| 1. |
- Ahmed, Mobyen Uddin, Dr, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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A Machine Learning Approach to Classify Pedestrians’ Event based on IMU and GPS
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Conference on Modern Intelligent Systems Concepts MISC'18. - : CESER Publications. ; 17:2, s. 154-167
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates and implements six Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, i.e. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Extra Tree (ET), and Gradient Boosted Trees (GBT) to classify different Pedestrians’ events based on Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and Global Positioning System (GPS) signals. Pedestrians’ events are pedestrian movements as the first step of H2020 project called SimuSafe1 with a goal to reduce traffic fatalities by doing risk assessments of the pedestrians. The movements the MLs’ models are attempting to classify are standing, walking, and running. Data, i.e. IMU, GPS sensor signals and other contextual information are collected by a smartphone through a controlled procedure. The smartphone is placed in five different positions onto the body of participants, i.e. arm, chest, ear, hand and pocket. The recordings are filtered, trimmed, and labeled. Next, samples are generated from small overlapping sections from which time and frequency domain features are extracted. Three different experiments are conducted to evaluate the performances in term of accuracy of the MLs’ models in different circumstances. The best performing MLs’ models determined by the average accuracy across all experiments is Extra Tree (ET) with a classification accuracy of 91%.
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| 2. |
- Berggren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Browsing the Real World using Organic Electronics, Si-Chips, and a Human Touch
- 2016
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 28:10, s. 1911-1916
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two different e-labels were developed to explore the feasibility and to identify scientifi c and engineering challenges of the Real-World-Web platform. First was a printed biosensor e-label, comprising Si-chips with an array of different printegrated devices, and second, an e-label to explore the feasibility of transferring data, through the human body, between a mobile device and different distributed e-labels, adhered onto the body or onto dedicated devices and surfaces of one's ambience. The silicon chips utilized in e-labels, include analogue and digital circuitry to receive and handle sensory input, to perform signal processing, and to transmit information to antennas and displays. When used, the e-label is turned on, and a sample is then added onto the sensor area. The display provides simple instructions and updated information to the user. All data handling, electrical probing, and analysis of the sensor is performed by the Si-chips, and the sensing data is finally shown in the printed display. The second e-label exemplifies an ID-tag for body area networks (BAN) communication applications, which, in part, is manufactured and integrated in the same way as the first e-label, but with another choice of Si-chips and capacitive antennas.
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| 3. |
- Corrales Duque, Carolina
(författare)
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Population Genetic Structure of Black Grouse (Tetrao tetrix) : From a Large to a Fine Scale Perspective
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) is a bird species with a lek mating system found in the Palearctic boreal taiga. It is assumed that it has a continuous distribution along Scandinavia and Siberia, whereas in Central Europe it has declined during the last decades. The primary objective of this thesis was to obtain a deeper understanding of the history, systematic classification and the genetic structure of black grouse on different geographical scales using microsatellites and control region mtDNA sequences (CR). I determined how much the mating system, habitat fragmentation and historical population processes have influenced the partitioning of genetic diversity in this species. Phylogeographical results are consistent with a demographic population expansion, and the patterns of postglacial dispersal suggest that a glacial refugium was located somewhere in central Asia, and from there black grouse spread out to Europe following the retreat of glacial ice sheets. I suggest that the two European black grouse subspecies, T. t. Tetrix and T. t. britannicus correspond to only one subspecies: T. t. tetrix, and that this lineage has diverged from T.t. viridanus, a subspecies found in Kazakhstan. The British population is significantly divergent from the remaining Eurasian samples for microsatellites but it is not for mtDNA. Therefore, they should regard as a separate Management Unit and not as a subspecies. Furthermore, British black grouse occur in three independent genetic units, corresponding to Wales, northern England/southern Scotland and northern Scotland. There was also genetic structure within Sweden. Habitat fragmentation is the main cause of population genetic structure in southern Swedish black grouse. In contrast, low levels of genetic differentiation and high connectivity were found in northern Sweden due to female-biased dispersal. On a finer geographical scale, I found genetic differences between leks due to a mixture of related and unrelated individuals within leks. However, mean relatedness values hardly differed from zero. Some leks were similar to one another and I interpret this as a result of variation in local reproductive success and philopatry. These factors would cause genetic structuring but this by itself would not reveal that kin selection is operating within black grouse leks.
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| 4. |
- Dash-Wagh, Suvarna, et al.
(författare)
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Intracellular Delivery of Short Interfering RNA in Rat Organ of Corti Using a Cell-penetrating Peptide PepFect6
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids. - : Elsevier BV. - 2162-2531. ; 1:e61
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- RNA interference (RNAi) using short interfering RNA (siRNA) is an attractive therapeutic approach for treatment of dominant-negative mutations. Some rare missense dominant-negative mutations lead to congenital-hearing impairments. A variety of viral vectors have been tested with variable efficacy for modulating gene expression in inner ear. However, there is concern regarding their safety for clinical use. Here, we report a novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-based nonviral approach for delivering siRNA into inner ear tissue using organotypic cultures as model system. PepFect6 (PF6), a variant of stearyl-TP10, was specially designed for improved delivery of siRNA by facilitating endosomal release. We show that PF6 was internalized by all cells without inducing cytotoxicity in cochlear cultures. PF6/siRNA nanoparticles lead to knockdown of target genes, a housekeeping gene and supporting cell-specific connexin 26. Interestingly, application of PF6/connexin 26 siRNA exhibited knockdown of both connexin 26 and 30 mRNA and their absence led to impaired intercellular communication as demonstrated by reduced transfer of calcein among the PF6/connexin 26-siRNA-treated cells. Thus, we conclude that PF6 is an efficient nonviral vector for delivery of siRNA, which can be applied as a tool for the development of siRNA-based therapeutic applications for hearing impairments.
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| 5. |
- Halvarsson, Peter, 1976-
(författare)
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On the Effects of Blood Parasites in Wild Birds
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Coccidian and haemoatozoan parasites are commonly occurring endo-parasites in wild birds and prevalence can vary among species and populations. In addition to prevalence studies, parasites are often used to investigate effects on life history traits. Findings from these studies are not unambiguous, as correlations with many life history traits are absent, although common findings include negative effects on survival and body condition. In this thesis, coccidian and blood parasite prevalence and their effect on survival were investigated using a PCR approach in eleven popu-lations of great snipes (Gallinago media) and in two populations of tree sparrows (Passer montanus). In great snipes and tree sparrows we investigated the parasites Plasmodium/Haemoproteus (P/H) and Leucocytozoon and in tree sparrows also Atoxoplasma.In Great snipes the overall adult prevalence was 29.9%. At the main study site, Gåvålia, Norway, a decrease in P/H prevalence with age was found and infected birds had a lower mean age. Two not mutually exclusive alternative explanations are that infected young birds may have a higher mortality and/or that individual birds can purge the infection. There was a variation in prevalence among the sample years in Gåvålia and a difference among populations. Finding fluctuations among year demonstrates the need of long term data to study parasite prevalence variation. In tree sparrows the Haematozoan prevalence was 5.9% in adults and 56.5% in Atoxoplasma. By using recapture models to estimate apparent survival rates with the software MARK 4.2, it was suggested that parasite infections may have an impact on the apparent survival rate in one of the populations. Since condition and breeding performance appeared unaffected, it can be hypothesised that this pattern may indicate that chronic infections generally do not appear to impair birds, although subclinical infections may occasionally develop into disease with fatal outcome.
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| 6. |
- Holmbring, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Elektronism : en flerårig resa genom tolv månader
- 2021
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Temat i boken Elektronism ligger i tiden. Staffan Holmbring och J Jacob Wikner gör en tidsresa genom året. Funderingar kopplas ihop med månadernas karaktär. Naturvetenskapliga och filosofiska tankar uppstår och läsaren får följa dem under tidsresans gång. Elektronism tar vid där vår frågvishet slutar. Holmbring och Wikner ställer frågor på ett enkelt vis. Varför är vatten blött? Varför blir det aldrig blötare av att vattna på vatten?Elektronism är en fristående fortsättning där den förra boken Elektrosofi slutade. Resan har nu fortsatt från geografiska stopp till stopp i vår kalender. Staffan Holmbring är teknisk doktor i tillämpad fysik från Linköpings universitet. Kompetensen han fick därifrån har han bland annat använt i de företag som han har drivit från 80-talet med verksamheter inom tillämpad fysik och integrerad elektronik. Mycket intresserar honom utanför det naturvetenskapliga skrået, främst litteratur, filosofi och bildkonst. J Jacob Wikner är uppväxt i Borgholm, Öland. Dagarna fylls ofta med föreläsningar, kretskonstruktion och forskningsprojekt som spänner från den afrikanska landsbygden via kroppens elektriska signaler till röntgendetektorer. Intressena för en teknisk doktor, docent och biträdande professor kan vara många.
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| 7. |
- Holmbring, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Elektrosofi : med avtryck från Öland
- 2019
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- "nedslag från en tankeväckande resa på Öland. Vilka funderingar kan kopplas ihop med de platser som författarna besöker under resans gång? Vi får följa de naturvetenskapliga såväl som filosofiska tankar som uppstår längs resans väg."
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Kowalewski, Jacob M., et al.
(författare)
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Disentangling Membrane Dynamics and Cell Migration; Differential Influences of F-actin and Cell-Matrix Adhesions
- 2015
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 10:8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell migration is heavily interconnected with plasma membrane protrusion and retraction (collectively termed membrane dynamics). This makes it difficult to distinguish regulatory mechanisms that differentially influence migration and membrane dynamics. Yet such distinctions may be valuable given evidence that cancer cell invasion in 3D may be better predicted by 2D membrane dynamics than by 2D cell migration, implying a degree of functional independence between these processes. Here, we applied multi-scale single cell imaging and a systematic statistical approach to disentangle regulatory associations underlying either migration or membrane dynamics. This revealed preferential correlations between membrane dynamics and F-actin features, contrasting with an enrichment of links between cell migration and adhesion complex properties. These correlative linkages were often nonlinear and therefore context-dependent, strengthening or weakening with spontaneous heterogeneity in cell behavior. More broadly, we observed that slow moving cells tend to increase in area, while fast moving cells tend to shrink, and that the size of dynamic membrane domains is independent of cell area. Overall, we define macromolecular features preferentially associated with either cell migration or membrane dynamics, enabling more specific interrogation and targeting of these processes in future.
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| 10. |
- Larsson, Kjell, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Population differentiation in the redshank (Tringa totanus) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers
- 2005
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Ingår i: Conservation Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1566-0621 .- 1572-9737. ; 6:3, s. 321-331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The redshank (Tringa totanus) is declining throughout Europe and to implement efficient conservation measures, it is important to obtain information about the population genetic structure. The aim of the present study was two-fold. First, we analysed the genetic variation within and between populations in the Baltic region in southern Scandinavia. Evidence of genetic structure would suggest that different populations might require separate management strategies. Second, in an attempt to study large-scale genetic structure we compared the Baltic populations with redshanks from northern Scandinavia and Iceland. This analysis could reveal insights into phylogeography and long-term population history. DNA samples were collected from six breeding sites in Scandinavia presumed to include two subspecies (totanus and britannica) and a further sample from Iceland (subspecies robusta). Two methods were used to study the population genetic structure. Domain II and III of the mitochondrial control region was analysed by DNA sequencing and nuclear DNA was analysed by screening amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Mitochondrial DNA showed no variation between individuals in domain II. When analysing an 481 bp fragment of domain III seven haplotypes were found among birds. On the basis of mtDNA sequences, redshanks showed some evidence of a recent expansion from a bottlenecked refugial population. Bayesian analyses of AFLP data revealed a significant genetic differentiation between suggested subspecies but not between populations within the Baltic region. Our results indicate that populations of redshanks in Europe constitute at least three separate management units corresponding to the recognised subspecies.
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| 11. |
- Li, Zhilun, et al.
(författare)
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Integrin-mediated cell attachment induces a PAK4-dependent feedback loop regulating cell adhesion through modified integrin alpha v beta 5 clustering and turnover
- 2010
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Ingår i: Molecular Biology of the Cell. - 1059-1524 .- 1939-4586. ; 21:19, s. 3317-3329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion is regulated by a multitude of pathways initiated distally to the core cell-matrix adhesion machinery, such as via growth factor signaling. In contrast to these extrinsically sourced pathways, we now identify a regulatory pathway that is intrinsic to the core adhesion machinery, providing an internal regulatory feedback loop to fine tune adhesion levels. This autoinhibitory negative feedback loop is initiated by cell adhesion to vitronectin, leading to PAK4 activation, which in turn limits total cell-vitronectin adhesion strength. Specifically, we show that PAK4 is activated by cell attachment to vitronectin as mediated by PAK4 binding partner integrin alpha v beta 5, and that active PAK4 induces accelerated integrin alpha v beta 5 turnover within adhesion complexes. Accelerated integrin turnover is associated with additional PAK4-mediated effects, including inhibited integrin alpha v beta 5 clustering, reduced integrin to F-actin connectivity and perturbed adhesion complex maturation. These specific outcomes are ultimately associated with reduced cell adhesion strength and increased cell motility. We thus demonstrate a novel mechanism deployed by cells to tune cell adhesion levels through the autoinhibitory regulation of integrin adhesion.
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| 12. |
- Lindsay, Willow, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Endless forms of sexual selection
- 2019
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Ingår i: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, the field of sexual selection has exploded, with advances in theoretical and empirical research complementing each other in exciting ways. This perspective piece is the product of a "stock-taking'' workshop on sexual selection and sexual conflict. Our aim is to identify and deliberate on outstanding questions and to stimulate discussion rather than provide a comprehensive overview of the entire field. These questions are organized into four thematic sections we deem essential to the field. First we focus on the evolution of mate choice and mating systems. Variation in mate quality can generate both competition and choice in the opposite sex, with implications for the evolution of mating systems. Limitations on mate choice may dictate the importance of direct vs. indirect benefits in mating decisions and consequently, mating systems, especially with regard to polyandry. Second, we focus on how sender and receiver mechanisms shape signal design. Mediation of honest signal content likely depends on integration of temporally variable social and physiological costs that are challenging to measure. We view the neuroethology of sensory and cognitive receiver biases as the main key to signal form and the 'aesthetic sense' proposed by Darwin. Since a receiver bias is sufficient to both initiate and drive ornament or armament exaggeration, without a genetically correlated or even coevolving receiver, this may be the appropriate 'null model' of sexual selection. Thirdly, we focus on the genetic architecture of sexually selected traits. Despite advances in modern molecular techniques, the number and identity of genes underlying performance, display and secondary sexual traits remains largely unknown. In-depth investigations into the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism in the context of long-term field studies will reveal constraints and trajectories of sexually selected trait evolution. Finally, we focus on sexual selection and conflict as drivers of speciation. Population divergence and speciation are often influenced by an interplay between sexual and natural selection. The extent to which sexual selection promotes or counteracts population divergence may vary depending on the genetic architecture of traits as well as the covariance between mating competition and local adaptation. Additionally, post-copulatory processes, such as selection against heterospecific sperm, may influence the importance of sexual selection in speciation. We propose that efforts to resolve these four themes can catalyze conceptual progress in the field of sexual selection, and we offer potential avenues of research to advance this progress.
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| 13. |
- Lindsay, Willow R, et al.
(författare)
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Endless forms of sexual selection
- 2024
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The field of sexual selection has burgeoned with research into trait evolution in the context of ecology, sociality, phylogeny, natural selection, and sexual conflict. This paper is the product of a “stock-taking” workshop; our aim is to stimulate discussion, not to provide an exhaustive review. We identify outstanding questions organized into four thematic sections.1) Evolution of mate choice and mating systems. Variation in mate quality can generate mating competition and choice in either sex with implications for the evolution of mating systems. Limitations on mate choice may dictate the importance of direct vs. indirect benefits in mating decisions and consequently, mating systems. Specifically, polyandry evolves in response to the strength of pre- vs. post-copulatory selection. The evolution of polyandry may be related to diversity of pathogens and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes. MHC genes are also potential cues of kinship in avoidance of inbreeding. The balance between inbreeding avoidance and inclusive fitness in mating decisions deserves greater attention.2) Sender and receiver mechanisms shaping signal design. Mediation of honest signal content likely depends on integration of temporally variable social and physiological costs that are a challenge to measure. The neuroethology of sensory and cognitive receiver biases is the main key to signal form and the ‘aesthetic sense’ proposed by Darwin. Since a receiver bias is sufficient to both start and drive ornament or armament exaggeration, without a genetically correlated or even coevolving receiver, this may be the appropriate ‘null model’ of sexual selection.3) Genetic architecture of sexual selection. Despite advances in modern molecular techniques, the number and identity of genes underlying performance remain largely unknown. A combination of genomic techniques and long-term field studies that reveal ecological correlates of reproductive success is warranted. In-depth investigations into the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism will reveal constraints and trajectories of sexually selected trait evolution.4) Sexual selection and conflict as drivers of speciation. Population divergence and speciation is often driven by an interplay between sexual and natural selection. To what extent sexual selection promotes or counteracts population divergence may differ depending on the genetic architecture of traits as well as covariance between mating competition and local adaptation, if traits have multiple functions and if sensory systems used in mate choice are locally adapted. Also, post-copulatory processes, e.g. selection against heterospecific sperm, may influence the importance of sexual selection. Sexual conflict can shape speciation processes, since mate choice selection on females can restrict gene flow whereas selection on males is permissive.We propose that efforts to resolve these four themes can catalyze conceptual progress in the field of sexual selection.
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| 14. |
- Mani, Katrin, et al.
(författare)
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The heparan sulfate-specific epitope 10E4 is NO-sensitive and partly inaccessible in glypican-1.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Glycobiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2423. ; 14:7, s. 599-607
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The monoclonal antibody 10E4, which recognizes an epitope supposed to contain N-unsubstituted glucosamine, is commonly used to trace heparan sulfate proteoglycans. It has not been fully clarified if the N-unsubstituted glucosamine is required for antibody recognition and if all heparan sulfates carry this epitope. Here we show that the epitope can contain N-unsubstituted glucosamine and that nitric oxide–generated deaminative cleavage at this residue in vivo can destroy the epitope. Studies using flow cytometry and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy of both normal and transformed cells indicated that the 10E4 epitope was partially inaccessible in the heparan sulfate chains attached to glypican-1. The 10E4 antibody recognized mainly heparan sulfate degradation products that colocalized with acidic endosomes. These sites were greatly depleted of 10E4-positive heparan sulfate on suramin inhibition of heparanase. Instead, there was increased colocalization between 10E4-positive heparan sulfate and glypican-1. When both S-nitrosylation of Gpc-1 and heparanase were inhibited, detectable 10E4 epitope colocalized entirely with glypican-1. In nitric oxide–depleted cells, there was both an increased signal from 10E4 and increased colocalization with glypican-1. In suramin-treated cells, the 10E4 epitope was destroyed by ascorbate-released nitric oxide with concomitant formation of anhydromannose-containing heparan sulfate oligosaccharides. Immunoisolation of radiolabeled 10E4-positive material from unperturbed cells yielded very little glypican-1 when compared with specifically immunoisolated glypican-1 and total proteoglycan and degradation products. The 10E4 immunoisolates were either other heparan sulfate proteoglycans or heparan sulfate degradation products.
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| 15. |
- Michelsen, Jacob, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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The Rooms - Creating immersive experiences through projected augmented reality
- 2014
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Ingår i: Foundations of Digital Games 2014.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, we describe The Rooms – a horror game that uses projected augmented reality to enable a new type of immersive gaming experience. Interviews and questionnaires from 20 players of the game showed that projected augmented reality games can support immersion and can avoid the problem of nausea that VR experiences can invoke. However, since players experienced different types of immersion the study suggests that a model that allows different and parallel types of immersion may provide more informative results when used in play tests. The Rooms also suggested that a new type of immersion, spatial immersion, might be a relevant addition to such models.
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| 16. |
- Moller, Anders Pape, et al.
(författare)
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Clutch-size variation in Western Palaearctic secondary hole-nesting passerine birds in relation to nest box design
- 2014
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Ingår i: Methods in Ecology and Evolution. - 2041-210X. ; 5:4, s. 353-362
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Secondary hole-nesting birds that do not construct nest holes themselves and hence regularly breed in nest boxes constitute important model systems for field studies in many biological disciplines with hundreds of scientists and amateurs involved. Those research groups are spread over wide geographic areas that experience considerable variation in environmental conditions, and researchers provide nest boxes of varying designs that may inadvertently introduce spatial and temporal variation in reproductive parameters. We quantified the relationship between mean clutch size and nest box size and material after controlling for a range of environmental variables in four of the most widely used model species in the Western Palaearctic: great tit Parus major, blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus, pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca and collared flycatcher F.albicollis from 365 populations and 79610 clutches. Nest floor area and nest box material varied non-randomly across latitudes and longitudes, showing that scientists did not adopt a random box design. Clutch size increased with nest floor area in great tits, but not in blue tits and flycatchers. Clutch size of blue tits was larger in wooden than in concrete nest boxes. These findings demonstrate that the size of nest boxes and material used to construct nest boxes can differentially affect clutch size in different species. The findings also suggest that the nest box design may affect not only focal species, but also indirectly other species through the effects of nest box design on productivity and therefore potentially population density and hence interspecific competition.
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| 17. |
- Moller, Anders Pape, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of interspecific coexistence on laying date and clutch size in two closely related species of hole-nesting birds
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Animal Ecology. - : WILEY. - 0021-8790 .- 1365-2656. ; 87:6, s. 1738-1748
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coexistence between great tits Parus major and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus, but also other hole-nesting taxa, constitutes a classic example of species co-occurrence resulting in potential interference and exploitation competition for food and for breeding and roosting sites. However, the spatial and temporal variations in coexistence and its consequences for competition remain poorly understood. We used an extensive database on reproduction in nest boxes by great and blue tits based on 87 study plots across Europe and Northern Africa during 1957-2012 for a total of 19,075 great tit and 16,729 blue tit clutches to assess correlative evidence for a relationship between laying date and clutch size, respectively, and density consistent with effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition. In an initial set of analyses, we statistically controlled for a suite of site-specific variables. We found evidence for an effect of intraspecific competition on blue tit laying date (later laying at higher density) and clutch size (smaller clutch size at higher density), but no evidence of significant effects of intraspecific competition in great tits, nor effects of interspecific competition for either species. To further control for site-specific variation caused by a range of potentially confounding variables, we compared means and variances in laying date and clutch size of great and blue tits among three categories of difference in density between the two species. We exploited the fact that means and variances are generally positively correlated. If interspecific competition occurs, we predicted a reduction in mean and an increase in variance in clutch size in great tit and blue tit when density of heterospecifics is higher than the density of conspecifics, and for intraspecific competition, this reduction would occur when density of conspecifics is higher than the density of heterospecifics. Such comparisons of temporal patterns of means and variances revealed evidence, for both species, consistent with intraspecific competition and to a smaller extent with interspecific competition. These findings suggest that competition associated with reproductive behaviour between blue and great tits is widespread, but also varies across large spatial and temporal scales.
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| 18. |
- Moller, Anders P., et al.
(författare)
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Variation in clutch size in relation to nest size in birds
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 4:18, s. 3583-3595
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nests are structures built to support and protect eggs and/or offspring from predators, parasites, and adverse weather conditions. Nests are mainly constructed prior to egg laying, meaning that parent birds must make decisions about nest site choice and nest building behavior before the start of egg-laying. Parent birds should be selected to choose nest sites and to build optimally sized nests, yet our current understanding of clutch size-nest size relationships is limited to small-scale studies performed over short time periods. Here, we quantified the relationship between clutch size and nest size, using an exhaustive database of 116 slope estimates based on 17,472 nests of 21 species of hole and non-hole-nesting birds. There was a significant, positive relationship between clutch size and the base area of the nest box or the nest, and this relationship did not differ significantly between open nesting and hole-nesting species. The slope of the relationship showed significant intraspecific and interspecific heterogeneity among four species of secondary hole-nesting species, but also among all 116 slope estimates. The estimated relationship between clutch size and nest box base area in study sites with more than a single size of nest box was not significantly different from the relationship using studies with only a single size of nest box. The slope of the relationship between clutch size and nest base area in different species of birds was significantly negatively related to minimum base area, and less so to maximum base area in a given study. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that bird species have a general reaction norm reflecting the relationship between nest size and clutch size. Further, they suggest that scientists may influence the clutch size decisions of hole-nesting birds through the provisioning of nest boxes of varying sizes.
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| 19. |
- Naepflin, Kathrin, et al.
(författare)
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Genomics of host-pathogen interactions: challenges and opportunities across ecological and spatiotemporal scales
- 2019
-
Ingår i: PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evolutionary genomics has recently entered a new era in the study of host-pathogen interactions. A variety of novel genomic techniques has transformed the identification, detection and classification of both hosts and pathogens, allowing a greater resolution that helps decipher their underlying dynamics and provides novel insights into their environmental context. Nevertheless, many challenges to a general understanding of host-pathogen interactions remain, in particular in the synthesis and integration of concepts and findings across a variety of systems and different spatiotemporal and ecological scales. In this perspective we aim to highlight some of the commonalities and complexities across diverse studies of host-pathogen interactions, with a focus on ecological, spatiotemporal variation, and the choice of genomic methods used. We performed a quantitative review of recent literature to investigate links, patterns and potential tradeoffs between the complexity of genomic, ecological and spatiotemporal scales undertaken in individual host-pathogen studies. We found that the majority of studies used whole genome resolution to address their research objectives across a broad range of ecological scales, especially when focusing on the pathogen side of the interaction. Nevertheless, genomic studies conducted in a complex spatiotemporal context are currently rare in the literature. Because processes of host-pathogen interactions can be understood at multiple scales, from molecular-, cellular-, and physiological-scales to the levels of populations and ecosystems, we conclude that a major obstacle for synthesis across diverse host-pathogen systems is that data are collected on widely diverging scales with different degrees of resolution. This disparity not only hampers effective infrastructural organization of the data but also data granularity and accessibility. Comprehensive metadata deposited in association with genomic data in easily accessible databases will allow greater inference across systems in the future, especially when combined with open data standards and practices. The standardization and comparability of such data will facilitate early detection of emerging infectious diseases as well as studies of the impact of anthropogenic stressors, such as climate change, on disease dynamics in humans and wildlife.
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| 20. |
- Olsson, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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FINAL REPORT DENCITY UDI PHASE 2
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The DenCity Project is a collaboration project between 21 organisations that develops innovative solutions for sustainable passenger, freight and waste transport in dense urban areas, with high demands on transport efficiency, attractiveness, accessibility and sustainability.
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| 21. |
- Pape Møller, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction of climate change with effects of conspecific and heterospecific density on reproduction
- 2020
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 0030-1299 .- 1600-0706. ; 129:12, s. 1807-1819
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We studied the relationship between temperature and the coexistence of great tit Parus major and blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus, breeding in 75 study plots across Europe and North Africa. We expected an advance in laying date and a reduction in clutch size during warmer springs as a general response to climate warming and a delay in laying date and a reduction in clutch size during warmer winters due to density‐dependent effects. As expected, as spring temperature increases laying date advances and as winter temperature increases clutch size is reduced in both species. Density of great tit affected the relationship between winter temperature and laying date in great and blue tit. Specifically, as density of great tit increased and temperature in winter increased both species started to reproduce later. Density of blue tit affected the relationship between spring temperature and blue and great tit laying date. Thus, both species start to reproduce earlier with increasing spring temperature as density of blue tit increases, which was not an expected outcome, since we expected that increasing spring temperature should advance laying date, while increasing density should delay it cancelling each other out. Climate warming and its interaction with density affects clutch size of great tits but not of blue tits. As predicted, great tit clutch size is reduced more with density of blue tits as temperature in winter increases. The relationship between spring temperature and density on clutch size of great tits depends on whether the increase is in density of great tit or blue tit. Therefore, an increase in temperature negatively affected the coexistence of blue and great tits differently in both species. Thus, blue tit clutch size was unaffected by the interaction effect of density with temperature, while great tit clutch size was affected in multiple ways by these interactions terms.
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| 22. |
- Perez Vico, Eugenia, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Bredda synen på nyttiggörande!
- 2013
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Ingår i: Forskning. ; 3, s. 12-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Savage, Carl, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Translating ‘See-and-Treat’ to primary care : opening the gates does not cause a flood
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal for Quality in Health Care. - Cary, NC : Oxford University Press. - 1353-4505 .- 1464-3677. ; 31:7, s. 30-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To explore how the See-and-Treat concept can be applied in primary care and its effect on volume and productivity. Design: An explanatory single-case study design with a mixed methods approach and presented according to the SQUIRE 2.0 guidelines. Setting: A publicly-funded, private primary care provider within the Stockholm County, which caters to a diverse patient population in terms of ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status and care needs. Participants: CEO, center manager, four physicians, two licensed practical nurses, one medical secretary and one lab assistant. Intervention: A See-and-Treat unit was established to offer same-day service for acute unplanned visits. Standardized patient symptom forms were created that allowed patients to self-triage and then enter into a streamlined care process consisting of a quick diagnostic lab and a physician visit. Main Outcome Measures: Volume, productivity, staff perceptions and patient satisfaction were measured through data on number and type of contacts per 1000 listed patients, visits per physician, observations, interviews and a questionnaire. Results: A significant decrease in the acute and total number of visits, a continued trend of diminishing telephone contacts, and a non-significant increase in physician productivity. Patients were very satisfied, and staff perceived an improved quality of care. Conclusions: See-and-Treat appears to be a viable approach for a specific primary care patient segment interested in acute same-day-service. Opening up access and standardizing care made it possible to efficiently address these needs and engage patients. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press in association with the International Society for Quality in Health Care.
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| 25. |
- Vaugoyeau, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Interspecific variation in the relationship between clutch size, laying date and intensity of urbanization in four species of hole-nesting birds
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 6:16, s. 5907-5920
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increase in size of human populations in urban and agricultural areas has resulted in considerable habitat conversion globally. Such anthropogenic areas have specific environmental characteristics, which influence the physiology, life history, and population dynamics of plants and animals. For example, the date of bud burst is advanced in urban compared to nearby natural areas. In some birds, breeding success is determined by synchrony between timing of breeding and peak food abundance. Pertinently, caterpillars are an important food source for the nestlings of many bird species, and their abundance is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and date of bud burst. Higher temperatures and advanced date of bud burst in urban areas could advance peak caterpillar abundance and thus affect breeding phenology of birds. In order to test whether laying date advance and clutch sizes decrease with the intensity of urbanization, we analyzed the timing of breeding and clutch size in relation to intensity of urbanization as a measure of human impact in 199 nest box plots across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East (i.e., the Western Palearctic) for four species of hole-nesters: blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), great tits (Parus major), collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis), and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). Meanwhile, we estimated the intensity of urbanization as the density of buildings surrounding study plots measured on orthophotographs. For the four study species, the intensity of urbanization was not correlated with laying date. Clutch size in blue and great tits does not seem affected by the intensity of urbanization, while in collared and pied flycatchers it decreased with increasing intensity of urbanization. This is the first large-scale study showing a species-specific major correlation between intensity of urbanization and the ecology of breeding. The underlying mechanisms for the relationships between life history and urbanization remain to be determined. We propose that effects of food abundance or quality, temperature, noise, pollution, or disturbance by humans may on their own or in combination affect laying date and/or clutch size.
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