPI AG. - 2226-4310. ; 6:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Additive manufacturing (AM) is becoming increasingly attractive for aerospace companies due to the fact of its increased ability to allow design freedom and reduce weight. Despite these benefits, AM comes with manufacturing constraints that limit design freedom and reduce the possibility of achieving advanced geometries that can be produced in a cost-efficient manner. To exploit the design freedom offered by AM while ensuring product manufacturability, a model-based design for an additive manufacturing (DfAM) method is presented. The method is based on the premise that lessons learned from testing and prototyping activities can be systematically captured and organized to support early design activities. To enable this outcome, the DfAM method extends a representation often used in early design, a function-means model, with the introduction of a new model construct-manufacturing constraints (Cm). The method was applied to the redesign, manufacturing, and testing of a flow connector for satellite applications. The results of this application-as well as the reflections of industrial practitioners-point to the benefits of the DfAM method in establishing a systematic, cost-efficient way of challenging the general AM design guidelines found in the literature and a means to redefine and update manufacturing constraints for specific design problems.
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| 33. |
- Borgue, Olivia, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Design for test and qualification through activity-based modelling in product architecture design
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Engineering Design. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1466-1837 .- 0954-4828. ; 32:11, s. 646-670
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Test and qualification (T&Q) phases take a significant portion of the time to market for critical products in the space industry, especially when introducing new technologies. Since T&Q are treated as standard procedures, they tend to be independent of the architectural design phases and kept away from design decisions. However, when introducing new technologies, qualification procedures may differ from those established in regular design scenarios, and the estimation of qualification costs and duration is problematic. There is a lack of design for qualification methods capable of modelling these activities in early phases and use those models to support the architecture design of products with affordable test and qualification phases. In this article, a computer-assisted, model-based design method to model T&Q activities concerning early product architecture designs is proposed. Product architecture alternatives, test schedules and cost are connected through the quantification of T&Q drivers and driver rates. The design method is demonstrated using a case study about electric propulsion for satellites. The method is applicable for design situations where the choice of technology has a strong dependence on the qualification procedure.
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| 34. |
- Borgue, Olivia, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Function modelling and constraints replacement for additive manufacturing in satellite component design
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign: Design in the Era of Digitalization, NordDesign 2018.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Additive Manufacturing is increasingly attracting interest among manufacturers of space components, mainly due to its high design freedom, capability for achieving weight reduction and for being cost-efficiently produced in low volumes. However, AM is a less mature technology compared to established manufacturing methods. This lack of maturity concerns especially the area of AM manufacturing constraints as the knowledge about them is limited and because they mature over time, as the technology evolves. The lack of knowledge hinders designers to fully take advantage of AM, fearing that the technology will affect product reliability. This situation is particularly emphasized in space components, since they are subject to high reliability requirements. In this paper, a methodology based on function decomposition and constraint modelling is proposed as a basis for re-design of products using AM. In the methodology, the original functions, design solutions and manufacturing constraints of a product are identified. Then, the original manufacturing constraints are removed and replaced with manufacturing constraints for AM. Afterwards, functions and design solutions on the function model are modified and a new part geometry is designed and eventually realised in CAD. This methodology has been applied on a case study featuring a satellite sub-component.
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| 35. |
- Borgue, Olivia, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Function modelling and constraints replacement to support design for additive manufacturing of satellite components
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign: Design in the Era of Digitalization, NordDesign 2018.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- © Proceedings of NordDesign: Design in the Era of Digitalization, NordDesign 2018. All rights reserved. Additive Manufacturing is increasingly attracting interest among manufacturers of space components, mainly due to its high design freedom, capability for achieving weight reduction and for being cost-efficiently produced in low volumes. However, AM is a less mature technology compared to established manufacturing methods. This lack of maturity concerns especially the area of AM manufacturing constraints as the knowledge about them is limited and because they mature over time, as the technology evolves. The lack of knowledge hinders designers to fully take advantage of AM, fearing that the technology will affect product reliability. This situation is particularly emphasized in space components, since they are subject to high reliability requirements. In this paper, a methodology based on function decomposition and constraint modelling is proposed as a basis for re-design of products using AM. In the methodology, the original functions, design solutions and manufacturing constraints of a product are identified. Then, the original manufacturing constraints are removed and replaced with manufacturing constraints for AM. Afterwards, functions and design solutions on the function model are modified and a new part geometry is designed and eventually realised in CAD. This methodology has been applied on a case study featuring a satellite sub-component.
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| 36. |
- Borgue, Olivia, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Fuzzy model-based design for testing and qualification of additive manufacturing components
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Design Science. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2053-4701. ; 8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The uncertainties and variation of additive manufacturing (AM) material properties and their impact on product quality trouble designers. The lack of experience in AM technologies renders the experts' assessment of AM components and the establishment of safety margins difficult. Consequently, unexpected qualification difficulties resulting in expensive and lengthy redesign processes might arise. To reduce the risk of qualification failure, engineers might perform copious time-consuming and expensive specimen testing in early phases, or establish overconservative design margins, overriding the weight reduction benefits of AM technologies. In this article, a model-based design method is proposed for the conceptual design of AM space components with affordable test phases. The method utilizes fuzzy logics to systematically account for experts' assessment of AM properties variation, and to provide an early estimation of a product qualification likelihood related to design parameters of interest, without the need for copious testing. The estimation of qualification likelihood can also point out which are the unique AM material uncertainties that require further specific testing, to enable the design of a product with a better performance and more affordable test phases. The method is demonstrated with the design for AM gridded of ion thrusters for satellite applications.
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| 37. |
- Borgue, Olivia, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Impact on design when introducing additive manufacturing in space applications
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of International Design Conference, DESIGN. - : Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Croatia; The Design Society, Glasgow, UK. - 1847-9073. - 9789537738594 ; 3, s. 997-1008
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studied how the introduction of additive manufacturing (AM) in space applications impacts the design phases. Together with three manufacturers of space applications, the potential benefit as well as constraints are studied to identify design gaps. A literature survey is conducted to match the needs and following an analysis the impact on design practice is formulated. Results show the need to combine a wider design exploration capability, in combination with comparative modelling strategies.
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| 38. |
- Borgue, Olivia, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Modular product design for additive manufacturing of satellite components: maximising product value using genetic algorithms
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Concurrent Engineering Research and Applications. - 1063-293X .- 1531-2003. ; 27:4, s. 331-346
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For space manufacturers, additive manufacturing promises to dramatically reduce weight and costs by means of integral designs achieved through part consolidation. However, integrated designs hinder the ability to change and service components over time - actually increasing costs - which is instead enabled by highly modular designs. Finding the optimal trade-off between integral and modular designs in additive manufacturing is of critical importance. In this article, a product modularisation methodology is proposed for supporting such trade-offs. The methodology is based on combining function modelling with optimisation algorithms. It evaluates product design concepts with respect to product adaptability, component interface costs, manufacturing costs and cost of post-processing activities. The developed product modularisation methodology is derived from data collected through a series of workshops with industrial practitioners from three different manufacturer companies of space products. The implementation of the methodology is demonstrated in a case study featuring the redesign of a satellite antenna.
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| 39. |
- Borgue, Olivia, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Supporting Additive Manufacturing Technology Development through Constraint Modelling in Early Conceptual Design: A Satellite Propulsion Case Study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2633-7762. ; 1, s. 817-826
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Function and constraints modelling are implemented to design two gridded ion thrusters for additive manufacturing (AM). One concept takes advantage of AM design freedom, disregarding AM limitations and is not feasible. The other concept considers AM limitations and is manufacturable and feasible. Constraints modelling highlights AM capabilities that can be improved, showing where future investment is needed. Constraints representation can also support the creation of technology development roadmaps able to identify areas of AM technologies that must be improved.
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| 40. |
- Brahma, Arindam, 1987, et al.
(författare)
-
FUNCTION DRIVEN ASSESSMENT OF MANUFACTURING RISKS IN CONCEPT GENERATION STAGES
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design Society. - 2732-527X. ; 3, s. 1995-2004
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decisions made in the concept generation phase have a significant effect on the product. While product- related risks typically can be considered in the early stages of design, risks such as supply chain and manufacturing methods are rarely easy to account for in early phases. This is because the currently available methods require mature data, which may not be available during concept generation. In this paper, we propose an approach to address this. First, the product and the non-product (manufacturing and/or supply chain) attributes are modelled using the enhanced function means (EF-M) modelling method. The EF-M method provides the opportunity to model alternative solutions-set for functions. Dependencies are then mapped within the product and the manufacturing models, and also in between them. An automatic combinatorial method of concept generation is employed where each generated instance is a design concept-manufacturing method pair. A risk propagation algorithm is then used to assess the risks of all the generated alternatives.
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| 41. |
- Brahma, Arindam, 1987, et al.
(författare)
-
Margins in design – review of related concepts and methods
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Engineering Design. - 1466-1837 .- 0954-4828.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Margins are defined as the difference between a design parameter’sminimum required value to ensure functionality, and its actual capa-bility. Margins allow engineers to mitigate uncertainties of variouskinds. While some margins are intentionally allocated, some othersmay get included inadvertently in designs or arise from changes torequirements. Although common in use, the concept of margins hasnot been formalised systematically. This paper offers the first system-atic literature review of margins. Concepts related to margins can befound in various interrelated domains with similar underlying princi-ples. However, these concepts have developed in isolation, leadingto a divergent and fragmented understanding. This paper bringsthese strands together by differentiating between margins whichmay be deliberately added or discovered during a typical productlifecycle and relates this to various domains such as safety, manu-facturing etc. The paper discusses approaches to model, size andallocate margins. The thematic analysis presents insights into theimportance of systematic use and management of margins and alsoraises currently observable gaps in the literature.
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| 42. |
- Brahma, Arindam, 1990, et al.
(författare)
-
Use of Margin to Absorb Variation in Design Specifications: An Analysis Using the Margin Value Method
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Design Society. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2732-527X. ; 2, s. 323-332
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predicting the impact of changes in a design can be challenging, especially for complex designs. Margins are often built into the designs which can absorb the knock-on effect of such changes, erroneously allocating which can however, lead to propagation. A method for localising and sizing margins in an incremental design context is the Margin Value Method. This paper adapts MVM in the context of uncertainty in input specifications. It discusses possible ways to allocate them in a design such that undesirable effects of margins are minimised while preventing change propagation.
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| 43. |
- Cash, Philip, et al.
(författare)
-
Sampling in design research: Eight key considerations
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Design Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0142-694X. ; 78
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How a research team defines their study sample can be decisive in shaping impact on both practice and theory. However, sampling in design research faces several major challenges, including diverse terminology, limited prior literature, and lack of common framework for discussing sampling decisions. We address these challenges by bringing together guidance from across related research fields as well as cross-referring to examples from published design research. We offer a structured process for sample development and present eight key sampling considerations. The paper contributes to research method selection, development, and use, as well as extending discussions surrounding knowledge construction, standards of reporting, and design research impact.
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| 44. |
- Castro, Sabela Gonzalez, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysing increase of functionality and complexity in integrated product architectures
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the NordDesign 2020 Conference, NordDesign 2020.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nowadays, product designers find difficulties and uncertainties when assessing how complex a product will be when introducing new functionalities and technologies or when integrating multiple functionalities into a single component. There is a limited number of studies correlating functionality increase to product complexity. In this paper, the impact of functionality on complexity is quantitatively analyzed in two different case studies: one regarding a set of valves to study how complexity is affected when adding new functionalities, and another one related to three alternative designs of computer mice that features different degrees of functional integration. In the first case study, it has been found that adding new functionalities leads to a super-linear increase of complexity. In the second case study, it has been found that integrating functionality through the introduction of new electronic elements allows to reduce the total number of components, suggesting a decrease in complexity. However, the case study shows an increase in the product's overall complexity through an increased number of interactions between the components themselves. This means that possessing a quantitative methodology to evaluate the impact of functionality increase in product complexity can be an important means for designers to avoid misconceptions and risks during the early phases of product development.
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| 45. |
- Corin Stig, Daniel, 1986, et al.
(författare)
-
TERA - An Assessment of Technology Reuse Feasibility
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-0509. ; 44:C, s. 507-516
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Instead of developing each new product from scratch, firms strive to reuse prior components and technologies in new applications in order to improve robustness, reduce cost and shorten time-to-market. Technologies come in the forms of methods, designs and processes, and are suitable for reuse since they are concepts for solving certain problems that multiple products have use for. However, reuse of technology where the application context is different requires adaptation of both the technology and the product system into which it is introduced. In practice, the magnitude and sources for this effect are often underestimated, which leads to unanticipated uncertainty in product development projects with consequences for robustness and efficiency in development. Based on available literature and needs identified within a case company, this paper proposes a method for identifying potential challenges of technology reuse that may otherwise be overlooked or only implicitly acknowledged. The method features a scorecard that guides a workshop to be attended by technology experts and managers where the prospect for successful technology reuse is assessed.
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| 46. |
- Dalin, Frida, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Clinical and immunological characteristics of Autoimmune Addison's disease : a nationwide Swedish multicenter study
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : Oxford University Press. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 102:2, s. 379-389
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CONTEXT: Studies on clinical and immunological features of Autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) are needed to understand the disease burden and increased mortality.OBJECTIVE: To provide upgraded data on autoimmune comorbidities, replacement therapy, autoantibody profiles and cardiovascular risk factors.DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross sectional, population-based study. 660 AAD patients were included utilizing the Swedish Addison Registry (SAR) 2008-2014. When analyzing cardiovascular risk factors, 3,594 individuals from the population-based survey in Northern Sweden, MONICA (MONItoring of Trends and Determinants of CArdiovascular Disease), served as controls.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of autoimmune comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors. Autoantibodies against 13 autoantigens were determined.RESULTS: Sixty percent of the SAR cohort consisted of females. Mean age at diagnosis was significantly higher for females than for males (36.8 vs. 31.1 years). The proportion of 21-hydroxylase autoantibody positive patients was 83% and 62% of patients had one or more associated autoimmune diseases, more frequently coexisting in females (p<0.0001). AAD patients had lower BMI (p<0.0001) and prevalence of hypertension (p=0.027) compared with controls. Conventional hydrocortisone tablets were used by 89% of patients; with the mean dose 28.1±8.5 mg/day. The mean hydrocortisone equivalent dose normalized to body surface was 14.8±4.4 mg/m(2)/day. Higher hydrocortisone equivalent dose was associated with higher incidence of hypertension (p=0.046).CONCLUSIONS: Careful monitoring of AAD patients is warranted to detect associated autoimmune diseases. Contemporary Swedish AAD patients do not have increased prevalence of overweight, hypertension, T2DM or hyperlipidemia. However, high glucocorticoid replacement doses may be a risk factor for hypertension.
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| 47. |
- Dordlofva, Christo, et al.
(författare)
-
Drivers and Guidelines in Design for Qualification Using Additive Manufacturing in Space Applications
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2220-4334 .- 2220-4342. ; 1:1, s. 729-738, s. 729-738
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, reducing cost and lead time in product development and qualification has become decisive to stay competitive in the space industry. Introducing Additive Manufacturing (AM) could potentially be beneficial from this perspective, but high demands on product reliability and lack of knowledge about AM processes make implementation challenging. Traditional approaches to qualification are too expensive if AM is to be used for critical applications in the near future. One alternative approach is to consider qualification as a design factor in the early phases of product development, potentially reducing cost and lead time for development and qualification as products are designed to be qualified. The presented study has identified factors that drive qualification activities in the space industry and these “qualification drivers” serve as a baseline for a set of proposed strategies for developing “Design for Qualification” guidelines for AM components. The explicit aim of these guidelines is to develop products that can be qualified, as well as appropriate qualification logics. The presented results provide a knowledge-base for the future development of such guidelines.
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| 48. |
- Eckert, Claudia, 1965, et al.
(författare)
-
Data Fairy in Engineering Land: The Magic of Data Analysis as a Sociotechnical Process in Engineering Companies
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Mechanical Design - Transactions of the ASME. - : ASME International. - 1050-0472. ; 142:12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the era of digitalization, manufacturing companies expect their growing access to data to lead to improvements and innovations. Manufacturing engineers will have to collaborate with data scientists to analyze the ever-increasing volume of data. This process of adopting data science techniques into an engineering organization is a sociotechnical process fraught with challenges. This article uses a participant observation case study to investigate and discuss the sociotechnical nature of the adoption data science technology into an engineering organization. In the case study, a young data scientist/statistician interacted with experienced production engineers in a global automotive organization to mutual satisfaction. However, the case study highlights the mis-aligned expectations between engineers and data scientists and knowledge in what is necessary to successfully benefit from manufacturing process data. The results reveal that the engineers had an initially romantic and idealistic view on how data scientists can bring value out of dispersed and complex information residing in the multisite manufacturing organization’s datasets in a “magic” way. Conversely, the data scientist had not enough engineering and contextual understanding to ask the right questions. The case reveals important shortcomings in the sociotechnical processes that undergo changes as digitalization is brought into mature engineering organizations and points to a lack of knowledge on multiple levels of the data analysis process and the ethical implications this could have.
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| 49. |
- Eckert, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
-
Design margins: a hidden issue in industry
- 2019
-
Ingår i: DESIGN SCIENCE. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2053-4701. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In complex products the values of parameters are rarely exactly the required values, rather they often have a margin that might be designed in deliberately or be the incidental results of other design decisions. These margins play a critical role in design processes in managing engineering change and iteration. While engineers often talk about margins informally, designers and researchers also use other terms for specific margin concepts. This paper reviews the existing literature on related concepts and defines margins formally. It discusses the role margins play in handling uncertainty by distinguishing between buffer and excess. Buffer deals with uncertainty and excess with the remaining overcapacity of the design. Buffer can transition into excess of the design solution if the uncertainty can be reduced. The concepts are applied to the temperature margins of several candidate materials for a non-rotary jet engine component. This shows that a clear understanding of margins can help a company to select design alternatives.
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- Eckert, C. M., et al.
(författare)
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Design margins in industrial practice
- 2020
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Ingår i: Design Science. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2053-4701.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As products are being developed over time and across organisations, the risk for unintended accumulation and mis-conception of margins allocated may occur. Accumulation of margins can result in over design, but also add risk due to under allocation. This paper describes the different terminology used in one organisation and shows the different roles margins play across the design process and in particular the how margins are a critical but often overlooked aspect of product platform design. The research was conducted in close collaboration with a truck manufacturer between 2013 and 2018. The objective was to gain understanding of the current use of margins, and associated concepts evolve along the product life cycle, across organisation and product platform representations. It was found that margins already play an important role throughout the entire design process; however, it is not recognised as a unified concept which is clearly communicated and tracked throughout the design process. Rather different stakeholders have different notions of margins and do not disclose the rationale behind adding margins or the amount that they have added. Margins also enabled designers to avoid design changes as existing components and systems can accommodate new requirements and thereby saving significant design time.
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