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Sökning: WFRF:(Jörgensen Hans 1961 )

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1.
  • Jörgensen, Hans, 1961-, et al. (författare)
  • Emotional links to forest ownership. : Restitution of land and use of a productive resource in Põlva County, Estonia
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Fennia. - Turku : Geographical Society of Finland. - 0015-0010. ; 186:2, s. 95-111
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Our survey among new land and forets owners in Põlva County in southeast Estonia focuses on the owner's different motives for obtaining land and forest property through restitution and privatization from 1992 on. In the light of the historical context presented, two clear-cut motives for obtaining property appear: emotional and economic. Based on the results from the survey we conclude that the emotional non-economic factors have been most influential for a majority of the landowners, regardless of if the actual property was restituted or purchased. The emotional bonds to landed property are related to the aspiration to regain and reposess family property and thereby related to a certain place affiliation. Another interpretation concerns the restrictions with regards to the spread of modern commercial forestry among the - foremost small-scale - property holders for which  the actual posession is around 12 ha each.
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2.
  • Jörgensen, Hans, 1961-, et al. (författare)
  • Private landowners’ relation to land and forest in two Estonian counties
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Journal of Northern Studies. - Umeå : Umeå University & The Royal Skyttean Society. - 1654-5915. ; 2010:2, s. 33-54
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This comparative study is based on two large surveys of privateland and forest owners in two Estonian counties. While more than half of Põlvamaa is covered with forests, Läänemaa has a potential for summer tourism and second homes. We explore different rationales for obtaining landed property and analyse the individual property holders’ relations to—and use of—landand forests. Based on the two interlinked restitution and privatisation processes from 1991 onwards, our surveys reveal two main rationales among the owners:emotional and economic. The owners’ relations to the property are connected with legacies from both the interwar independence and the Soviet period. In addition, different rationalities, ambitions and attitudes are also related to how the property was obtained. In spite of the demand for land, many resituated landowners have chosen to maintain or recreate family property, even if the property was not actively used. In both Põlvamaa and Läänemaa the emotional bonds to land are strong among the owners of restituted or inherited property, while this is a weaker factor among those who have obtained land or forest through privatisation.
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  • Stjernström, Olof, 1961-, et al. (författare)
  • Om skogen där vi bor
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Västerbotten förr och nu. - Umeå : Nättidskriften Västerbotten förr & nu. - 0346-4938.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
    • En ubikvitet är någonting som är allestädes närvarande. Begreppet medrötter inom teologin har i överförd betydelse fått karaktärisera naturresurser som finns överallt i den ekonomisk-geografiska teoribildningen. Idag är benämningen en smula obsolet som konkret term i teorin menbrukbar som en metafor för saker som vi tar för givet, som bara är ellersom vi upplever finns överallt. Allestädes närvarande. Från Helmer till Klungan, från Missenträsk till Avaliden, från Umeå till Ammarnäs så finns alltid den allestädes närvarande gemensamma nämnaren ”skogen”. Vi bor i skogen. Skogen är det som omger oss i vår färd till eller ifrån– eller i våra liv på – en plats. Skogen har en särskild plats i vår västerbottniska historia och vårt sätt att prata natur. För att den finns där.
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  • Ewa, Axelsson Lantz, 1983- (författare)
  • Naturresurser, sågverksbolag och bönder : konflikter i Västernorrland 1863-1906
  • 2018
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • During the nineteenth century, competition over forestland and waterways grew in Northern Sweden. This increased the pressure on existing institutions of natural resource governance. It culminated with a ban on private acquisition of woodland from smallholders in 1906. This thesis deals with how the local communities handled the institutional challenges of this process. I study two geographical areas connected to different stages in the chain of production, from the inland of standing timber to the downstream sawmills. Previous research states that the sawmill industry in this region used its position in local governments to gain economic advantages. The number of votes were related to the value of one’s property and income, which put forest and factory owners in a favorable political position. Another claim from previous works is that the local courts, in general, constituted a place for settling local natural resource conflicts in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The two research questions extracted from this are: What role did formal political and legal institutions play in managing conflicts about natural resource use? What disagreements occurred in the different parts of the sawmill industry's production chain? The aim is to better understand natural resource conflicts between the local community and the sawmill industry, across the production chain, in the county of Västernorrland, 1863-1906. To capture the regional differences, I study one industrial municipality – Gudmundrå, and one raw material municipality – Junsele. An iterative methodological approach is used. I find that the local government was not a significant arena for natural resource matters, in contrast to what could be intuitively expected from the literature. Sawmill companies did use their politically dominant position to influence the local community, however not in matters of resource management in this case. The local court was more important. These conflicts were often about property rights regarding contracts and the use of waterways and forestland, and damages imposed by this. Local farmers often initiated cases. This is in line with what the literature suggested on the role of local courts as the arena for settling private economic matters among locals. However, the nature of the conflicts changed over time and differed vastly between the two geographical areas. The results show that the conflict types were different in Gudmundrå and Junsele due to their geographical location, which provided a ground for different links of the sawmill value chain. The results also reveals that key institutional changes were characterized of both top-down and bottom-up processes. One example is local farmers who were involved in the processes of setting the terms for log driving routes. They served as an important link of the value chain that connected the raw materials to the saw mill industry’s production.
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7.
  • Jörgensen, Hans, 1961- (författare)
  • Continuity or not? : Family farming and agricultural transformation in 20th century Estonia
  • 2004
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This doctoral thesis explores the agrarian development in 20th Estonia and the role of family farming during three major agricultural transformations. It consists of four papers and an introductory chapter for which the common departure are the situation appearing in the Estonian farming landscape after the regained independence in 1991. The first three studies analyse comparative aspects on Estonia's interwar experiences with focus on land reform, agricultural co-operation, and agricultural export development. The fourth study focuses on the role of private plots during the Soviet period and the conversion of these into subsistence holdings after 1991. By merging the perspectives in these papers, the introductory chapter explores the impacts and legacies of previous transformations on the post-Soviet agricultural transformation up to 2004. The thesis specifically analyses the long-term effects of perceptions of markets and the role of agricultural production, changes in the agrarian property relations, organisation of agricultural production and co-operation. In analytical terms, this is discussed from the perspectives of continuity and discontinuity. Besides the several societal changes affecting the agrarian property relations in 20th century Estonia, the radical and decisive shifts have also affected markets, trade and economic integration. Since the end of the First World War, Estonia has been quickly thrown between different economic-political systems and legal environments. From the perspective of the small state’s dependence on trade and reliance on a few markets, the upheavals in the early 1920s, after World War II, and not least the fall of the Soviet Union, Estonia’s long-term economic development has been significantly affected. In this context the role of agriculture has changed. Most important, however, this dissertation shows how the idea of small-scale family farming survived throughout the planned economic period and became an indispensable production unit, even though it turned out to be a myth as soon as the Soviet system was dissolved and the exposure to international competition began after 1991.
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8.
  • Jörgensen, Hans, 1961-, et al. (författare)
  • Diverging Roads from the Soviet Kolkhoz-Model : Estonia and Hungary - Inside and Outside the Soviet Union
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Humanities and Social Sciences Latvia. - Riga : University of Latvia Press. - 1022-4483. ; 24:1, s. 4-37
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • After World War II, the large-scale Soviet agricultural production model was spread into the satellite states of CEE (Central and Eastern Europe). In spite of this, planned economic agricultural production was far from homogenous. This diversity – appearing inside and outside the Soviet Union – is worthwhile exploring, here represented by two of the most (in relative terms) productive agricultural regions of the Soviet bloc. The authors thus compare the agricultural development from the 1940s up to the 1980s in Post-War Estonia; a Soviet Republic, and Hungary; a Soviet satellite state. The authors’ methodology is commonly known as encompassing comparison. Estonia was forced to become an integral part of the Soviet Union and a planned economy already in 1940, while Hungary – in theory – was able to remain as an independent state. In both cases, however, trade was re-oriented towards the CMEA-market. After Stalin’s death, and especially from the late 1950s, the eased conditions enabled states to deviate from the initial Stalinist model. Hungary did so in a more formal way because of the national political development after the Revolution of 1956 while Estonia had to find other informal ways of rejecting the centralised orders. The investigation shows that the Estonian kolkhozes and the Hungarian co-operatives, representing two forms of deviation from the Soviet kolkhoz model, were able to deviate by means of specific measures such as the personal impact from national politicians, as well as the neglect of centralised orders. The authors conclude that the main explanation for this was due to specific national institutional legacies, such as the landed property relations, work ethics, and market economy experiences. Both the formal and informal political resistance that was exercised provided motives for new thinking in agrarian organisation and management. This had long-term effects on Soviet agricultural policy from the mid-1960s.
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12.
  • Jörgensen, Hans, 1961- (författare)
  • London och Riga : Från Lantbruksrådens fönster i mellankrigstid: Miles von Wachenfelt och Waldemar Silfverhjelm
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbruksakademiens Tidskrift. - Stockholm : Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbruksakademien. - 0023-5350. ; :3, s. 17-41
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Detta är en redogörelse för hur de två svenska lantbruksråden Miles von Wachenfelt och Waldemar Silfverhjelm bedömde och rapporterade om den internationella jordbruksmarknadens förutsättningar och utveckling utifrån sina respektive placeringar i mellankrigstidens London och Riga. Samtidigt beskrivs den inledande historiska bakgrunden till hur lantbruksrådens uppdrag växte fram. Den turbulenta mellankrigstidens handelspolitiska problem berörs och framförallt lantbruksrådens bedömningar av marknadsläget för jordbruksprodukter, där den svenska smörexporten hade en specifik roll. Några rent personbiografiska aspekter på lantbruksrådens arbete och liv tas upp men det finns inte möjlighet att här ge en heltäckande bild av vare sig lantbruksrådens arbete eller de omfattande förändringar som uppstod på de marknader som de bevakade. Istället riktas uppmärksamheten mot lantbruksrådens uppväxt, utbildning och arbete i den svenska utrikesförvaltningen. När det gäller bedömningar av jordbruksmarknadens förändringar berörs främst England och Estland.
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16.
  • Jörgensen, Hans, 1961- (författare)
  • Subsistence farming in re-independent Estonia : expanded private plots!
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Acta Historica Tallinnensia. - : Estonian Academy Publishers. - 1406-2925. ; :9, s. 69-94
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article presents an overview and summary of some issues discussed in my Doctoral dissertation: Continuity or Not? Family Farming and Agricultural Transformations in 20th Century Estonia, Umeå, 2004. A main departure – both for the dissertation and this article – is the long-term and comparative approach, which is seen as necessary for understanding the directions taken in the agricultural transformation in Estonia after 1991. The analysis of the development since restitution and de-collectivisation were introduced is based on the impact of long-term institutional and structural changes. These changes are here seen as outcomes of three profound economic, political and legal shifts since the first independence in 1918, which together have had an impact on Estonia’s 20th century development and not least the agricultural transformation process since 1991.The neo-institutional approach applied suits the analysis of the agricultural transformation processes and specifically changes appearing in terms of property rights. From this we can see that in spite of the absence of formal property rights in the Soviet Union, there was space for manoeuvring within the planned economic system by use rights, which implies institutional change. On the one hand, the private plots were not meant to be more than a transition solution, yet, they became institutionalised and prepared farmers for a shift towards private farming at the end of the 1980s. On the other hand, the private plots rested on a symbiotic relationship with the planned economic system. Thus, when market economic relations were to decide the future, the smallest farms of less than 10 ha had to turn toward pure subsistence production. It was after 2001 that a change was within reach due to the forthcoming membership in the European Union, which gave a better market outlook.
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17.
  • Jörgensen, Hans, 1961- (författare)
  • The Agricultural Co-operative Movement in Estonia : A Comparative Study From The 1860s Up To The 1930s
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Humanities and Social Sciences Latvia. - Riga : University of Latvia Press. - 1022-4483. ; 21:2, s. 40-60
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article explores the growth and development of the agricultural co-operative associations in Estonia from the 1860s up to the 1930s in a comparative fashion. The primary focus is on the expansion of dairy co-operative associations. Hence, the comparative approach puts Estonia in the light of the contemporary organisational development, foremost in the Nordic countries and Bulgaria and to some extent also related to the Latvian and Lithuanian development. It is shown here that the co-operative expansion taking place prior to the interwar independence was of major importance for the relative export success that took place in the 1920s, i.e. prior to the trade contraction during the inter-war depression. Several uniting developmental features are elucidated and discussed from the perspective of co-operative organisation and education, as well as the relations between the state and the co-operative associations. The 1930s here represents a period of deviation in relation to the Nordic countries because of the impact from the depression, the rise of authoritarianism and not least the expansion of state control, which preceded the formal Soviet occupation in 1940.   
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  • Jörgensen, Hans, 1961- (författare)
  • The inter-war land reforms in Estonia, Finland and Bulgaria : A comparative study
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Routledge, Taylor & Francis. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 54:1, s. 64-67
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study compares the development and performance of the interwar land reforms in Estonia, Finland and Bulgaria: three countries within the so-called Agrarian Reform Zone, which constituted previous parts of the Russian and Ottoman Empires heavily influenced by the Russian revolutions. In spite of their different scope and outlook these land reforms aimed at solving similar problems of an agrarian and socio-economic developmental character. Finland and Estonia underwent wars of liberation when seceding from revolutionary Russia: Finland also had to go through civil war before the land redistributions took place. In Bulgaria, however, land redistribution had been an ongoing theme since the late 1870s when autonomy from the Ottoman Empire was achieved. The interwar land expropriation and redistribution was most profound and radical in Estonia. The gradual Finnish reforms were also radical from the perspective of the precarious political situation they aimed at solving. Bulgaria's less thorough reform was nevertheless radical from the perspective of its agrarian ideological aspirations. These land reforms must therefore be seen as a part of the interwar state-building process and struggle for independence: peasant movements were influential in all three cases and geographical proximity to revolutionary Russia had impacts on their outcomes. The study emphasises that by exploring and comparing the profound interwar land redistributions, we can gain a better understanding of current problems, such as those resulting from the post-socialist de-collectivisation: e.g. the return to small-scale family farming by means of restitution, in countries that were subjugated to a command economy after World War II. For this reason interwar Finland's different road and sustained national independence makes an interesting comparison, since Finland shared several features with the land reform zone countries before the Russian revolution of 1917 and not least during the 1920s and 1930s. In the case of Estonia and Bulgaria, however, the development path was interrupted by Soviet expansion.
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